Genetic peculiarities of the population
Sardinians are one of the most genetically isolated populations in Europe and, according to some studies, together along with the Basques represents an example of a pre-Indo-European population surviving in Europe from the Paleolithic period.[26][27]
Haplogroup I Distribution
While Sardinians do not constitute a homogeneous population from a genetic point of view, in comparison to other European populations, Sardinians are distinguished by genetic characteristics.[28]
Y-DNA
Distribution of Sardinian Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups in percentage according to Eupedia.[29]
Region I2 R1b G2a J2 J1 E1b1b T + (L) Q
Sardinia 37% 22% 15% 10% 2.5% 10% 1.5% 2%
About 42% of the Sardinians belong to Y-chromosome haplogroup I, which is otherwise frequently encountered only in Scandinavia, Northern Germany and the Croatia-Bosnia-Montenegro-Serbia area.
Furthermore, the I haplogroup of the indigenous Sardinians is of the I2a1 subtype (I-M26), which is almost unique to the island, though it takes origin in the Pyrenees region. The I2a1 haplogroup also has a low distribution around the Pyrenees, the Basque Country, Castile, the department of Béarn and Brittany in France, England, Sweden and Corsica. The second most common Y-chromosome haplogroup among Sardinian male population is the haplogroup R1b (22% of the total population) mainly present in the northern part of the island . Sardinia also has a relatively high distribution of Y-chromosome haplogroup G (11%),[30] which is also found mainly in the Caucasus, the sardinian subtype of the Haplogroup G is closer to that one still present today in the Alps region, in particular Tyrol area. Ötzi the Iceman, the mummy of a man who lived about 3,300 BC found on the Alps in 1991 was discovered recently to be closely related genetically to modern Sardinians.
MtDNA
Origin of U5b3 Mdna Haplogroup
The most common mtDNA haplogroups in Sardinia are H (H1 and H3) and V who are also particularly common in the iberian peninsula.[31] Some subclades typical of Sardinia and rare in the rest of Europe are:
The subclade U5b3a1 of Haplogroup U (mtDNA) came from Provence to Sardinia by obsidian merchants, as it is estimated that 80% of obsidian found in France comes from Monte Arci in Sardinia reflecting the close relations that existed at one time for these two regions. Still about 4% of the female population in Sardinia belongs to this haplotype.[32] One other interesting anomaly is the presence of H13a of Haplogroup H (mtDNA) is present in the island at around 9.2%. As this is an extremely rare subclade normally present in the Caucasus, its worthy of further investigation. [33] [34]
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