Most common Y-DNA haplogroup by country

[Costas]

[Costas]

[Annie999]

Wasn't Paraguay's male population exterminated during the triple alliance war? How is it possible that native YDNA is the most prevalent?

[Peterski]

I'm surprised that Peru is R1b, was the sample representative? I'm also surprised that Paraguay and Ecuador are Q, considering that Peru (which is much more Amerindian) is supposedly R1b.

====================

As for Lithuania, I have this data (sample size = 301):

R1a - 42.19% (127)
N1c - 40.53% (122)
I1 - 4.65% (14)
R1b - 4.32% (13)
E1b - 2.66% (8)
I2a - 2.33% (7)
J - 1.33% (4)
G - 1.00% (3)
I2b - 0.33% (1)
inne - 0.66% (2)

I think that R1a and N1c are nearly equal, so it depends on which study you choose. Maybe this is also the case in Peru and Paraguay with Q and R1b being roughly equal. But more likely they just confused data for Paraguay with data for Peru. I can believe that Peru is 78% Q, but not Paraguay.

This is what I found about the ethnogenesis of modern Paraguayans:

https://pl.scribd.com/document/29589...ef-history-pdf

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Quote:

"Only one beleaguered indigenous group found it expeditious to help the Spaniards.
After losing a battle against another small Spanish party from Buenos
Aires, the agricultural Guaraní of what is now Paraguay accepted the
Spaniards as great warriors and allies in their own struggles with the
surrounding bands. The Guaraní assisted the Spaniards of the Mendoza
expedition in founding Asunción in 1537. It was to be the first perma-
nent Spanish settlement in the Río de la Plata, as within four years, the
remaining 350 inhabitants of Buenos Aires abandoned the settlement
and moved to Asunción. Since there were only four Spanish women
in Asunción, the Spanish men emulated the native leaders and took
Guaraní women to serve them as concubines, servants, and food suppli-
ers. Guaraní chieftains were made to offer their daughters to Spaniards
in exchange for a military alliance against native enemies.

Having found no gold, the Spaniards adopted the native custom and
acquired the work of the indigenous women as a sign of wealth. “It is
the women who sow and reap the crop,” one Spaniard observed (Service
1954, 35). Their children were mestizo (of mixed Native American and
European ancestry) and grew up speaking Guaraní rather than Spanish;
however, these first-generation mestizos came to see themselves as
European and remained loyal to the king of Spain. Eventually, the
first- and second-generation mestizos became the gentry of Paraguay,
and in the decades following the abandonment of Buenos Aires, they
provided the leadership for the numerous military expeditions against
neighboring Indian groups, gaining greater wealth and status with the
number of Indian slaves captured in battle.

Settler Politics and Society

Pedro de Mendoza died on his return voyage to Spain, and in his place
the king dispatched Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca to govern the small landlocked
colony of Paraguay. Paraguay originally referred to the Spanish-held area around Asunción.
In the following centuries the term was extended to encompass territories to the
north and at various times included regions beyond the boundaries of the modern-day
nation of the same name.) Cabeza de Vaca was famous for his earlier
adventures as one of only three survivors of Juan Ponce de León’s
expedition to Florida and the Mississippi River; after being stranded in
a shipwreck in the Gulf of Mexico, Cabeza de Vaca had walked across
Texas and Mexico all the way to Mexico City.

Cabeza de Vaca brought more European settlers, all male. Together
the Spaniards and Guaraní warriors subdued rival tribes in the sur-
rounding territory, but in an attempt to cross the Chaco region, Cabeza
de Vaca nearly exhausted the resources of Asunción. Meanwhile, the
settlers belatedly learned that Pizarro had already claimed the wealth
of the Inca. Subsequently, because it was a land with no gold, Paraguay
lost its attractiveness for Spanish immigration, and few additional
Europeans arrived to challenge the influence of the original settlers.
Dissension nonetheless broke out among members of the Spanish
and mestizo community, many of whom disliked Governor Cabeza de
Vaca. At issue was the division of the dwindling number of Guaraní.

Soon after the Europeans arrived, diseases previously unknown to the
American natives ravaged the indigenous population. Mestizos gained
the immunities to European diseases from their fathers, and their
population in Paraguay expanded as the number of Guaraní women
and servants declined precipitously. In the semitropical environment of
Paraguay, the native death rates from successive epidemics of smallpox,
influenza, and other diseases rose to 40 percent within just one decade.
For this very reason slaving expeditions were sent out to replenish the
numbers of indigenous servants and concubines of the Spaniards and
later of the mestizo gentry.

The economic crisis caused by the decline of the Guaraní population
and the unpopularity of Governor Cabeza de Vaca spurred a faction of
Spanish settlers to mount the first coup d’état in the Río de la Plata.
The victorious faction returned Cabeza de Vaca to Spain in chains. A
veteran of the original Mendoza expedition, Domingo de Irala became
governor. The Guaraní too had grown desperate by their situation, rav-
aged by disease and the excessive Spanish demands for Indian servants,
female labor, and foodstuffs. A number of Guaraní rebelled against the
Spaniards in 1545, but the settler community put down the uprising
with the aid of “loyal” Indians.

In the relative poverty of Paraguay, the settlers enjoyed political
autonomy from Spain and freely established a social system to their
own liking. Governor Irala divided the Guaraní into
encomiendas (grants of Indian labor and tribute) among the individual Spanish set-
tlers. These encomiendas became a kind of permanent serfdom for the
indigenous peoples under Spanish rule. Spaniards in Asunción passed
these grants on to their mestizo sons.

Succeeding generations of mestizos moved from Asunción to establish other towns and other
encomiendas on the frontiers of Paraguay. Decline of the Guaraní population,
however, reduced the original size of the encomiendas, and by 1600, a mere 3,000 Indians
remained in Asunción. The encomiendas tended therefore to involve personal labor
more than tribute, giving the settlers in Paraguay a reputation for laziness.
“Having plenty of all things good to eat and drink,” one observer said with some exaggeration,
“they give themselves up to ease and idleness, and don’t much trouble themselves
with trading at all” (du Biscay 1968, 11).

The Paraguayan settlers nonetheless desired the European goods
symbolic of their rank and sought to reestablish the river link to the
estuary of the Río de la Plata. The mestizo citizens of Asunción took
it upon themselves to establish the river port of Santa Fe in 1573,
and in 1580, they went downriver again to the estuary of the Río de
la Plata. Mestizos of relatively high social status in Paraguay figured
prominently among the 75 founders of the second permanent settle-
ment of Buenos Aires. They were led by Juan de Garay, a Paraguayan
descendant of one of the original members of Mendoza’s expedition
of 44 years before."

End of quote.
========

^^^
Based on that description, I would expect Paraguay to be mostly R1b.

I'm quite sure there is an error and they confused Paraguay with Peru.

Wasn't Paraguay's male population exterminated during the triple alliance war? How is it possible that native YDNA is the most prevalent?

I doubt that it could be mostly Q even before that war.

See the description of Paraguayan ethnogenesis above.

[Peterski]

If Paraguay is really mostly Q today (which I doubt), then probably it was R1b before the triple alliance war, and became Q after the war - with most of R1b men being killed during the war.

[Sikeliot]

Greece should be E1b1b.

[Peterski]

I started a similar thread on Anthrogenica once ("Estimated total size of haplogroups in the world"). The most common Y-DNA in the world is probably O, because most of Chinese men have it.

[Peterski]

Native American Y-DNA haplogroups are:

- Q1a2a1 (L54)
- C2b1a1a (P39)
- Q1a1a (F746)

And maybe more, but these are confirmed.

While Native American mtDNA includes:

A2
B2
C1b
C1c
C1d
C4c
D1
D2a
D3
D4h3a
D4e1c
X2a
X2g

Not sure if anything else should be added.

[Sikeliot]

Sicily is also predominantly J2 so I don't know why Malta is not.

[Peterski]

Sicily is also predominantly J2 so I don't know why Malta is not.

And Sardinia is not R1b. But they showed it as R1b because it is part of Italy. The main Y-DNA haplogroup in Sardinia is I2, according to Francalacci 2013 (488 out of 1204 samples = 40.5%).