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I've compiled a list of illiteracy rates by country in interwar Europe (as close as possible to 1930). Literate, for the purpose of this survey, is a person who is able to read but not necessarily write. There maybe inaccuracies since some figures rely on secondary sources. Mind the difference in ages (10+ was my preferred reference group when available).
Albania (1930 census, age ?) - Total illiteracy rate 80.9% (Males 70.9% Females 91.4%)
Belgium (1930 census, age 15+) - Total illiteracy rate 5.9% (Males 5.5% Females 6.4%)
Bulgaria (1934 census, age 10+) - Total illiteracy rate 31.4% (Males 19.5% Females 43.3%)
Czechoslovakia (1930 census, age 10+) - Total illiteracy rate 4.1% (Males 3.3% Females 4.8%)
Estonia (1934 census, age 10+) - Total illiteracy rate 3.9% (?)
Finland (1930 census, age 15+) - Total illiteracy rate 0.9% (Males 0.9% Females 0.9%)
France (1931 census, age 10+) - Total illiteracy rate 5.3% (Males 4.8% Females 5.7%)
Greece (1928 census, age 10+) - Total illiteracy rate 41.9% (Males 23.8% Females 59.4%)
Hungary (1930 census, age 10+) - Total illiteracy rate 10.0% (Males 7.9% Females 12.0%)
Italy (1931 census, age 10+) - Total illiteracy rate 21.6% (Males 17.8% Females 25.2%)
Latvia (1930 census, age 10+) - Total illiteracy rate 14.0% (Males 10.5% Females 17.0%)
Lithuania (1923 census, age 10+) - Total illiteracy rate 32.6% (?)
Poland (1931 census, age 10+) - Total illiteracy rate 23.1% (Males 17.8% Females 27.9%)
Portugal (1930 census, age 10+) - Total illiteracy rate 60.2% (Males 50.4% Females 68.9%)
Romania (1930 census, age 7+) - Total illiteracy rate 42.0% (Males 30.8% Females 54.3%)
Spain (1930 census, age 10+) - Total illiteracy rate 31.13% (Males 23.7% Females 38.1%)
Sweden (1930 census, age 15+) - Total illiteracy rate 0.1% (Males 0.1% Females 0.1%)
Yugoslavia (1931 census, age 11+) - Total illiteracy rate 45.2% (Males 32.7% Females 57.1%)
U.S.S.R (1926 census, age 7+) - Total illiteracy rate 47.5% (Males 24.6% Females 63.3%)
Austria, Denmark, Ireland, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Switzerland and the UK did not collect data on illiteracy in their censuses. We do have the following records, but they are of course a poor indicator for the total population:
England and Wales (1929 marriage registers signed by mark) - Total 0.3% (Males 0.3% Females 0.3%)
Northern Ireland (1933 marriage registers signed by mark) - Total 1.0% (Males 1.3% Females 0.7%)
Scotland (1930 marriage registers signed by mark) - Total 0.2% (0.2% Males 0.2% Females)
Some censuses offer further details about different ethnic groups. Generally, Germans and Jews had a higher literacy rate than the rest of the population.
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