Page 1 of 2 12 LastLast
Results 1 to 10 of 12

Thread: The Greeks in the West: genetic signatures of the Hellenic colonisation

  1. #1
    Veteran Member
    Join Date
    Nov 2014
    Last Online
    Yesterday @ 09:13 PM
    Location
    The Apricity
    Meta-Ethnicity
    European
    Ethnicity
    Southern Greek
    Ancestry
    Southern Greece
    Country
    Greece
    Taxonomy
    Modern human with neanderthal admixture
    Gender
    Posts
    12,952
    Thumbs Up
    Received: 10,719
    Given: 25,823

    3 Not allowed!

    Default The Greeks in the West: genetic signatures of the Hellenic colonisation

    Greek colonisation of South Italy and Sicily (Magna Graecia) was a defining event in European cultural history, although the demographic processes and genetic impacts involved have not been systematically investigated. Here, we combine high-resolution surveys of the variability at the uni-parentally inherited Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA in selected samples of putative source and recipient populations with forward-in-time simulations of alternative demographic models to detect signatures of that impact. Using a subset of haplotypes chosen to represent historical sources, we recover a clear signature of Greek ancestry in East Sicily compatible with the settlement from Euboea during the Archaic Period (eighth to fifth century BCE). We inferred moderate sex-bias in the numbers of individuals involved in the colonisation: a few thousand breeding men and a few hundred breeding women were the estimated number of migrants. Last, we demonstrate that studies aimed at quantifying Hellenic genetic flow by the proportion of specific lineages surviving in present-day populations may be misleading.
    A total of 59 previously published single nucleotide polymorphisms was analysed following a hierarchical genotyping strategy. Samples were amplified in a standard PCR reaction and the SNaPshot Multiplex System (Life Technologies Corp., Carlsbad, CA, USA) primer extension protocol was used. All samples were first genotyped for markers, E-M35, F-M89, G-M201, H-M282, I-M170, K-M9, J-M172, J-M267, J-M304, R-M173, P-M45, R-M17 and R-M269, to classify them into major European branches. Samples belonging to haplogroups E-M35, E-M78, J-M172, I-M170 and R-M269 were further analysed by means of haplogroup specific multiplexes (Supplementary Table S2). Furthermore, samples assigned to haplogroup G-M201 were analysed for markers M406 and P15 through direct sequencing (Supplementary Table S3). Nomenclature used for haplogroup labelling follows YCC conventions26 and recent updating (ISOGG Y-Tree 2015 http://www.isogg.org/tree/).

    The entire data set was also analysed at a total of 26 Y chromosome short tandem repeats (YSTRs): those included in the AmpFlSTR Yfiler PCR Amplification kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) and additional 9 YSTRs (DYS460, DYS388, YCA-II a/b, DYS461, DYS445, YGATA-A.10 and DYS413 a/b) by suitably designed multiplexed-PCR reactions (Supplementary Table S4). We finally assembled a haplotype data set based on 20 of the 26 analysed STR markers by excluding those STRs that in the PCR analysis co-amplify two loci and whose allele assignation to a defined locus was not possible (DYS385 a/b, YCA-II a/b and DYS413 a/b). A subset of samples (N=304) has been analysed for the hypervariable region I of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) using primers 15997L and 017H.
    Population relationships

    Y haplogroup frequencies are reported in Supplementary Table S7 while the overall pattern of inter-population genetic relationships is shown in Figure 2 and Supplementary Table S10. Cretan, mainland Greek and Lebanese samples were introduced to widen the spectrum of the historical players acting in south-eastern Mediterranean at the time of the GC, as proxies of non-Corinthian Dorian colonisers of South Sicily (since Crete contributed to the foundation of Gela and, in turn, Akragas), non-Euboean Ionian colonisers of South Italy and East Sicily, and Phoenician settlers in West Sicily, respectively. Looking at the reciprocal positions on the plot, little evidence of these historical events emerges, with the positioning reflecting geography rather than history. Accordingly, we observe higher genetic distance than that expected based on archaeological evidence between putative descendants of source (Greeks from Ionia, Corinthians and Cretan) and recipient (Sicilians) groups of the GC, as well as between the putative founders (Lebanese) of the Phoenician colonies in western Sicily (Motya, Panormos and Solus) and the present-day population.
    Signatures of the Archaic Hellenic contribution

    To detect genetic signatures of Greek migration in southern Italy and Sicily related compatible with the Archaic scenario, we compared fractions of haplotype pairs within the 8–12 mutational range, or 'GChp', with the same fractions obtained by using Albanian, Croatian and Turkish samples as reference sources
    Samples from East Sicily, West Sicily, South and Central Italy showed significant (P<0.01) enrichment of GChps when the Greek sample from the Euboea Island was compared with Corinthia and reference sources. Except in West Sicily and Central Italy, this enrichment remained highly significant even after correcting for multiple tests (P<0.05).41 Conversely, when considering Corinthia against other reference sources, none of the recipient samples showed a full set of significant values. The comparisons involving recipients versus Albania most commonly showed a lack of significant enrichment in GChps with respect to Euboea and Corinthia. We reasoned that contacts either between sources and recipients or between sources after the GC, that is, during the Classical and Christian periods, might have contributed to increase the GChps rate. Thus, to provide more stringent conditions for haplotype identification, we excluded all haplotypes with a molecular distance less than seven mutational steps. This 'filtered' data set confirmed the pattern observed with the less stringent criteria for the East Sicily/Euboea pair, which showed significant enrichment in GChps in two out of three comparisons even after the Bonferroni correction (Table 1b). The results for West Sicily and South Italy did not hold statistical significance when a Bonferroni correction was applied. None of the other Italian recipients showed a full set of significant enrichment with Euboea or Corinthia.
    Estimating Greek contribution

    The number of GChps identified using the suggested molecular distance cannot be used either to directly estimate the current Greek legacy in Italian populations or to provide an indication of the original demographic contribution. Nevertheless, this approach helped us to identify populations (East Sicily, and, to a lesser degree, West Sicily and South Italy), that are characterized by a significant association with Greek populations derived during the time window of interest.
    To quantify the original demographic impact of the Greek settlers inferable from present-day Y chromosome variability, we explored two main census scenarios using a simulation-based approach. In the first scenario, high count, we based our model on the demographic estimates of Beloch,18, 19 who suggested a census size of 1.35 million people for Sicily and of 3 million for Greece at the time of the Hellenic colonisation in the Archaic Period. In the second scenario, low count, we modelled population size estimates that were smaller by an order of magnitude.21 Nevertheless, the two scenarios have similar source/recipient effective size ratios (S/R). If we assume that the proportions of past Sicilian, Euboean and Peloponnese census and male (and female) effective population sizes is one-sixth of the current census size, we estimate a S/R of 3.65 for the high-count model and a S/R of 3.75 for the low-count model. Simulation results are reported on Figure 3 and Supplementary Table S8. When considering Y-STR haplotypes, the observed DHS value between Euboea and East Sicily (0.5353) is compatible with an effective number of migrants ranging between 500 and 5000, clearly rejecting larger contributions (10 000), irrespective of the scenario considered. The DHS value obtained for hypervariable region I haplotypes (0.5995) supports an effective number of migrants between 500 and 1000, with larger contributions clearly excluded. When the NRY- and mtDNA-based estimates are paired according to the demographic model, the male-to-female migrant ratio ranged between 1:1 and 2:1 under a population growth model and between 2:1 and 10:1 under a constant population size model.
    http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v...g2015124a.html

  2. #2
    Veteran Member
    Join Date
    Nov 2014
    Last Online
    Yesterday @ 09:13 PM
    Location
    The Apricity
    Meta-Ethnicity
    European
    Ethnicity
    Southern Greek
    Ancestry
    Southern Greece
    Country
    Greece
    Taxonomy
    Modern human with neanderthal admixture
    Gender
    Posts
    12,952
    Thumbs Up
    Received: 10,719
    Given: 25,823

    0 Not allowed!

    Default

    They included a Y-DNA plot as well:

    An FST genetic distance matrix27 was computed on Y haplogroup frequencies using the Arlequin package (version 3.5.1.2)28 and graphically represented by a non-metric multidimensional scaling.29 The analysis involved 18 population samples: the 6 Italian recipient groups, the 2 source samples from Greece (Euboea and Corinthia), the 3 reference samples (Turkey, Albania and Croatia) and 7 additional samples from Crete,30, 31 mainland Greece31 and Lebanon.32 To make possible comparison across data sets genotyped with different single nucleotide polymorphism panels, haplogroups were pooled to the least basal common node on the ISOGG 2015 Y tree (http://www.isogg.org/tree/) for a total of 17 groups. Stress value suggests a non-random distribution of population samples in the bi-dimensional plot (0.0758, P<0.05).33

  3. #3
    Veteran Member
    Join Date
    Nov 2014
    Last Online
    Yesterday @ 09:13 PM
    Location
    The Apricity
    Meta-Ethnicity
    European
    Ethnicity
    Southern Greek
    Ancestry
    Southern Greece
    Country
    Greece
    Taxonomy
    Modern human with neanderthal admixture
    Gender
    Posts
    12,952
    Thumbs Up
    Received: 10,719
    Given: 25,823

    0 Not allowed!

    Default

    Haplogroups(frequency in decimals):

    Corinthia

    E3b-V13 26 0.25
    E3b-M123 2 0.0192307692
    E3b-M78 1 0.0096153846
    E3b-V12 1 0.0096153846
    E3b-V22 1 0.0096153846
    F*(xG,I,J2,K) 1 0.0096153846
    G-M406 2 0.0192307692
    G-P15 1 0.0096153846
    I-M223 2 0.0192307692
    I-M253 1 0.0096153846
    I-M26 1 0.0096153846
    I-M423 13 0.125
    I-M438 3 0.0288461538
    J2-DYS445=6 3 0.0288461538
    J2-M241 5 0.0480769231
    J2-M410 3 0.0288461538
    J2-M67 4 0.0384615385
    J2-M92 2 0.0192307692
    K*(x P) 3 0.0288461538
    M269* 7 0.0673076923
    R1(xR1a1,R1b3) 1 0.0096153846
    R1a1 18 0.1730769231
    S139* 1 0.0096153846
    S28* 1 0.0096153846
    SRY2627 1 0.0096153846
    Total 104 1


    Euboea:

    E3b-V13 16 0.1720430108
    E3b-V22 1 0.0107526882
    F*(xG,I,J2,K) 2 0.0215053763
    G-M201 2 0.0215053763
    G-M406 2 0.0215053763
    G-P15 5 0.0537634409
    I-M223 5 0.0537634409
    I-M253 2 0.0215053763
    I-M423 4 0.0430107527
    I-M438 1 0.0107526882
    J1 1 0.0107526882
    J2-DYS445=6 4 0.0430107527
    J2-M102 1 0.0107526882
    J2-M241 7 0.0752688172
    J2-M280 1 0.0107526882
    J2-M410 2 0.0215053763
    J2-M67 6 0.064516129
    J2-M92 3 0.0322580645
    K*(x P) 4 0.0430107527
    M269* 3 0.0322580645
    P(xR1) 1 0.0107526882
    R1(xR1a1,R1b3) 2 0.0215053763
    R1a1 10 0.1075268817
    S116* 1 0.0107526882
    S139* 3 0.0322580645
    S21* 2 0.0215053763
    Total 93 1

  4. #4
    Veteran Member
    Join Date
    Nov 2014
    Last Online
    Yesterday @ 09:13 PM
    Location
    The Apricity
    Meta-Ethnicity
    European
    Ethnicity
    Southern Greek
    Ancestry
    Southern Greece
    Country
    Greece
    Taxonomy
    Modern human with neanderthal admixture
    Gender
    Posts
    12,952
    Thumbs Up
    Received: 10,719
    Given: 25,823

    0 Not allowed!

    Default

    East Sicily

    Haplogroup N %
    R1(xR1a1,R1b3) 4 0.0162601626
    E3b-M123 5 0.0203252033
    E3b-M78 1 0.0040650407
    E3b-V12 3 0.012195122
    E3b-V13 20 0.081300813
    E3b-V22 5 0.0203252033
    F*(xG,I,J2,K) 5 0.0203252033
    G-M201 1 0.0040650407
    G-M406 7 0.0284552846
    G-P15 14 0.0569105691
    I-M223 6 0.0243902439
    I-M253 4 0.0162601626
    I-M26 6 0.0243902439
    I-M423 4 0.0162601626
    I-M438 3 0.012195122
    J2-DYS445=6 15 0.0609756098
    J2-M102 1 0.0040650407
    J2-M241 9 0.0365853659
    J2-M319 2 0.0081300813
    J2-M410 13 0.0528455285
    J2-M67 10 0.0406504065
    J2-M92 5 0.0203252033
    K*(x P) 9 0.0365853659
    M269* 18 0.0731707317
    P(xR1) 3 0.012195122
    R1a1 8 0.0325203252
    R1-M269 1 0.0040650407
    S116* 26 0.1056910569
    S127* 2 0.0081300813
    S139* 13 0.0528455285
    S144* 1 0.0040650407
    S145* 1 0.0040650407
    S167* 2 0.0081300813
    S21* 3 0.012195122
    S28* 13 0.0528455285
    SRY2627 3 0.012195122
    Total 246 1

    south italy:

    Haplogroup N %
    S28* 6 0.0512820513
    E3b-M123 2 0.0170940171
    E3b-M81 2 0.0170940171
    E3b-V12 2 0.0170940171
    E3b-V13 9 0.0769230769
    E3b-V22 3 0.0256410256
    E3b-V65 2 0.0170940171
    F*(xG,I,J2,K) 2 0.0170940171
    G-M406 6 0.0512820513
    G-P15 10 0.0854700855
    I-M253 2 0.0170940171
    I-M26 3 0.0256410256
    I-M423 2 0.0170940171
    I-M438 4 0.0341880342
    J2-DYS445=6 4 0.0341880342
    J2-M102 1 0.0085470085
    J2-M241 2 0.0170940171
    J2-M319 1 0.0085470085
    J2-M410 4 0.0341880342
    J2-M67 8 0.0683760684
    J2-M92 5 0.0427350427
    K*(x P) 6 0.0512820513
    M269* 5 0.0427350427
    P(xR1) 1 0.0085470085
    R1(xR1a1,R1b3) 2 0.0170940171
    R1a1 3 0.0256410256
    S116* 7 0.0598290598
    S127* 1 0.0085470085
    S139* 5 0.0427350427
    S145* 2 0.0170940171
    S167* 2 0.0170940171
    S21* 3 0.0256410256
    Total 117 1

    west sicily:

    Haplogroup N %
    R1(xR1a1,R1b3) 2 0.0294117647
    E3b-M123 1 0.0147058824
    E3b-M81 3 0.0441176471
    E3b-V13 3 0.0441176471
    G-M406 2 0.0294117647
    G-P15 7 0.1029411765
    I-M223 5 0.0735294118
    I-M253 2 0.0294117647
    I-M26 4 0.0588235294
    I-M423 1 0.0147058824
    I-M438 1 0.0147058824
    J2-DYS445=6 2 0.0294117647
    J2-M241 1 0.0147058824
    J2-M319 2 0.0294117647
    J2-M410 3 0.0441176471
    J2-M67 3 0.0441176471
    J2-M92 1 0.0147058824
    K*(x P) 2 0.0294117647
    M269* 4 0.0588235294
    R1a1 1 0.0147058824
    S116* 4 0.0588235294
    S139* 4 0.0588235294
    S145* 1 0.0147058824
    S167* 3 0.0441176471
    S21* 5 0.0735294118
    S28* 1 0.0147058824
    Total 68 1

    north italy:

    E3b-M123 2 0.0227272727
    E3b-V13 8 0.0909090909
    G-M406 2 0.0227272727
    G-P15 6 0.0681818182
    I-M223 1 0.0113636364
    I-M253 6 0.0681818182
    I-M26 2 0.0227272727
    I-M423 4 0.0454545455
    I-M438 1 0.0113636364
    J2-DYS445=6 1 0.0113636364
    J2-M241 5 0.0568181818
    J2-M67 2 0.0227272727
    K*(x P) 4 0.0454545455
    M269* 3 0.0340909091
    R1(xR1a1,R1b3) 6 0.0681818182
    S116* 6 0.0681818182
    S139* 9 0.1022727273
    S144* 1 0.0113636364
    S145* 2 0.0227272727
    S167* 2 0.0227272727
    S21* 2 0.0227272727
    S28* 13 0.1477272727
    Total 88 1

    central italy:

    E3b-M123 1 0.0113636364
    E3b-V12 2 0.0227272727
    E3b-V13 5 0.0568181818
    E3b-V22 1 0.0113636364
    G-M406 3 0.0340909091
    G-P15 5 0.0568181818
    I-M253 6 0.0681818182
    I-M26 1 0.0113636364
    I-M438 2 0.0227272727
    J1 1 0.0113636364
    J2-DYS445=6 8 0.0909090909
    J2-M241 4 0.0454545455
    J2-M410 6 0.0681818182
    J2-M67 6 0.0681818182
    J2-M92 3 0.0340909091
    K*(x P) 6 0.0681818182
    M269* 5 0.0568181818
    P(xR1) 1 0.0113636364
    R1a1 2 0.0227272727
    S116* 2 0.0227272727
    S127* 1 0.0113636364
    S139* 7 0.0795454545
    S144* 1 0.0113636364
    S21* 2 0.0227272727
    S28* 7 0.0795454545
    Total 88 1

    Ioian Italy:
    E3b-M123 2 0.016
    E3b-M81 1 0.008
    E3b-V12 6 0.048
    E3b-V13 17 0.136
    E3b-V22 3 0.024
    E3b-V32 1 0.008
    G-M201 2 0.016
    G-M406 5 0.04
    G-P15 11 0.088
    I-M223 8 0.064
    I-M253 1 0.008
    I-M423 3 0.024
    J*(xJ1,J2) 5 0.04
    J2-DYS445=6 6 0.048
    J2-M102 1 0.008
    J2-M241 1 0.008
    J2-M319 1 0.008
    J2-M410 6 0.048
    J2-M67 6 0.048
    J2-M92 1 0.008
    K*(x P) 7 0.056
    M269* 10 0.08
    R1a1 5 0.04
    S116* 3 0.024
    S139* 4 0.032
    S145* 1 0.008
    S167* 1 0.008
    S21* 1 0.008
    S28* 6 0.048
    Total 125 1

    albania:

    E3b-M123 3 0.0322580645
    E3b-V13 36 0.3870967742
    E3b-V22 1 0.0107526882
    F*(xG,I,J2,K) 1 0.0107526882
    G-P15 1 0.0107526882
    I-M223 4 0.0430107527
    I-M253 5 0.0537634409
    I-M423 13 0.1397849462
    I-M438 1 0.0107526882
    J2-DYS445=6 2 0.0215053763
    J2-M241 13 0.1397849462
    J2-M410 5 0.0537634409
    J2-M67 1 0.0107526882
    K*(x P) 2 0.0215053763
    M269* 3 0.0322580645
    R1a1 1 0.0107526882
    S139* 1 0.0107526882
    Total 93 1

    croatia:

    E3b-V13 5 0.0537634409
    E3b-M81 1 0.0107526882
    F*(xG,I,J2,K) 4 0.0430107527
    I-M223 2 0.0215053763
    I-M253 1 0.0107526882
    I-M423 46 0.4946236559
    I-M438 1 0.0107526882
    J2-M102 1 0.0107526882
    J2-M241 1 0.0107526882
    J2-M410 1 0.0107526882
    M269* 2 0.0215053763
    P(xR1) 1 0.0107526882
    R1a1 24 0.2580645161
    S116* 1 0.0107526882
    S21* 1 0.0107526882
    S28* 1 0.0107526882
    Total 93 1

  5. #5
    Veteran Member
    Join Date
    Nov 2014
    Last Online
    Yesterday @ 09:13 PM
    Location
    The Apricity
    Meta-Ethnicity
    European
    Ethnicity
    Southern Greek
    Ancestry
    Southern Greece
    Country
    Greece
    Taxonomy
    Modern human with neanderthal admixture
    Gender
    Posts
    12,952
    Thumbs Up
    Received: 10,719
    Given: 25,823

    0 Not allowed!

    Default

    turkey:

    C-M216 1 0.0227272727
    E3b-M123 2 0.0454545455
    E3b-V12 1 0.0227272727
    E3b-V13 3 0.0681818182
    E3b-V22 1 0.0227272727
    F*(xG,I,J2,K) 1 0.0227272727
    G-M406 5 0.1136363636
    G-P15 2 0.0454545455
    I-M223 1 0.0227272727
    I-M253 1 0.0227272727
    I-M423 1 0.0227272727
    J2-DYS445=6 2 0.0454545455
    J2-M102 1 0.0227272727
    J2-M319 1 0.0227272727
    J2-M410 3 0.0681818182
    J2-M47 2 0.0454545455
    J2-M67 2 0.0454545455
    J2-M92 1 0.0227272727
    K*(x P) 5 0.1136363636
    M269* 1 0.0227272727
    R1a1 7 0.1590909091
    Total 44 1

  6. #6
    Veteran Member
    Join Date
    Nov 2014
    Last Online
    Yesterday @ 09:13 PM
    Location
    The Apricity
    Meta-Ethnicity
    European
    Ethnicity
    Southern Greek
    Ancestry
    Southern Greece
    Country
    Greece
    Taxonomy
    Modern human with neanderthal admixture
    Gender
    Posts
    12,952
    Thumbs Up
    Received: 10,719
    Given: 25,823

    0 Not allowed!

    Default

    bump

  7. #7
    Banned
    Join Date
    Feb 2011
    Last Online
    @
    Country
    United States
    Region
    District of Columbia
    mtDNA
    H
    Taxonomy
    Mediterranean
    Politics
    Classic liberal
    Religion
    Atheist
    Gender
    Posts
    107,421
    Thumbs Up
    Received: 40,067
    Given: 10,740

    1 Not allowed!

    Default

    What this shows is what I have suspected: Sicilians and Cretans were Hellenized rather than being significantly mainland Greek, and that the similarities among these groups dates to the Neolithic.

  8. #8
    Veteran Member
    Join Date
    Nov 2014
    Last Online
    Yesterday @ 09:13 PM
    Location
    The Apricity
    Meta-Ethnicity
    European
    Ethnicity
    Southern Greek
    Ancestry
    Southern Greece
    Country
    Greece
    Taxonomy
    Modern human with neanderthal admixture
    Gender
    Posts
    12,952
    Thumbs Up
    Received: 10,719
    Given: 25,823

    1 Not allowed!

    Default

    Quote Originally Posted by Sikeliot View Post
    What this shows is what I have suspected: Sicilians and Cretans were Hellenized rather than being significantly mainland Greek, and that the similarities among these groups dates to the Neolithic.
    true, but the Greek contribution is there

    Nevertheless, when we used an approach designed to take into account the mutational process, we recovered a signature of the Greek Contribution to Sicily during the Archaic Period. A first-level analysis based on the Bayesian posterior distribution of mutational steps compatible with the former colonisation phase (GChps) showed that the most evident signal was in East Sicily, but this was also found to have parallels, or have diffused into neighbouring regions of West Sicily and South Italy. A second-level analysis, performed under more stringent conditions, again detected a signal in East Sicily.
    Last edited by Voskos; 03-19-2017 at 05:26 PM.

  9. #9
    Banned
    Join Date
    Feb 2011
    Last Online
    @
    Country
    United States
    Region
    District of Columbia
    mtDNA
    H
    Taxonomy
    Mediterranean
    Politics
    Classic liberal
    Religion
    Atheist
    Gender
    Posts
    107,421
    Thumbs Up
    Received: 40,067
    Given: 10,740

    1 Not allowed!

    Default

    Quote Originally Posted by Thevillager View Post
    true, but the Greek contribution is there
    Yes. I think all Sicilians have some degree of Greek admixture. Most likely, Greeks settled around Syracuse/Ragusa/Messina/etc and then expanded into the rest of Sicily.

    Also, the isolation/extreme plotting position autosomally of many people in NE Sicily, despite the Greek admixture, likely suggests their pre-Greek population had little to no North Euro affinity at all. Likely Cypriot-like. Wouldn't surprise me if the same were true for Crete.

  10. #10
    Banned
    Join Date
    Feb 2011
    Last Online
    @
    Country
    United States
    Region
    District of Columbia
    mtDNA
    H
    Taxonomy
    Mediterranean
    Politics
    Classic liberal
    Religion
    Atheist
    Gender
    Posts
    107,421
    Thumbs Up
    Received: 40,067
    Given: 10,740

    0 Not allowed!

    Default

    I was thinking about this study and it makes sense. The people of Messina, Catania, and Calabria are autosomally close to those in inland Caltanissetta where there was no Greek input, so clearly on an autosomal input the Greek input is small in Messina/Catania/Calabria.

Page 1 of 2 12 LastLast

Thread Information

Users Browsing this Thread

There are currently 1 users browsing this thread. (0 members and 1 guests)

Similar Threads

  1. Replies: 0
    Last Post: 02-19-2017, 03:34 PM
  2. Replies: 39
    Last Post: 12-19-2016, 05:35 PM
  3. Replies: 18
    Last Post: 11-26-2016, 01:02 PM

Bookmarks

Posting Permissions

  • You may not post new threads
  • You may not post replies
  • You may not post attachments
  • You may not edit your posts
  •