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Distribution maps of autosomal admixtures in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa
Eurogenes EEF-WHG-ANE calculator
These three admixtures represent the three ancestral populations identified by Iosif Lazaridis et al. (2014) in their landmark paper Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans. The three populations are the Early European Farmer (EEF), Ancient North Eurasian (ANE) and West European Hunter-Gatherer (WHG). As data from the paper was not available for many countries, the maps were based on Eurogenes's EEF-WHG-ANE calculator, which gives close but not identical results.
Early European Farmer (EEF) admixture
This map compares the genes of modern people to the DNA of a Neolithic individual from Stuttgart in Germany, who lived 7,500 years ago. The Neolithic sample was tested by Lazaridis et al. (2014). It is supposed to reflect the percentage of similarity with Neolithic farmers who colonised Europe from the Near East. The closest modern populations are the Ashkenazi Jews (93%), Maltese (93%) and Sicilians (90%).
Distribution of the Early European Farmer (EEF) in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa
Ancient North Eurasian (ANE) admixture
This map compares the genes of modern people to the DNA of a Central Siberian mammoth hunter (known as MA-1), who lived 24,000 years ago and belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup R* and mtDNA haplogroup U*. The Paleolithic sample was tested by Raghavan et al. (2014). This admixture was absent from Mesolithic European samples, except in Scandinavia and Eastern Europe, and was completely absent from all Neolithic European samples tested to date. It is thought to have been spread across Europe and the Middle East by the Proto-Indo-Europeans (Y-haplogroups R1a and R1b) from the Pontic-Caspian Steppe, and to a lower extent also by Uralic people (Finns, Estonians, Magyars) and Turkic people (Avars, Bulgars, Khazars, Kurds, Turks). The ANE admixture is particularly common today among North Caucasian and Volga-Ural ethnicities, who live in regions strongly associated with the development of Proto-Indo-European cultures in the Early Bronze Age. Within Europe, the highest percentages of ANE admixture are observed among the Lezgins (26.5%), Chechens (26%), North Ossetians (23.5%) Kumyks (23.5%), and Adyghei (22.5%). Frequencies of over 20% of R1b have been found among the Lezgins, Kumyks and North Ossetians.
Distribution of the Ancient North Eurasian (ANE) admixture in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa
West European Hunter-Gatherer (WHG) admixture
This map compares the genes of modern people to the DNA of a Mesolithic hunter-gatherer from the Loschbour cave in Luxembourg, who lived 8,000 years ago and belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup I2a1b and mtDNA haplogroup U5b1a. The sample was tested by Lazaridis et al. (2014). It is supposed to reflect the percentage of similarity with the Late Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic inhabitants of Western Europe. Nowadays this admixture peaks among the Estonians (49.5%), Finns (47%), Lithuanians (46.5%), Icelanders (45.5%) and Orcadians (45.5%).
Distribution of the West European Hunter-Gatherer (WHG) in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa
Eurogenes K15 calculator
Atlantic admixture
This admixture peaks in the Basque population and appears to be a blend of Near Eastern Neolithic farmers and Mesolithic European Hunter-Gatherers. It matches mostly the extent of the Atlantic Megalithic culture. Several ancient samples were added to GEDMatch and analysed with Eurogenes K15. Nine Megalithic Iberian samples (3211-1518 BCE) had an average Atlantic percentage of 38.8%, similar to modern Basques. Three samples from the Remedello culture in Late Neolithic northern Italy (3483-1773 BCE) scored an average of 35.2%, considerably more than modern Italians, even Sardinians. One Megalithic Irish sample from Ballynahatty had 32.7% of Atlantic, about the same as modern Irish people.
Distribution of the Atlantic admixture in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa
Dodecad K12 calculator
Northwest European admixture
>Note that the 'West European' admixture was renamed 'Northwest European' on Eupedia, as it fits better the overall distribution of this admixture. This admixture was the main component of Mesolithic Europeans (including in the Pontic-Caspian Steppe), making up about two thirds of their genome. It was designed to correlate with the present distribution of haplogroup R1b-L51, representing essentially the Italic, Celtic and Germanic branches of the Indo-Europeans. When merged with the East European admixture below it should correspond roughly to the WHG map above.
Distribution of the Northwest European admixture in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa
East European admixture
This East European component represents about a third of the Mesolithic European admixture in the Dodecad K12 calculator, the rest being made up of the Northwest European above. Note the resemblance with the distribution of Y-DNA haplogroup R1a.
Distribution of the East European admixture in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa
Mediterranean admixture
The Mediterranean admixture was was brought by Near Eastern Neolithic farmers and peaks in the Sardinian population today. It is similar to the EEF map above, but probably contains some Mesolithic North African and South European ancestry (Y-DNA E-M78, mtDNA H and V) not included in the WHG, Northwest European and East European admixtures above. That would explain why it is higher around the Mediterranean than in the Near East. The Mediterranean admixture was not found in any Mesolithic Central or North European, nor in the Yamna and Afanasievo cultures in the Eurasian Steppe. However, both the Corded Ware and Sintashta people possessed about 10-15% of it, probably inherited by the Corded Ware people by intermingling early with Neolithic Europeans (e.g. Cucuteni-Trypillian) soon after leaving the Pontic Steppe.
Distribution of the Mediterranean admixture in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa
West Asian admixture
This admixture seems to have originated around the Caucasus and the Iranian plateau. It was absent in Neolithic European farmers, but starts appearing at low frequency in Chalcolithic farmers in the Balkans and Central Europe (including Ötzi the Iceman). Most of it was probably propagated to southern Europeby by Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age expansions from the Middle East, including the Minoan Greeks and the Etruscans, then again later by migrations from the Near East to Southeast Europe within the Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman Empires. Some of it would have been spread by the Romans around western Europe. Note the resemblance with the distribution of Y-DNA haplogroup J2.
Distribution of the West Asian admixture in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa
Southwest Asian admixture
This admixture was found at low frequency among European Neolithic farmers, and possibly at much higher frequency among South Levantine and North African Neolithic farmers. Note the resemblance with the distribution of Y-DNA haplogroup J1.
Distribution of the Southwest Asian admixture in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa
African admixture
The African admixture was computed by adding up the Northwest African, East African, Neo African and Paleo African components, which were too minor in Europe on their own. African admixture was found among Neolithic farmers, and especially those from the southern Levant, who assimilated the Mesolitic Natufians (confirmed to belong to Y-haplogroup E1b1b). The Neolithic farmers who carried the most African admixture to Europe were those who followed the southern route via North Africa, then spreading from Spain to western Europe with the Megalithic cultures. Some individuals from the Funnelbeaker culture in Scandinavia, which derives partly from the Atlantic Megalithic, carried as much as 11% of this African admixture. It subsisted at lower frequency in Scandinavia at least until the Late Iron Age. Later, the Phonenician/Carthagenian colonisation, then the Arab conquest of the Iberian peninsula and of Sicily brough additional North African DNA to southern Europe. This admixture is essentially a Northwest African, but contains some Sub-Saharan African too, like in North Africa itself. Note the resemblance with the distribution of Y-DNA haplogroup E-M81.
Distribution of the African admixture in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa
East Asian admixture
The East Asian admixture combines Northeast Asia and Southeast Asia. This admixture was brought to Europe by Mongoloid people via Siberia. Some of it was already present in Russia during the Mesolithic period, but the largest East Asian migration to Europe took place with the arrival of Proto-Uralic people during the Neolithic. They originated in Manchuria and carried Y-haplogroup N1c. North Siberian Y-haplogroup Q1a (which is also the main paternal lineage of Amerindians) was also found in the Proto-Indo-European Khvalynsk culture in the Pontic-Caspian Steppe, the precursor of the Yamna culture. Since then, 5000 years of migrations from the Steppe brought wave upon wave of Siberian invaders to Eastern Europe and the northern Middle East. The most recent of them were the most Mongoloid as populations shifted from east to west. They included the Huns, the Bulgars, the Magyars, the Turks and the Mongols.
Distribution of the East Asian admixture in Europe and the Middle East
Dodecad K12b calculator
Atlantic_Med admixture
This admixture is very similar to the Atlantic above, but is based on the Dodecad K12b calculator instead of the Eurogenes K15. It peaks in the Sardinian and Basque populations and correlates with the Atlantic Megalithic culture.
Distribution of the Atlantic_Med admixture in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa
Caucasian admixture
The Caucasian admixture was brought to Europe by Near Eastern Neolithic farmers. It wasn't found among Mesolithic European nor among Proto-Indo-European Steppe people.
Distribution of the Caucasian admixture in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa
Gedrosian admixture
The Gedrosian admixture was not found at all in Mesolithic or Neolithic Europeans. Ancient DNA tests confirmed that it was found at high frequencies among Proto-Indo-European people from the Yamna culture (± 30%), and was spread west with the Indo-European migrations. It is especially linked to Y-DNA haplogroup R1b, although its distribution in Asia correlates more with Y-haplogroups G, J2 and L.
Distribution of the Gedrosian admixture in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa
Dodecad K10a calculator
Red Sea admixture
The Red Sea admixture peaks in Ethiopia and Somalia, the region of origin of Y-DNA haplogroup E1b1b, to which its distribution is closely linked, except in northwestern Europe.
Distribution of the Red Sea (Horn of Africa) admixture in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa
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