I compiled the data on Y-DNA haplogroups from Early Medieval Poland:
https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets...it?usp=sharing
Let me know in case if I forgot to add any samples to this datasheet.
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I compiled the data on Y-DNA haplogroups from Early Medieval Poland:
https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets...it?usp=sharing
Let me know in case if I forgot to add any samples to this datasheet.
Currently there are:
Haplogroup - # ----- %
R1a ----- 112 ----- 64.74%
I2a ----- 13 ----- 7.51%
N1 ----- 3 ----- 1.73%
R1b ----- 20 ----- 11.56%
I1 ----- 9 ----- 5.20%
E1b ----- 9 ----- 5.20%
J2 ----- 4 ----- 2.31%
J1 ----- 1 ----- 0.58%
Q ----- 1 ----- 0.58%
C ----- 1 ----- 0.58%
Total - 173 samples
Number of samples by region:
Wielkopolska - 67
Lubuskie - 34
Śląsk - 23
Mazowsze - 19
Podlasie - 10
Kujawy - 9
Pomorze - 5
Świętokrzyskie - 4
Małopolska - 2
Haplogroups by region (R1b in Silesia are mainly samples from Niemcza):
https://i.imgur.com/R9V0OZT.png
So Early Medieval Wielkopolska had around 77% R1a (n=67 samples).
Modern Wielkopolska has only 54% R1a (n=201) according to this study:
https://www.termedia.pl/Badania-populacji-W...,23736,1,0.html
Medieval DNA samples from Kujawy reveal a genetically distinct profile compared to other regions of Poland — though based on a limited number of samples:
High frequency of haplogroup I1 (33%) – rare in early medieval Slavic contexts, possibly reflecting the persistence of pre-Slavic, Northern European lineages.
R1a (44%), while present, is less dominant than in most regions, suggesting a more balanced and diverse genetic structure.
I2a and R1b (11% each) point to older Neolithic/Balkan and Western European contributions.
? These findings suggest that Kujawy may have been a zone of population continuity, where ancient local lineages remained prominent alongside expanding Slavic influence. This stands in contrast to regions with a more homogeneously R1a-dominant profile.
What makes this particularly meaningful is that Kujawy and neighboring Wielkopolska formed the ancient heartland of the early Polish state ruled by the Polans (Polanie).
https://i.ibb.co/0pHzcRMv/z19897904-...pierwszych.jpg
The genetic diversity observed in these regions lends deeper context to the title inscribed on the tomb of King Bolesław I the Brave (Bolesław Chrobry), as recorded on the monument funded by Casimir the Great:
"Rex Sclavorum, Gotorum sive Polanorum"
King of the Slavs, the Goths, or the Polans
https://i.ibb.co/nNCBP3K6/Schwidetzk...-Text-0046.jpg
For comparison, Schwidezky's anthropological analysis.
There are only 9 samples from Kujawy including Bodzia Varangians.
I wouldn't draw conclusions based on such small number of samples.
By comparison Wielkopolska is heavily R1a based on many samples.
Update because I have added several more samples:
Haplogroup - # ----- %
R1a ----- 119 ----- 65.03%
I2a ----- 15 ----- 8.20%
N1 ----- 3 ----- 1.64%
R1b ----- 20 ----- 10.93%
I1 ----- 9 ----- 4.92%
E1b ----- 9 ----- 4.92%
J2 ----- 4 ----- 2.19%
J1 ----- 1 ----- 0.55%
G ----- 1 ----- 0.55%
Q ----- 1 ----- 0.55%
C ----- 1 ----- 0.55%
Total - 183 samples
Number of samples by region:
Wielkopolska - 71
Lubuskie - 34
Śląsk - 24
Mazowsze - 20
Podlasie - 10
Kujawy - 10
Świętokrzyskie - 7
Pomorze - 5
Małopolska - 2
Y-DNA haplogroups from the Early Medieval Poland:
https://i.imgur.com/qpbLRO9.png
Y-DNA hgs from modern Poland (Grochowalski 2020):
https://i.imgur.com/yCJv8Pr.png
Map showing locations of Early Medieval Polish samples + number of samples from each location:
https://www.google.com/maps/d/u/0/ed...zk&usp=sharing
Edit:
Świętokrzyskie samples have been added to Małopolska group.
Updated frequencies of Y-DNA hgs from modern Poland:
https://i.imgur.com/ruTMcYU.png