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Thread: Pomors

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  2. #82
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    Quote Originally Posted by Valtaves View Post
    "If the enemy is not attacking from the East it has flanked." Finnish proverb


    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xu8D9GaQwIs

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    Varzuga is the oldest Pomor village on Kola Peninsula. It used to be a Karelian settlement, but according to the First Novgorod Chronicle, it was destroyed by a viking raid in 1419 (http://web.archive.org/web/201108150...l/ushakov1.htm). From Varzuga, I found people who look like Oleg Mongol:




    The Mezen District of northern Arkhangelsk Oblast is one of the core Pomor areas. Many settlements are not even connected to the road network through all-seasonal roads. Some of the people there still live like this:














    Mezen region Pomor traditional clothes:



    Varzuga Pomor traditional clothes:





    Pomor settlements (https://www.books.google.com/books?i...F5fUY0C&pg=PA3):

    Last edited by Komintasavalta; 11-13-2020 at 05:02 PM.

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    Quote Originally Posted by Komintasavalta View Post
    viking raid in 1419

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    Apparently the Viking age ended in the 11th century, but Viking raids continued into the 12th century... Since then Vikings rebranded themselves as Murman sea robbers (http://web.archive.org/web/201108150...l/ushakov1.htm):

    Karelians lived in the lower reaches of the Varzuga River. In 1419, according to the First Novgorod Chronicle, the "Korelsky Pogost" on Varzuga was destroyed. It was smashed by sea robbers - "Murman" who had sailed on "augers". "Korela Varzugskaya" is also mentioned in the agreement of 1471 between the Moscow prince Ivan III and Novgorod. The newcomers-Pomors occupied the vacant lands, and some "plots" were bought from the first settlers.
    Last edited by Komintasavalta; 11-13-2020 at 05:17 PM.

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    Quote Originally Posted by Satem View Post
    Viking sailing on wilderness 1419.

    Maybe Viking, maybe not, but the Finns and Karelians who lived in the White Sea region warred hundreds years. Here a story, one of many (Google translation from Finnish). What was exactly true we will never know, but those small wars continued from the 14th century to the beginning of the 17th century.

    In 1589, the peasants of Ii are known to have made a successful robbery and extermination trip to the Viena area. In the 18th century, a parchment, which has since been lost, was kept in the church of Salo, or Saloinen, in which it was said that in 1588 or 1589 the ancients made a raid to Kantalahti ( Кандала́кша), from which they brought a lot of booty. According to another legend recorded in the 18th century, 90 men participated in the trip, who went up the Iijoki to Maanselä and then descended the Koutajoki to Kantalahti, which was captured by a sudden attack on the night before St. Peter's Day at the beginning of June. After that, the group had continued their journey along the coast of Vienalahti (some bay at the White sea) burning villages all the way to Viena Kemi, from where they returned to Finland by going up the Viena Kemijoki and possibly passing through Kuusamojärvi back to Iijoki. The Russian chronicle of the Solovetsk monastery mentions an extermination expedition from the Swedish side, in connection with which the entire town of Kantalahti and the monastery were burned on St. Peter's Day and 450 local residents were killed. The military expedition of the Iians was also intended as a revenge and a deterrent, as the Russian side had carried out several similar extermination expeditions in the previous years to the region of Northern Finland, including to Ii. The Russians and Karelians immediately retaliated by already in August 1589 making a new expedition to the Ii area.[1]

    In the stories, Pekka Vesainen was mentioned as the leader of the guerilla expedition in the summer of 1589, and he was playfully referred to as "Vesan voivotta", which comes from the Russian word for warlord, voivode. There is only one document source about Vesainen's participation in the expedition, an entry made in the account books by the Voud of Ostrobothnia in 1589, according to which Pekka Vesainen and some other participants in the Russian war expedition had been taxed for the booty they received: six marten skins, two wolf skins and one bear skin. The mention of Vesainen's name in this context has been considered as reliable evidence that he really led the mentioned expedition. According to the same inscription, part of the booty of the ancients had been a fire tax, i.e. protection money collected from the inhabitants for not burning down their houses.[1]

    Russian sources also mention another extermination expedition by the Finns in 1589, which took place at the beginning of September. During that time, as many as 700 men would have destroyed the Kantalahti region, Viena Karelia and the southwestern coast of the Kola peninsula. Finnish sources do not know about this second expedition, so current historical research has doubted its authenticity, especially since making a new expedition to the recently destroyed area would have been quite pointless. Instead, it is known that during the year 1589 another large extermination expedition was made from Ostrobothnia to the coast of the Arctic Ocean. During that time, the people of Ostrobothnia destroyed the Petsamo monastery and killed its monks, captured the city of Kola and also tried to capture the fortress of Kola. In some later stories, Pekka Vesainen has been claimed to have led this trip as well, although the claim is not supported by any source. This trip was probably carried out by the peasants of Tornio and Kemi, and the ancient Vesainen was probably not involved in it.[1]

    Historian Yrjö-Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen, who lived in the 19th century, wrongly claimed that Pekka Vesainen also led the mentioned expedition to destroy the Petsamo monastery, but he actually confused the events with the war expedition of 1591 and at the same time used Pekka Vesainen's wrong name Juho Vesainen after confusing him with another person. Santeri Ivalo used Yrjö-Koskinen's works as a source when he published the historical novel Juho Vesainen in 1894, in which Vesainen was also presented as the leader of the Petsamo and Kuola expedition.[1] Despite its fictionality, Ivalo's book had a much later influence on the perceptions of Vesai.

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    Onega Pomors were genetically close to the Finnish-speaking population and the Scandinavians

    Russian geneticists examined the DNA of 130 Onega male pomors from three geographically and culturally close populations. They found 14 Y-chromosomal haplogroups, most of which are I1, N3 and R1a. It turned out that each of the three populations has its own pronounced genetic portrait, but at the same time, they still form their own cluster. None of the groups were genetically similar to the indigenous population of Novgorod. The closest populations for the Onega Pomors were the Finno-speaking peoples of northern Europe, the inhabitants of Scandinavia and the Russian population, which has a significant contribution from the pre-Slavic population. This is reported in an article published in the journal Bulletin of the Russian State Medical University.

    The population of the Russian North is characterized by genetic peculiarity. Thus, the Russian population of this region is not only markedly different from the southern populations, but also very different from each other. This statement is also true for the Pomors, a Russian-speaking ethnic group that lives mainly on the shores of the White and Barents Seas. Pomors are characterized by a peculiar economic type, which is based on fishing (fishing and hunting). According to the All-Russian Population Census of 2010, 3.1 thousand people attributed themselves to the Pomors, and two thousand of them lived in the Arkhangelsk region.

    Traditionally, it was believed that the ancestors of the Pomors came from Novgorod. Thus, in the Great Russian Encyclopedia it is reported that, since the XI century, Pomorie was inhabited mainly by Novgorodians. However, a recent genetic study revealed the peculiarity of the gene pool of Novgorodians. Thus, at the level of eight ancestral components, one of them (Novgorod) reached 91 percent, and in other Russian populations it accounted for a maximum of a third. In some areas, the contribution of the "Novgorod" was noticeable, for example, in the Yaroslavl region, the Kashin district of the Tver region, in two districts of the Ryazan region and the Lensky district of the Arkhangelsk region. At the same time, the northern Russian populations of the Arkhangelsk region turned out to be different from the inhabitants of Novgorod, with which they were historically associated.

    Russian geneticists led by Elena Balanovska from the Bochkov Medical Genetics Research Center investigated the polymorphism of Y-chromosome markers in three populations of Onega Pomors living on the Onega, Summer and Winter coasts (n = 130). For analysis, they took blood samples from unrelated men, whose ancestors until the third generation considered themselves Russian or Pomors.

    As a result of this work, scientists discovered 14 Y-chromosomal haplogroups, the most common of which were I1, N3 and R1a. The share of each of them was about a quarter. In addition, haplogroups I2-P37.2 and R1b accounted for about eight percent each. Other options were rare. Despite the fact that all three populations of Pomors live close to each other, there are noticeable differences among them. So, the inhabitants of the Winter coast is less common haplogroup N3a4, but more often - I2, and the population of the Onega coast - on the contrary. In the Summer Shore population, haprogroup R1b is common, but R1a-PPF6202 is absent.

    One thing that unites the Onega Pomors with other Russian populations of the Arkhangelsk region is that they have a significant role played by haplogroups R1a and N3a4. At the same time, a quarter of the studied population had haplogroup I1, while in other northern Russians it is absent. At the same time, when analyzing the degree of kinship between different populations of genetics, they found that the distances between the three groups of Pomors are quite large (d = 0.28), despite their cultural and geographical proximity. The distance to other Russian populations was even greater (d = 0.76). Close to the gene pool of the Pomors of the Onega coast was only the Russian population of the Lena and Krasnoborsk districts of the Arkhangelsk region (d = 0.15) and the inhabitants of Molog (d = 0.17). From other Pomeranian populations they were much further.

    When compared with Finno-speaking, Balto-speaking and Slavic populations, Pomors formed their own cluster in the genetic space of Northeastern Europe. At the same time, the most Onega Pomors were similar to foreign peoples. The total gene pool of the three populations (each with its own distinct profile) is close to southern Finland (but not to the Sami). Speaking about certain groups of Pomors, it turned out that the inhabitants of the Onega coast are close to the Finnish-speaking peoples, for example, Veps, Izhora, Karelians, Finns and Ingermanlanders, as well as to the Russian population with a large contribution from the pre-Slavic population. The gene pool of the population of the Summer Shore was similar to the Swedes and Norwegians, and the Winter Shore - with some populations of Finns and Swedes.
    The researchers concluded that this peculiarity of Pomeranian populations cannot be explained only by gene drift. It will be possible to test hypotheses about the origin of these groups, as well as about the migration flows that participated in their formation, when analyzing complete genomes. Separately, geneticists stopped their attention on the opinion that the Novgorod expansion had a significant impact on the gene pool of the Russian North. The genetic distance between Novgorodians and three populations of Pomors turned out to be large: the inhabitants of the Onega coast had a distance of 0.48, and the group from the Summer coast - 1.09. According to scientists, the internal colonization of Novgorod apparently represented an expansion of economic and political influence, but did not lead to a serious change in the gene pool.

    Previously, N + 1 talked about the study of the DNA of 28 Udmurts and Besermians from different populations. It turned out that their genomes are distinguished by the contribution of one ancestral group, which Russian geneticists called “Udmurt”.

    Michael Podrezov is writer of this text / Gomorra

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