Page 2 of 2 FirstFirst 12
Results 11 to 14 of 14

Thread: English inventions and discoveries

  1. #11
    Banned
    Join Date
    Oct 2016
    Last Online
    07-18-2020 @ 08:01 PM
    Ethnicity
    prehistoric peoples
    Country
    Kyrgyzstan
    Gender
    Posts
    3,322
    Thumbs Up
    Received: 2,839
    Given: 341

    2 Not allowed!

    Default

    Sport








    • Before 1299: Bowls or lawn bowls can be traced to 13th-century England. The world's oldest surviving bowling green is Southampton Old Bowling Green, first used in 1299.
    • Late 15th century: Rounders developed from an older English game known as stoolball.
    • Early 16th century: Modern boxing developed from bare-knuckle boxing or prizefighting, a resurfacing of Ancient Greek boxing in England. The first recorded boxing match took place on 6 January 1681 in England, arranged by Christopher Monck, 2nd Duke of Albemarle (1653–1688).
    • 1519: World's oldest sporting competition still running, the Kiplingcotes Derby horse-race, established; it has run annually since without a break.
    • 1530s: Origin of real tennis played with rackets, popularised by Henry VIII.
    • 1598: The earliest definite reference to cricket; the sport may arguably be traced further back to 1301 with written evidence of a game known as creag played by Prince Edward, son of Edward I (Longshanks).
    • Aunt Sally, early 17th century.
    • After 1660: Thoroughbred horseracing developed in 17th- and 18th-century England; royal support from Charles II, a keen racegoer and owner, made horse-racing popular with the public.
    • 1673: Oldest non-equine competition in England, the Scorton Arrow archery tournament, established in Scorton, Yorkshire.
    • 1715: Oldest rowing race in the world, Doggett's Coat and Badge established; the race on the River Thames) has been held every year since 1715.
    • 1744: Earliest description of baseball in A Little Pretty Pocket-Book by John Newbery (1713–1767); the first recorded game of "Bass-Ball" took place in 1749 in Surrey. William Bray (1736–1832) recorded a game of baseball on Easter Monday, 1755 in Guildford, Surrey; the game is considered to have been taken across the Atlantic by English emigrants.
    • Early 19th century: Modern field hockey developed in English public schools; the first club was established in 1849 in Blackheath, London.
    • 1820s: Ice hockey, a variant of field hockey, invented by British soldiers based in Canada. British soldiers and emigrants to Canada and the United States played their stick-and-ball games on the winter ice and snow; in 1825, John Franklin (1786–1847) wrote during one of his Arctic expeditions: "The game of hockey played on the ice was the morning sport" on Great Bear Lake.





    • 1823 or 1824: Invention of Rugby football credited to William Webb Ellis (1806–1872).
    • 1848: Association football's Cambridge rules (largely the sport's rules as we know them today) established at Cambridge University.
    • 1850: The format of the modern Olympic Games games inspired by William Penny Brookes (1809–1895); see also the Cotswold Olimpick Games.
    • c. 1850: A bowling machine for cricket named the Catapulta (a predecessor of the pitching machine) invented by Nicholas "Felix" Wanostrocht (1804–1876).
    • 1857: Sheffield F.C. formed by former public school pupils, making it the world's first and oldest Association football club, as acknowledged by The Football Association and FIFA.
    • 1867: Coconut shy in Kingston, Surrey.
    • 1859–1865: Lawn tennis invented by Harry Gem (1819–1881) and Augurio Perera, a Spanish-born merchant and sportsman based in England.
    • 1874–1875: Snooker invented by the British Army in India.
    • 1874: Formal codification of the rules of modern Polo established by the Hurlingham Polo Association; polo had been introduced to England in 1834 by the 10th Hussars at Aldershot, Hants, and in 1862 the first polo club, Calcutta Polo Club, was established by two British soldiers, Captain Robert Stewart and (later Major General) Joe Sherer.
    • 1880 onwards: Modern rock climbing developed by Walter Parry Haskett Smith (1859–1946), so-called "father of rock climbing".
    • 1880s: Table tennis or ping-pong originated in Victorian England as an indoor version of tennis; it was developed and played by the upper class as an after-dinner parlour game.
    • 1888: Tiddlywinks patent application by London shop-owner Joseph Assheton Fincher (dates not known); tiddlywinks originated as an adult parlour game in Victorian England.
    • 1893–1897: Netball developed from early versions of women's basketball at Madame Österberg's College in England.
    • 1895: Rugby league created with the establishment of the Northern Rugby Football Union (NRFU) as a breakaway faction of England's Rugby Football Union (RFU).
    • 1896: The dartboard-layout used in the game and professional competitive sport of Darts was devised by Lancashire carpenter Brian Gamlin (c. 1852-1903); Gamlin died before he could patent his idea.
    • 1899: Mixed martial art (MMA) Bartitsu invented by Edward William Barton-Wright (1860–1951).
    • 1948: The first Paralympic games competition, originally the Stoke Mandeville Games, created in England by German-born (from 1945 naturalised) British neurologist Ludwig Guttmann (1899–1980).
    • 1954: Sir Roger Bannister (b. 1929) ran the first sub-four-minute mile on 6 May 1954.
    • 1979: First modern bungee jumps made from the 250-foot (76 m) Clifton Suspension Bridge in Bristol by members of the Oxford University Dangerous Sports Club.







    W. G. Grace (1848–1915); 1598 saw the earliest definite reference to cricket





    William Webb Ellis at Rugby School, 1823-4






    Aviation








    • 1799: Concept of the modern aeroplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control set forth by Sir George Cayley (1773–1857); Cayley is one of the most important people in the history of Aeronautics and flight: he is sometimes called the "father of aviation".
    • 1804: First glider to carry a human being aloft designed by Sir George Cayley (1773–1857). Cayley discovered and identified the four aerodynamic forces of flight: weight, lift, drag, and thrust; Modern aeroplane design is based on those discoveries, along with cambered wings which Cayley also discovered.
    • 1837: Pioneering contribution to parachute design made by Robert Cocking (1776–1837); aged 61, Cocking was the first person to be killed in a parachuting accident.
    • 1844: Hale rockets, an improved version of the Congreve rocket design that introduced thrust vectoring, invented by William Hale (1797–1870).
    • 1848: World's first powered flight (of 30 feet) achieved in Chard, Somerset with the Aerial Steam Carriage by John Stringfellow (1799–1883), 55 years before the Wright brothers; Stringfellow and William Samuel Henson (1812–1888) patented their invention in 1842.
    • Late-19th century: The term "air port" first used - to describe the port city Southampton, where some early flying boats landed.





    • 1929: Turbojet engine single-handedly invented by Sir Frank Whittle (1907–1996).
    • 1949: First commercial jet airliner, the de Havilland Comet, designed, developed and manufactured by de Havilland.
    • 1954: First aircraft capable of supercruise, the English Electric Lightning, designed, developed and manufactured by English Electric.
    • 1959: Aerospace engineer John Hodge (born 1929) migrated to become part of NASA's Space Task Group, which was responsible for America's manned space programme, Project Mercury.
    • 1960: VTOL (Vertical Take-Off and Landing) aircraft (most famously the Harrier) invented by Gordon Lewis (1924–2010), Ralph Hooper (born 1926), Stanley Hooker (1907–1984) and Sydney Camm (1893–1966); the project developed on ideas by Frenchman Michel Wibault.





    The Aerial Steam Carriage, performed the world's first powered flight in 1848




    The de Havilland Comet, the first commercial jet airliner, produced in 1949




    Railways

    • 1825: Opening of the Stockton and Darlington Railway, the world's first operational steam passenger railway; it was taken over by the North Eastern Railway in 1863.
    • 1830: Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, the first inter-city steam-powered railway; the railway was absorbed by the Grand Junction Railway in 1845.
    • 1838: Opening of the first stretch of the Great Western Railway, from London Paddington station to (the original) Maidenhead station, engineered by Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806–1859).





    Locomotives








    • 1804: First full-scale railway steam locomotive built by Richard Trevithick (1771–1833).
    • 1812: First commercially viable steam locomotive, the twin cylinder Salamanca, designed and built by Matthew Murray (1765–1826) of Holbeck.
    • 1813: First practical steam locomotive to rely simply on the adhesion of iron wheels on iron rails, Puffing Billy, built by William Hedley (1779–1843).
    • 1814: First successful flanged-wheel adhesion locomotive, the Blücher, built by George Stephenson (1781–1848).
    • 1824: First steam locomotive to carry passengers on a public rail-line, the Locomotion No. 1, built by Robert Stephenson (1803–1859), son of George Stephenson.
    • 1829: Stephenson's Rocket built by George Stephenson (1781–1848) and his son Robert Stephenson (1803–1859); the Rocket was not the first steam locomotive, but it was the first to bring together several innovations to produce the most advanced locomotive of its day.
    • 1829: The Sans Pareil, a less advanced competitor of Stephenson's Rocket, built by Timothy Hackworth (1786–1850).
    • 1829: The Stourbridge Lion, first steam locomotive to be operated in the United States, built by Foster, Rastrick and Company of Stourbridge, Worcestershire, now West Midlands; the manufacturing company was headed by James Foster (1786–1853) and John Urpeth Rastrick (1780–1856).
    • 1923: The Flying Scotsman built to a design by Sir Nigel Gresley (1876–1941); the Flying Scotsman was in 1934 the first steam locomotive to be authenticated at reaching 100 miles per hour (160.9 km/h) in passenger service.






    Stephenson's Rocket, 1829




    Other railway developments








    • 1842: The Edmondson railway ticket invented by Thomas Edmondson (1792–1851); British Rail used Edmondson tickets until February 1990.
    • 1852 onwards: Numerous inventions for railways by John Ramsbottom (1814–1897), including: the split piston ring (1852), the Ramsbottom safety valve (1855), the Displacement lubricator (1860), and the water trough (1860).
    • 1863: Opening of the world's oldest underground railway, the London Underground, a.k.a. the Tube; the Tube is the oldest rapid transit system, and it was the first underground railway to operate electric trains.
    • Late 1940s: Maglev, the use of magnetic levitation to move vehicles without touching the ground, invented by Eric Laithwaite (1921–1997).
    • 1981: The Advanced Passenger Train (APT), an experimental high-speed train that pioneered tilting, introduced by British Rail.






    The London Underground, opened 1863





    Roads








    • 1804: The seat belt invented by Sir George Cayley (1773–1857).
    • 1808: Tension-spoke wire wheels invented by Sir George Cayley (1773–1857).
    • 1829: First practical steam fire engine invented by John Braithwaite the younger (1797–1880).
    • 1834: The Hansom cab, a type of horse-drawn carriage, invented by Joseph Hansom (1803–1882).
    • 1868: First traffic lights (manually operated and gas-lit) installed outside London's Houses of Parliament; invented by John Peake Knight (1828–1886).
    • c. 1870: "Ariel", a penny-farthing bicycle, developed by James Starley (1831–1881).
    • 1876: The legal collection of 70,000 thousands seeds from the rubber bearing tree hevea brasiliensis which led to the discovery of the perfect growing climate and locations for rubber trees by Sir Henry Alexander Wickham. Most commercial rubber plants are descended from the seeds he took to Kew Gardens
    • 1884:Thomas Parker claimed to have invented the first electric car.
    • 1885: First commercially successful safety bicycle, "the Rover", developed by John Kemp Starley (1855–1901).
    • 1901: Tarmac patented by Edgar Purnell Hooley (1860–1942).
    • c. 1902: The invention of the Bowden cable popularly attributed to Sir Frank Bowden (1848–1921), founder and owner of the Raleigh Bicycle Company.
    • 1910: Opening of the oldest existing driving school and first formal driving tuition provider, the British School of Motoring, in Peckham, London.
    • 1922: Horstmann suspension, a coil spring suspension system commonly used on western tankss, invented by Sidney Horstmann (1881–1962).
    • 1926: First automated traffic lights in England deployed in Piccadilly Circus in 1926; outside of London, Wolverhampton was in 1927 the first British town to introduce automated traffic lights.
    • 1934: The Cat's eye, a safety device used in road marking, invented by Percy Shaw (1890–1976).
    • 1934: The Belisha beacon introduced by Leslie Hore-Belisha (1893–1957).
    • 1962: First modern Formula One car, the Lotus 25, designed by Colin Chapman (1928–1982) for Team Lotus; the design incorporated the first fully stressed monocoque chassis to appear in automobile racing.
    • 1985: The Sinclair C5, a one-person battery electric vehicle, invented by Sir Clive Sinclair (born 1940).
    • 1997: World Land Speed Record, 1,228 km/h (763 mph), achieved by ThrustSSC, a jet-propelled car designed and built in England. Project director: Richard Noble (born 1946); designed by Ron Ayers (born 1932), Glynne Bowsher and Jeremy Bliss; piloted by Andy Green (born 1962).






    The Hansom cab, invented by Joseph Hansom in 1834




    Sea








    • 1578: The first submersible (a small, submarine-like vehicle) of whose construction there exists reliable information designed by Englishman William Bourne (c. 1535–1582) in his book Inventions or Devises; Dutchman Cornelius Drebbel put Bourne's concept into action in 1620.
    • 1691: A diving bell capable of allowing its occupier to remain submerged for extended periods of time, and fitted with a window for the purpose of underwater exploration, designed by Edmund Halley (1656–1742), best known for computing the orbit of Halley's Comet.
    • c. 1730: The octant invented by English mathematician John Hadley (1682–1744); American optician Thomas Godfrey developed the instrument independently at approximately the same time.
    • 1743: The "Whirling Speculum", a device used to locate the horizon in foggy or misty conditions, invented by John Serson (died 1744); Serson's Speculum can be seen as a precursor to the gyroscope.
    • 1757: First sextant made by John Bird (1709–1776), adapting the principle of Hadley's octant.
    • 1785: The lifeboat invented and patented by Lionel Lukin (1742–1834); William Wouldhave (1751–1821) made a rival claim, but he did not succeed with the practical application of his invention until 1789.
    • 1799: The Transit, a type of sailing vessel with a remarkable turn of speed, patented by Richard Hall Gower (1768–1833).
    • 1835: The screw propeller invented and patented by Francis Pettit Smith (1808–1874).
    • 1843: Launch of the SS Great Britain - the first steam-powered, screw propeller-driven passenger liner with an iron hull; designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806–1859), it was at the time the largest ship afloat.
    • 1876: Plimsoll Line devised by Samuel Plimsoll (1824–1898).
    • 1878: First commercially successful closed-circuit scuba designed and built by Henry Fleuss (1851–1932), a pioneer in the field of diving equipment.
    • 1878–1879: Two early Victorian submarines, Resurgam I and Resurgam II, designed and built by George Garrett (1852–1902).
    • 1894: The first steam turbine powered steamship, Turbinia (easily the fastest ship in the world at the time), designed by Anglo-Irish engineer Sir Charles Algernon Parsons (1854–1931), and built in Newcastle upon Tyne.
    • 1899–1901: Developments on the hydrofoil by shipbuilder John Isaac Thornycroft (1843–1928), from the concept of Italian Enrico Forlanini.
    • 1912: World's first patent for an underwater echo ranging device (sonar) filed a month after the sinking of the Titanic by Lewis Richardson (1881–1953).
    • 1915: Research into solving the practical problems of submarine-detection by sonar led by Ernest Rutherford (1871–1937).
    • 1955: The hovercraft invented by Sir Christopher Cockerell (1910–1999).





    Hovercraft, invented by Sir Christopher Cockerell in 1955




    Miscellaneous

    • Guillotine(1286) in Halifax, England.





    • Early 17th century: The closely cut "English" lawn created in the Jacobean epoch of gardening, as the garden and the lawn became places created first as walkways and social areas. The English lawn became a symbol of status of the aristocracy and gentry; it showed that the owner could afford to keep land that was not being used for a building or for food production.
    • 1668: Earliest concept of a metric system proposed by John Wilkins (1614–1672) in An Essay towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language.
    • 1706: World's first life insurance company, the Amicable Society, founded by William Talbot (1658–1730) and Sir Thomas Allen, 2nd Baronet (c. 1648–1730).
    • 1719: Oldest music-based festival, the Three Choirs Festival, established.
    • 1725: The modern kilt, associated since the 19th century with Scottish culture, arguably invented by English Quaker Thomas Rawlinson (dates not known).
    • c. 1760: The jigsaw puzzle invented and commercialised by cartographer John Spilsbury (1739-1769).
    • 1767: The carbonated soft drink invented by Joseph Priestley (1733–1804).
    • 1768–1770: The modern circus invented by Philip Astley (1742–1814) in Astley's Amphitheatre on Westminster Bridge Road in Lambeth.[233][234]
    • c. 1770: The lorgnette (a pair of spectacles with a handle, used to hold them in place, rather than fitting over the ears or nose) invented by George Adams I (c. 1709–1773) and subsequently illustrated in his son George Adams II's An Essay on Vision, briefly explaining the fabric of the eye (1789).
    • 1772: Oldest arts festival established in Norwich 1772.
    • 1787: First glee club founded in Harrow School.
    • 1797: The top hat arguably invented by English haberdasher John Hetherington (dates not known).





    • 1798: Consequences of population growth identified by Thomas Robert Malthus (1766–1834) in An Essay on the Principle of Population.
    • 1798: Oldest police force in continuous operation, the Marine Police Force, formed by English seafarer John Harriott (1745–1817) and Scot Patrick Colquhoun; it merged with the nascentMetropolitan Police Service in 1839.
    • 18th century-19th century: The history of comics developed with innovations by William Hogarth (1697–1764), James Gillray (1756/1757-1815), George Cruikshank (1792–1878) and others.
    • 1811: The graphic telescope, a drawing aid with the power of a telescope, invented by water-colour painter Cornelius Varley (1781–1873).
    • 1821: World's first modern nature reserve established by naturalist and explorer Charles Waterton (1782–1965); Waterton was described by David Attenborough as "one of the first people anywhere to recognise not only that the natural world was of great importance but that it needed protection as humanity made more and more demands on it".
    • 1824: Rubber balloon invented by Michael Faraday (1791–1867) during experiments with gases.
    • 1824: The first animal welfare society, the RSPCA, established by a group of 22 reformers, led by Richard Martin[disambiguation needed] MP and William Wilberforce MP.
    • 1826: First effective friction match invented by John Walker (1781–1859).
    • 1829: Metropolitan Police force founded by Home Secretary Sir Robert Peel, by 1857 all British cities were required to have a police force.
    • 1840: Stamp collecting initiated by zoologist John Edward Gray (1800–1875); on 1 May 1840, the day the Penny Black first went on sale, Gray bought several with the intent to save them.
    • 1844: The Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers founded in Lancashire. The Rochdale Principles are the foundation for the co-operative principles on which co-ops around the world operate to this day.
    • 1844: The YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association) founded in London by Sir George Williams (1821–1905), with the aim of putting Christian values into practice.
    • 1846: The Christmas cracker invented by London confectioner Thomas J. Smith by wrapping a bon-bon in a twist of coloured paper, adding a love note, a paper hat and a banger mechanism. This new idea took of and the bon-bon was eventually replaced by a small toy or novelty.
    • 1849: Bowler hat designed by London hat-makers Thomas and William Bowler.
    • 1851: Prime meridian established at Greenwich by Sir George Biddell Airy (1801–1892), Astronomer Royal from 1835 to 1881); Airy's line, the fourth Greenwich Meridian, became the definitive, internationally recognised line in 1884.





    • 1851: Revolutionary modular, prefabricated design, and use of glass utilised in the building of the Crystal Palace of the Great Exhibition by Joseph Paxton (1803–1865); after the exhibition, the Crystal Palace was moved to Sydenham where it was destroyed in a fire in 1936.
    • 1851: Steel-ribbed umbrella developed by Samuel Fox (1815–1887).
    • 1860: Linoleum invented by Frederick Walton (1834–1928).
    • 1865: The Salvation Army, a Christian denominational church and international charitable organisation, founded by Methodist minister William Booth (1829–1912).
    • 1866: The introduction, planting, cultivation and manufacturing of Ceylon tea in the British Crown colony of Ceylon, now Sri Lanka. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle said of the planting efforts "the tea fields of Ceylon were as true a monument to courage as the lions of Waterloo" and called it "one of the greatest commercial victories which pluck and ingenuity ever won."
    • 1868: Erection of first mounted dinosaur skeleton, Hadrosaurus Foulkii and introduction of the universal standard for all future dinosaur displays by English artist Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins in concert with Dr Joseph Leidy and Edward Drinker Cope. Displayed at The Academy of Natural Sciences
    • 1870s: One precursor (among others) of the modern gas mask constructed by physicist John Tyndall (1820–1893).
    • 1897: Plasticine invented by art teacher William Harbutt (1844–1921).
    • 1901: Model construction system Meccano invented by Frank Hornby (1863–1936).
    • 1902: First large scale programme for international scholarships founded by Cecil John Rhodes.
    • 1907: The scout movement created by Lord Baden-Powell, on finding that his 1899 military training manual Aids to Scouting was being used by teachers and youth organisations.
    • 1908: The reserve forest which would become the Kaziranga National Park founded by Lord Curzon of Kedleston to protect the dwindling species of rhinoceros.
    • 1913: The crossword puzzle invented by Liverpool-born Arthur Wynne (1871–1945).
    • 1922: Discovery of Tutankhamun's tomb by Archaeologist and Egyptologist Howard Carter, funded by Lord Carnarvon.
    • 1933: Bayko - a plastic building model construction toy, and one of the earliest plastic toys to be marketed – invented by Charles Plimpton (1893–1948).
    • 1946: Toy building bricks invented and patented (under the name "Kiddicraft") by Hilary (Harry) Fisher Page (1904–1957); Lego acquired Page's patent in 1981.
    • 1949: Oldest literary festival, the Cheltenham Literature Festival, established.
    • 1965: Geometric drawing toy Spirograph developed by Denys Fisher (1918–2002).







    Lord Baden-Powell, invented the scout movement in 1907






    Malthus's Essay on the Principle of Population, 1798





    Prime meridian, established at Greenwich, 1851






  2. #12
    Banned
    Join Date
    Oct 2016
    Last Online
    07-18-2020 @ 08:01 PM
    Ethnicity
    prehistoric peoples
    Country
    Kyrgyzstan
    Gender
    Posts
    3,322
    Thumbs Up
    Received: 2,839
    Given: 341

    0 Not allowed!

    Default




  3. #13
    Veteran Member renaissance12's Avatar
    Join Date
    Feb 2018
    Last Online
    Today @ 01:04 PM
    Meta-Ethnicity
    Italian-Romance
    Ethnicity
    Italian
    Country
    Italy
    Hero
    I don't need any hero..but Jesus
    Religion
    Christian-Catholic
    Gender
    Posts
    7,382
    Thumbs Up
    Received: 2,666
    Given: 1,754

    0 Not allowed!

    Default

    Clock making ?

    http://www.my-time-machines.net/speech_final_web.pdf

    The first mechanical clock appeared in Italy 10th century in Verona..

    This is the oldest mechanical clock still working.. - Chioggia Venice - 1386 A.D.
    There is another clock more and less equal ( built by Christian Monks ) in Salysbury..

    The first mechanical clock were built on Church bell tower

    Last edited by renaissance12; 09-24-2018 at 01:27 PM.

  4. #14
    Banned
    Join Date
    Apr 2013
    Last Online
    @
    Location
    Seville
    Meta-Ethnicity
    Celtiberian
    Ethnicity
    Andalusian from Seville
    Country
    Spain
    Taxonomy
    Grazilmediterranid
    Politics
    Autocratic
    Hero
    René Descartes
    Religion
    Cartesian
    Relationship Status
    Single
    Age
    38
    Gender
    Posts
    8,845
    Thumbs Up
    Received: 6,241
    Given: 7,078

    0 Not allowed!

    Default

    Atlantid master race lol

Page 2 of 2 FirstFirst 12

Thread Information

Users Browsing this Thread

There are currently 1 users browsing this thread. (0 members and 1 guests)

Similar Threads

  1. Replies: 138
    Last Post: 12-27-2019, 02:42 AM
  2. Replies: 3
    Last Post: 11-02-2017, 03:03 PM
  3. Replies: 1
    Last Post: 11-03-2016, 12:27 AM
  4. Replies: 2
    Last Post: 10-26-2016, 09:26 PM
  5. Lycra, one of the best inventions since slice bread!
    By Ctwentysevenj in forum Fashion, Hair and Beauty
    Replies: 4
    Last Post: 06-20-2015, 07:20 AM

Bookmarks

Posting Permissions

  • You may not post new threads
  • You may not post replies
  • You may not post attachments
  • You may not edit your posts
  •