Quote:
From Imperial period onward
To further increase the power to find best fit models for samples in Imperial era and later in qpAdm
analysis, we defined an additional “right” (outgroup) population set consisting of 18 diverse modern
populations (MOD18) (with the sample size indicated by the number in the parentheses):
Ami (10), Basque (29), BedouinB (19), Biaka (20), Bougainville (2), Chukchi (20), Eskimo_Naukan (12),
Han (43), Iranian (38), Ju-hoan_North (5), Karitiana (12), Mbuti (10), Papuan (14), Russian (22),
Sardinian (27), She (10), Ulchi (25), Yoruba (30).
As for earlier time periods, we performed qpAdm admixture modeling for Italian individuals sampled in
Imperial era and later in a stepwise fashion. Having observed the high inter-individual ancestry diversity
in Iron Age and after, we did not test one-way models, as a positive result (p>0.05) would only indicate
that the average ancestries of the sampled individuals from the two populations happened to be similar.
Instead, we tested two-way models for individual in each time period, proposing the two sources to be
preceding Italian samples in last period and another ancient population (Iron Age onward) or a modern
population. We considered a model to be acceptable if it has p>0.05 with both ANC17 and MOD18 as the
right set, and reported the results under MOD18, unless otherwise noted.