Codeine is an insidious secret friend to keep, primarily because pain sensitivity increases under prolonged and heavy use of the drug--which engenders greater use of the drug to relieve the pain. Vicious circle.
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Of course, our bodies get used to almost every substance, minimizing its effects, including pain relief. It's called homeostasis. That doesn't mean opiates should not be used to kill pain. They are absolutely invaluable to medicine. Morphine is the gold standard of analgesics. There just isn't anything better.
But yeah, it is reckless and irresponsible usage which makes people addicted. A binge here or there won't make you an addict. But daily usage over months will.
That's the insidious thing about it: it's not bingers and partiers who get hooked on it, it's average people seeking relief from pain. Very sad but, as you say, opioids are the gold standard and are utterly invaluable in medicine. Allowing their sale OTC is unquestionably beneficial imo.
I'd definitely say alcohol is more socially harmful than any hard drug, simply because its usage is far more prevalent.
Well, I´ve seen people getting quite agressive with cocaine, xtasy or mdma
Attached is the full study in pdf