Art from East-Roman Empire(Byzantium)

[Faklon]

Macedonian "Renaissance"

Macedonian Renaissance is a label sometimes used to describe the period of the Macedonian dynasty of the Byzantine Empire (867-1056), especially the 10th century, which some scholars have seen as a time of increased interest in classical scholarship and the assimilation of classical motifs into Christian artwork.

Spoiler!

Lid detail showing the abduction of Europa with Zeus as the bull (on the left) and Hercules playing the lyre (on the right).


Panel detail with Bellerophon and Pegasus.


First scene represents Iphigenia in Aulis (up)
Second scene represents Erotes (cupids) and beasts (down)
















On the left: Hercules is taming the horses of Diomedes
On the right: Saint George is killing the dragon


Forty Martyrs of Sebaste

[Faklon]

Illustrations from the Joshua Roll.

Spoiler!

Joshua Sent Two Spies Out from Shittim


The Israelites are Circumcised at Gilgal


The Captain of the Army of the Lord


The Israelites March around Jericho. The Fall of Jericho


Jericho Mourns. Joshua Sends Scouts to Ai


The Scouts Report.
Joshua Sends a Small Force to Attack Ai.


The Israelites are Defeated at Ai.
Joshua and the Elders Prostrate before the Lord


The Lord Chooses Achan as the Sinner. Achan is Stoned.


Joshua Condemning the King of Ai.
Joshua Giving Thanks before the Altar on Mount Ebal.


The Embassy of the Gibeonites.
The Gibeonites Ask For Help Against the Amorites.
Defeat of the Amorites.


The Israelite Commanders Place their Feet on the Necks of the Five Amorite Kings.


The Five Amorite Kings are Slain and their Bodies are Hung on Trees.

[Faklon]

Miniatures from Paris Psalter.

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David glorified by the women of Israel.


Biblical King David wearing a Byzantine chlamys.


Goddess Nyx next to prophet Isaiah.

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Jonah.


David defeating Goliath.


David playing the harp.


Moses goes through the Red Sea. The army of Pharaoh is drown.


Moses receives commandments.


The Anointing of David


Ezekiel the Prophet


The reproach of Nathan and the penance of King David

[Faklon]

Soapstone Warriors (military saints in byzantine carved icons)



Sculpture was never really popular in byzantine art. The main reason for this could possibly be the close association of this form of art with the ancient pagan religion.
This does not mean in any way that sculpture ceased to exist with the prevalence of Christianity and the transformation of the ancient Roman empire to the medieval one (the Byzantine).
Reliefs, pannels, stattuetes and rarely statues were constantly produced for more than one thousand years.

An interesting category of sculpture artwork are the icons made of steatite, commonly known as "soapstone". They are mainly works of the 10th to 13th century (mainly the Komnenian 11th-12th) and the majority of them depicts military saints.
It is probable that many of them belonged to officers and some were used as standards during litanies or battles.
The saints are depicted in detail, armed with arms of their time. This is really useful for the study of the byzantine military, since most of byzantine works of art tend to represent military saints with a more "antique" or "classical" style of arms and armor.

Spoiler!

St.George. 11th cent. Steatite Icon. Vatopedi monastery, Athos, Greece
George is depicted as a cavalry officer.
He wears a klivanion cuirass (lamellar) with attached metal pteruges and a mail upper part-probably a hood.
His long leg protection (kampotouva) and tunick betray that he belongs to a cavalry regiment.
A spear, a long sword and an almond shaped shield are the saint's weapons.


St. Theodore Stratelates. 12th cent. Steatite
The saint is praying. The arms and armor are similar to those of St.George above. Note the pattern on the shield.


St.Demetrius. 12th cent. Steatite. (Louvre M.)
Demetrius here is an archer. Equipped with a composite bow, a spear and a round shield he wears a padded cuirass (zava) with attached pteruges.


St. Demetrius. 11th cent. Steatite.
The saint wears a chainmail coat and long boots, holds a sword and a shield is hanged by his shoulder.


St. Demetrius again. 11th cent. Steatite




Saints on horseback. Demetrius on the left with a sword and a padded cuirass (similar to one above) and George spearing the dragon.
12th cent. Steatite (1.Kremlin, Moscow 2.MoBiA, New York)


St.Theodore, George and Demetrius. 12th cent. Steatite. Cherson
George in the center wears full lamellar protection, Theodore Stratelates a klivanion too and underneath mail, while Demetrius a chainmail. The first two hold a spear while Demetrius a remarkably long and broad sword. All of them have almond shaped shields.


The Arrest of Christ. 12th cent. Steatite
A soldiers lifts a mace (vardoukion).


The Crucifixion-12th cent. Steatite.
The centurion wears a headgear, a chainmail and an almond shaped shield.


Interrogation of Christ. 12th cent. Steatite. (Baltimore M.)
The officer on the left who strikes Jesus, does not wear armor but his uniform for the days of peace.


St.Demetrius wearing a lamellar cuirass (klivanion) with pteruges.
He is holding a spear and a round shield -common in the 10th cent.
By his right shoulder is hanged a broad sword in a decorated scabbard.
The cut-out panel at the base of the icon may have supported a standard that would have allowed the image to be carried in processions.
The holes in the icon may mean that it was used as a cover for a book in the Latin West.
Ivory icon 950-1000 (Metropolitan M.,New York)






The Louvre reliefs above belong to earlier and later periods and present a remarkable "classical" style. Arms and armor seem rather ancient than medieval.
Left and Right: The Harbavile Triptych, ivory panel, c.950
Center: St. Demetrius, steatite icon, 14th cent


Battle of the Old Testament- Full armed soldiers with round shields and kassidion helmets.
The Joshua ivory panel. mid 10th century (Metropolitan M, New York)


Fragment of steatite icon from Traianoupolis, Greece. 12th cent

[Russki]

Sculptures are the best imo