The Mal'ta boy dated 22000 years BCE from lake Baikal in Siberia, was found to have y-dna R* and mtdna U* and his genome was similar with Europeans and 14-38% with Native Americans but 0% with East Asians. He was part of Mal'ta-Buret' culture and a population called Ancenstral North Eurasian.
Haplogroup R and mtdna U are connected with the dispersal of the Indo-Germanic languages, which are named after the two larger and cornermost branches, the Indic and the Germanic or Teutonic. According to the Kurgan hypothesis, they spread from the Pontic-Caspian north of the Black Sea towards Europe, Balkans and Anatolia, Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent. They are divided in two branches based on their phonological differences: satem and centum. The satem branch includes the Indo-Iranian languages, the Balto-Slavic languages, the Armenian and the Albanian language, as well as a number of extinct languages like Thracian, Dacian and Illyrian. The centum branch includes the Germanic languages, the Celtic languages, the Italic languages, the Macedonian languages and extinct languages like paleo-Balkanic languages, Anatolian languages and the Tocharian language, as well as extinct languages in western Europe.
Attachment 98281
R consists of 2 subclades: R1 and R2. Haplogroup R1 includes two subclades: R-M420 and R-M343.
R-M420 is related to the Satem branch of the Indo-germanic languages.
R-Z93 is related to Indo-Iranian languages.
R-Z2124 is related to Iranic languages.
R-L657 is related to Indic languages.
R-M780 is related to Romani languages, a branch of Indic languages in Europe.
R-CTS1211 is related to Slavic languages.
R-Z92 is related to Baltic languages.
R-M458, R-Z284, R-YP1051 and R-Y1272 spoke now extinct satem languages. They might have spoken Thracian, Dacian, Illyrian or Gothic languages.
Two subclades of the L260 branch correspond to names that have been saved: R-L260>YP1337 Czechs, R-L260>YP256 Lechs
The distribution of R-Z284 in Gotland, Sweden and northwest Spain is reminiscent of the Gothic migrations. But it is common in all Scandinavia.
R-M343 is related to the Centum branch of the Indo-germanic languages.
R-M73 is related to Tocharian language. It first epxanded from the Volga basin to Altai and Xinjiang and then back-migrated with Kipchak Turks.
R-L23 is related to Centum languages of the Balkans and the Middle East, including Albanian, Macedonian, Anatolian, Armenian and extinct languages like Phrygian.
R-BY611 is related to the Albanian language.
R-CTS7763 is related to the Macedonian languages or Hellenic languages.
R-Z2109 is related to Paleo-Balkanic languages and the Anatolian languages.
R-PF7562 is related to the Anatolian languages.
R-L277.1 is related to an Anatolian language.
R-L584 is related to the Armenian language.
R-L21 is related to the Celtic languages.
R-U106 is related to the Germanic languages or Teutonic languages.
R-U152 is related to the Latin languages or Romance languages.
R-Z56 is related to the Italic languages.
R-Z36 is related to ancient Gaulish languages.
R-L2 is related to ancient Venetic languages and Ligurian languages.
R-DF27 was related to Indo-germanic languages of Iberia before the celtic invasion and romanization, like the Lusitanian language.
R-V88 is related to the Chadic languages, which are non-Indogermanic and a branch of the Afroasiatic languages.
R-V88 expanded to northwest Africa and the Iberian peninsula from the Middle East.
Attachment 98292
R2 is found in south India and they might have spoken languages related to the proto-Indogermanic language.
Attachment 98280
U is consisted of 4 subclades: U1, U2'3'4'7'8'9, U5 and U6.
U1 is found in south India and the Middle East and corresponds to y-dna R2.
The subclade U1a'c is found in southwest Asia, south Asia, Caucasus and Europe.
The subclade U1b is found in Europe.
U2'3'4'7'8'9 corresponds to R1a-M420 and the satem branch. It has 5 subclades: U2, U7, U4'9, U8 and U3.
U2 corresponds to the Indic branch R-L657. It has a heavy distribution in the north Indian subcontinent and Sri Lanka, and came with the Indo-Aryan migration. U2a is found among Pakistani. U2b is found among Indians. U2c is found among Bengali. The majority of U2 in Europe has a recent spread from northeast Europe and belongs to U2e1.
U7 corresponds to the Iranic branch R-Z2124.
U4'9 corresponds to the Balto-Slavic branch R-Z280 and the branches R-M458 and R-Z284.
U4 is found in northeast Europe and is common for Slavic and Baltic peoples.
The subclade U9a is found in Ethiopia and Arabian peninsula and the subclade U9b is found in Pakistan but the basal subclade U9* is found in central Europe.
The subclades U3, U8 are related to divergent branches of R1a, R-YP4141, R-YP1272, R-YP1051, R-L664.
U8 corresponds to R-L664. U8 consists of three subclades U8a, U8b'K and U8c, which coalesced in Basques, north-eastern Italy and south Italy respectively and they are spread in Austria, Germany, central France, Belgium, the Netherlands and the British Isles.
The Jewish subclades K1a1b1a, K1a9, and K2a2a1 have a recent ancestry in west Europe, east Europe and east Europe respectively but the ancestral subclades of the last two, K1a1b and K2a are also found in west Europe.
U3 corresponds to R-YP4141, which is also distributed in the Middle East and the British Isles, with an intermediate coalescence point in south Italy. U3 is also very frequent among Romani.
U5 corresponds to R1b-M343 and the centum branch. It has 2 subclades: U5a and U5b.
U5a corresponds to R1b-L23 and R1b*(-L23). It came in northeast Europe with R1b and spread together in Central Asia, East Europe, the Balkans and the Middle East.
U5b corresponds to R1b-L51, it is distributed in western Europe, northeastern Europe and north Scandinavia.
U6 is found in northwest Africa and corresponds to the early branch R-V88.
