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Thread: The Genetic Structure of Anatolia: From the Neolithic to the Oghuz Migrations

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    Default The Genetic Structure of Anatolia: From the Neolithic to the Oghuz Migrations

    Anatolia has witnessed many migrations and has been home to a variety of civilizations. The increasing availability of ancient DNA samples from different periods and cultures makes it now possible to examine the genetic changes that have taken place in Anatolia since the Neolithic. The ancient DNA revolution has already dispelled many myths, but myths and legends die hard. Some of the more persistent ones concern the impact of the last migration wave to hit Anatolia, marked by the arrival of the Oghuz Turks. While the Oghuz’ cultural impact is undeniable, the significance of their genetic legacy is still contested by some. Although there are still some missing links in the DNA record, the available evidence allows us to put the “no true Turkmen fallacy” to the test.



    Anatolia_Neolithic: Neolithic sample from central Anatolia (Tep002, Tepecik-Çiftlik, 6680-6590 BC).
    Anatolia_Chalcolithic: Chalcolithic sample from western Anatolia (I1584, Barcın, 3943-3708 BC).
    Anatolia_Bronze_Age: Bronze Age sample from western Anatolia (I2683, Harmanören-Göndürle, 2500-1800 BC).
    Greek_Cappadocia: Average of Cappadocian Greek samples from our project databese.
    Turk_Cappadocia: Average of Cappadocian Turkish samples from our project databese.
    Turk_Anatolia: Average of all Anatolian Turkish samples from our project database.

    Due to its inclusion of hunter-gatherer and farmer related components, I've thought it would be appropriate to start with the puntDNAL K12 calculator.



    Neolithic to Chalcolitic transition: We see a dramatic decrease in the Anatolian_Neolithic component in the Chalcolithic sample, and an increase in the Caucasus_HG component. This change seems to be caused by a large-scale migration of people heavy in Caucasus_HG/Iran_N ancestry.

    Chalcolithic to Bronze Age transition: The low quality of this sample causes the admixture results to be quite noisy, but an increase in the Near_East component can be observed. Lazaridis 2016 determined that the Bronze Age sample can be best modelled as a three-way mix of 62% Anatolia_N + 32% CHG + 6% Levant_N.

    Let's continue with the Eurogenes K13 calculator.



    If we assume that our modern-day Cappadocian Greek average is representative of the genetic profile of Cappadocian Greeks during the times of the Byzantine Empire, then we can conclude that the Oghuz migrations, which started in the 11th century and continued for hundreds of years, had a significant impact on the genetic structure of Anatolia.

    The differences we observe between our samples of Cappadocian Greeks and Cappadocian Turks allows us to gain some insights into the genetic profile of the incoming Oghuz Turks:
    From the observation that Anatolia_Neolithic related components (such as West_Med and East_Med) show significant declines, while the West_Asian component doesn't, we can deduce that this component was one of the major components that the Seljuk era Oghuz brought with them.
    The increase that we can see in the Baltic component is not surprising, given that modern Central Asians have greater amounts of Baltic admixture than West Asians.
    The fact that the proportions of the West Asian component barely changed, while at the same time the South_Asian component (a proxy for Iran_N related ancestry) increased, indicates that we should focus on the region south of the Aral Sea.

    Let's add a couple of samples from the south of the Aral Sea.

    Turkmen_TM: Average of Turkmen samples from Turkmenistan (Ashgabat).
    Turkmen_UZ: Average of Turkmen samples from Uzbekistan.
    Uzbek_UZ: Average of Uzbek samples from Uzbekistan.




    We can take a look at the closest populations for some of our sample averages with the help of the 4-Ancestors Oracle. The numbers to the right of the population names (@ x) are least-squares distances, the smaller the numbers the closer the populations are to each other. A distance greater than 10 cannot be considered close.

    Anatolia_Chalcolithic
    Least-squares method.

    Using 1 population approximation:
    1 Anatolia_Chalcolithic @ 0
    2 Anatolia_Bronze_Age @ 11,805973
    3 Greek_Cappadocia @ 13,443617
    4 South_Italian @ 14,011506
    5 Cyprian @ 15,958764
    6 Sephardic_Jewish @ 17,037429
    7 Central_Greek @ 17,24864
    8 Italian_Jewish @ 17,53137
    9 East_Sicilian @ 17,655078
    10 Italian_Abruzzo @ 19,476547
    211 iterations.


    Anatolia_Bronze_Age
    Least-squares method.

    Using 1 population approximation:
    1 Anatolia_Bronze_Age @ 0,453767
    2 Cyprian @ 7,171295
    3 Greek_Cappadocia @ 10,516959
    4 Anatolia_Chalcolithic @ 11,841659
    5 Lebanese_Muslim @ 12,632653
    6 Lebanese_Christian @ 14,350529
    7 Samaritan @ 14,435627
    8 Syrian @ 15,324154
    9 Sephardic_Jewish @ 16,596795
    10 Armenian_West @ 17,191345
    211 iterations.


    Greek_Cappadocia
    Least-squares method.

    Using 1 population approximation:
    1 Greek_Cappadocia @ 0,245893
    2 Armenian_West @ 10,245416
    3 Anatolia_Bronze_Age @ 10,41903
    4 Greek_Pontus @ 10,828287
    5 Cyprian @ 11,707179
    6 Assyrian @ 12,161285
    7 Lebanese_Muslim @ 12,184882
    8 Turk_Cappadocia @ 13,231142
    9 Anatolia_Chalcolithic @ 13,441605
    10 Turk_Anatolia @ 14,188997
    211 iterations.


    We can make the differences clearer with the help of a PCA of Anatolia and Central Asia. The Turkish averages cluster between Greek_Cappadocia and Central Asian averages. The Central Asian genetic legacy of Turks pulls Turk_Anatolia and Turk_Cappadocia away from Greek_Cappadocia, Anatolia_Bronze_Age and Anatolia_Chalcolithic.



    This is what happens when we add Armenian and Kurdish averages to the PCA.



    In a dendrogram of Anatolian samples, Greek_Cappadocia clusters with Anatolia_BA (Bronze Age) and Anatolia_CHL (Chalcolithic), while the Turkish samples form their own cluster.



    Copied from https://oghuzturksdna.blogspot.com.t...a-from_21.html

    Also I apologize Hudayar for copying this unauthorized
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    Quote Originally Posted by Dr_Maul
    Good observation Sheikh

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    Bump
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    Quote Originally Posted by Dr_Maul
    Good observation Sheikh

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    Anything else to write? Bump then!
    Ask Sora: https://www.theapricity.com/forum/sh...-Sora-anything

    Quote Originally Posted by Dr_Maul
    Good observation Sheikh

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    Bump, pleaaaassseeee!...
    Ask Sora: https://www.theapricity.com/forum/sh...-Sora-anything

    Quote Originally Posted by Dr_Maul
    Good observation Sheikh

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    Poor complicatedHistory, you're being ignored because you're only a 15 year old female.


    Quote Originally Posted by ComplicatedMystery View Post
    Anatolia has witnessed many migrations and has been home to a variety of civilizations. The increasing availability of ancient DNA samples from different periods and cultures makes it now possible to examine the genetic changes that have taken place in Anatolia since the Neolithic. The ancient DNA revolution has already dispelled many myths, but myths and legends die hard. Some of the more persistent ones concern the impact of the last migration wave to hit Anatolia, marked by the arrival of the Oghuz Turks. While the Oghuz’ cultural impact is undeniable, the significance of their genetic legacy is still contested by some. Although there are still some missing links in the DNA record, the available evidence allows us to put the “no true Turkmen fallacy” to the test.

    Firstable the original Oghuz Turks were Mongoloids, predominately Mongoloids and half Mongoloids.


    By Russian anthropologists and Turkmen anthropologist

    Oghuz Turks have both people who are 100% Mongoloid and people were 25-50% Mongoloid and 25-50% Caucasoid.


    Oghuz from Western + Southern Kazakhstan.

    Rough Russian translations.


    " Among the Oghuz (mainly in the steppe zone of their resettlement) dominated Mongoloid racial type. "They - wrote about the Aral Oghuz in the tenth century. Al-Masudi, - most of undersized (Turks) and they have very small eyes" [11]. Other medieval authors note poorly defined vegetation on the face and body and Ploskonos Oguz. All of this suggests Mongoloid features that were characteristic of the bulk predominantly steppe Oguz [12]. "





    " These written sources of X-XII centuries. the physical appearance of the Oghuz confirm some paleoanthropological materials. Among the found in the Oguz-Pecheneg mounds of western Kazakhstan skulls dominate Mongoloid types with the South Siberian features. However, there are also found the skull Caucasoid and metisnogo appearance. [13]


    More intensive process of ethnic assimilation is likely to take place among the Oghuz south-western regions of Central Asia. Quite a few, but very interesting in this respect craniological material is located in southern Kazakhstan. In excavated ANBernshtam Oguz cemeteries Sasyk-Bulak buried dolihokrannye Caucasoids mixed with Mongoloid features. [14] "




    Anatolia_Neolithic: Neolithic sample from central Anatolia (Tep002, Tepecik-Çiftlik, 6680-6590 BC).
    Anatolia_Chalcolithic: Chalcolithic sample from western Anatolia (I1584, Barcın, 3943-3708 BC).
    Anatolia_Bronze_Age: Bronze Age sample from western Anatolia (I2683, Harmanören-Göndürle, 2500-1800 BC).
    Greek_Cappadocia: Average of Cappadocian Greek samples from our project databese.
    Turk_Cappadocia: Average of Cappadocian Turkish samples from our project databese.
    Turk_Anatolia: Average of all Anatolian Turkish samples from our project database.

    Due to its inclusion of hunter-gatherer and farmer related components, I've thought it would be appropriate to start with the puntDNAL K12 calculator.



    Neolithic to Chalcolitic transition: We see a dramatic decrease in the Anatolian_Neolithic component in the Chalcolithic sample, and an increase in the Caucasus_HG component. This change seems to be caused by a large-scale migration of people heavy in Caucasus_HG/Iran_N ancestry.

    Chalcolithic to Bronze Age transition: The low quality of this sample causes the admixture results to be quite noisy, but an increase in the Near_East component can be observed. Lazaridis 2016 determined that the Bronze Age sample can be best modelled as a three-way mix of 62% Anatolia_N + 32% CHG + 6% Levant_N.

    Let's continue with the Eurogenes K13 calculator.



    If we assume that our modern-day Cappadocian Greek average is representative of the genetic profile of Cappadocian Greeks during the times of the Byzantine Empire, then we can conclude that the Oghuz migrations, which started in the 11th century and continued for hundreds of years, had a significant impact on the genetic structure of Anatolia.

    The differences we observe between our samples of Cappadocian Greeks and Cappadocian Turks allows us to gain some insights into the genetic profile of the incoming Oghuz Turks:
    From the observation that Anatolia_Neolithic related components (such as West_Med and East_Med) show significant declines, while the West_Asian component doesn't, we can deduce that this component was one of the major components that the Seljuk era Oghuz brought with them.
    The increase that we can see in the Baltic component is not surprising, given that modern Central Asians have greater amounts of Baltic admixture than West Asians.
    The fact that the proportions of the West Asian component barely changed, while at the same time the South_Asian component (a proxy for Iran_N related ancestry) increased, indicates that we should focus on the region south of the Aral Sea.

    Let's add a couple of samples from the south of the Aral Sea.

    Turkmen_TM: Average of Turkmen samples from Turkmenistan (Ashgabat).
    Turkmen_UZ: Average of Turkmen samples from Uzbekistan.
    Uzbek_UZ: Average of Uzbek samples from Uzbekistan.



    Using Ashgabat the capital of Turkmenistan to compare with modern Turkish is just GOD DAMN AWEFUL a place where it historically had so many Iranic settlers/slaves/traders it was also part of Persia

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashgabat

    " A part of Persia until the Battle of Geok Tepe (December 1880 – January 1881), Askhabad was ceded to the Russian Empire under the terms of the Akhal Treaty. Russia developed the area as it was close to the border of British-influenced Persia, and the population grew from 2,500 in 1881 to 19,428 (of whom one third were Persian) in 1897.[8] "


    Are you seriously using a ancient Persian city with a Persian inhabitants to compare with Turkish ? the ones who did the fighting against Russians in Askhabad were the Tekke Turkmen and they look at least more than 50% Mongoloid. The other Turkmen population in Asghabat includes both the ancestors of Tekke Turkmen and Persians.











    As for DNA this should be a better comparison

    Turkish DNA

    1% Artic +1% Austronesian + 2% Southeast Asian + 3% Siberian + 5% Tungus Altaic = 12% East Eurasian / Mongoloid DNA ( it's 15% if we add ancestral Altaic )



    Turkmen DNA

    1% Amerindian 1% Artic + 1% Austronesian + 5% Southeast Asian + 8% East Siberian + 16% Tungus Altaic = 32% East Eurasian / Mongoloid DNA ( it's 40% if we include Ancestral Altaic )





    We can take a look at the closest populations for some of our sample averages with the help of the 4-Ancestors Oracle. The numbers to the right of the population names (@ x) are least-squares distances, the smaller the numbers the closer the populations are to each other. A distance greater than 10 cannot be considered close.


    We can make the differences clearer with the help of a PCA of Anatolia and Central Asia. The Turkish averages cluster between Greek_Cappadocia and Central Asian averages. The Central Asian genetic legacy of Turks pulls Turk_Anatolia and Turk_Cappadocia away from Greek_Cappadocia, Anatolia_Bronze_Age and Anatolia_Chalcolithic.



    This is what happens when we add Armenian and Kurdish averages to the PCA.



    In a dendrogram of Anatolian samples, Greek_Cappadocia clusters with Anatolia_BA (Bronze Age) and Anatolia_CHL (Chalcolithic), while the Turkish samples form their own cluster.



    Copied from https://oghuzturksdna.blogspot.com.t...a-from_21.html

    Also I apologize Hudayar for copying this unauthorized

    There isn't much difference between ancient Anatolia and ancient Central Asians. That's because people from ancient Anatolia, Caucasus, Central Asia would share similar DNA being mix of West Asian, European. However according to your results South Asian DNA is threefold compared with Turkish, one can say that Turkish are 1/3 Turkmen and 2/3 Anatolian/Greek/Armenian

    If you cherrypick Turkmenistan with the lowest percentages of Mongoloid DNA due to historical reasons than of course that would make it seem Turkish are very Turkmen


    I believe higher than average Mongoloid DNA are properly from the Turkmen tribes such as Tekke, Yomud, Ersari


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    It is a complicated mistery, really.

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    Quote Originally Posted by Cristiano viejo View Post
    It is a complicated mistery, really.
    Not really, it's just cherrypicking results to fit Turkish into a Central Asian genetic profile. They compared a Persian city of Asghabat where the Turkmens came from Turkified Persians with Turkmen admixture.

    Other Turkmen tribes are way more Mongoloid than that. High Mongoloid admixture Turkmen are the Turkmen ruling tribes while low Mongoloid are Iranic people.

    Turkmen


    Turkish




    Most Turkmen were nomads and were not settled in cities and towns until the advent of the Soviet government. This mobile lifestyle precluded identification with anyone outside one's kin group and led to frequent conflicts between different Turkmen tribes.


    Ethnogenesis

    Genetic studies on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) restriction polymorphism confirmed that Turkmen were characterized by the presence of local Iranian mtDNA lineages, similar to the Eastern Iranian populations, but high male Mongoloid genetic component observed in Turkmens populations with the frequencies of about 20%.[20] This most likely indicates an ancestral combination of Turkic and Iranian groups that the modern Turkmen have inherited and which appears to correspond to the historical record which indicates that various Iranian tribes existed in the region prior to the migration of Turkic tribes:


    Historical


    " The Turkomans observe a difference between their children from Turkoman mothers, and those from the Persian female captives whom they take as wives, and the Kazakh women whom they purchase from the Uzbeks of Khiva. The Turkomans of pure race enjoy full privileges, while the others are not allowed to contract marriages with Turkoman women of pure blood, but must choose themselves wives among the half-castes and Kazakh captives. "

    " As there exists a great animosity between the Yamuds and Goklans they do not intermarry, although they reckon themselves of equally noble lineage. The same hatred is extended to the Tekke Turkomans, whom the Goklans and Yamuds, moreover, look upon as their inferiors, being, according to their genealogies, the descendants of a slave-woman, whilst they are the posterity of a free-woman. (p. 71) "

    " The fact we have seen, that the Turkomans marry Persian women, when they take them as prisoners. The Turkoman women are, like the men, tall, and when young, well-shaped; their faces are rounder than those of the men; the cheek-bones less prominent; the eyes black, with fine eye-brows, and many with fair complexion; the nose is rather flat; the mouth small, with a row of regular white teeth. In a word, a great number of the younger part of the community might be reckoned as fair specimens of pretty women. (p. 73) "

    Bode, C.A. "The Yamud and Goklan tribes of Turkomania". Journal of the London Ethnological Society, vol. 1, 1848, pp. 60–78.

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    Quote Originally Posted by Cristiano viejo View Post
    It is a complicated mistery, really.





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    Quote Originally Posted by ButlerKing
    Poor complicatedHistory,
    And you're ButthurtClown! Butthurt, butthurt, butthurt
    Ask Sora: https://www.theapricity.com/forum/sh...-Sora-anything

    Quote Originally Posted by Dr_Maul
    Good observation Sheikh

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    First of all I reject the term "cappadokian Greek", for the as the only thing we really share with these people is language. Anatolian Greeks existed, and lived in Smyrna, constantinople etc

    As for Greek speaking cappadokians their real difference with turks from this area is a 10-15% more siberian in turks, otherwise we are talking for almost the same people
    Quote Originally Posted by ComplicatedMystery View Post
    Anything else to write? Bump then!
    In European forums people are usually not interested in "Anatolian countries"

    I would also not even respond if I didn't see the term "cappadokian Greeks" (no offense)

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