Languages and cultures of Italy

[Foxy]

My work about Italy goes on...





Campania is a Southern Italian region and it is the most populated region of Italy after Lombardy. Its capital city is Neaples. The name "Campania" is from "campus" (country) and in the past it was often called Campania Felix (the happy countryside).
Most of the land is hilly, besides the region has a lot of wonderful isles, like Nisida, Capri, Procida and Ischia.



The people

Like other Southern Italian regions, the people of Campania is the result of the passage of two peoples: some Italic tribes living there since II millennium b.C. and Greek colons that started to settle the region in VII century b.C.
Actually the first Greek colony in Italy was build just in Campania, near Ischia.
Endly some Etruscan settlements were built in the inner part of the region, while Greeks preferred to remain on the coast.
Among Greek cities we can name Neaples (The New City) and Cuma, while Acerra, Capua, Nuceria, Nola and Suessola were Etruscans.
Romans made only few cities in Campania, one of these was Puteoli, now called Pozzuoli.

In Middle Age Longobards founded a county in Campania, called County of Benevento. Later the region passed under the Spanish rule and the borbonic rule.

Today Campania guests 131.000 foreign citizens, most of them (30.100) are Ukrainians.

The Language

In the region are found 3 dialects:
[I]-Neapolitan
-Cilentan
-Irpinian.

Cilentan belongs to the Lucanian group, Irpinian is diffused in the subregion of Irpinia, the most diffuse dialect is Neapolitan that differs a bit city by city.

Economy

According to ISTAT, Campania is one of the poorest region of Western Europe and the wages are the lowest of Italy. Even if the past, until XX century, Campania was the most industrialized region of southern Italy, today this is not true anymore, as regions like Abruzzo and Puglia have largely expanded their economy. Paradoxally Campania experienced a strange process of de-industrialization.
Handcraft is still important, especially potteries and laces, while in the Southern part of Caserta there is one of the biggest centre of goldsmith's art of Italy.
Campania has many possibilities of development, but it is deeply slackened by the Organized Criminality.

Tourism

Tourism is important and diffuse becouse of the big number of natural and artistical beauties that the region offers.
Campania has many worldwide famous UNESCO sites:
-Palace and park of Caserta;
-Neapolitan downtown;
-Ercolano and Pompeii
-Salerno and the Amalphitan Coast;
-National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano;
-archeological area of Velia;
-archeological area of Oplonti;
-archeological area of Paestum;
-Padula-Certosa
-acqueduct of Vanvitelli.

Beyond this, the wonderful Tyrrenian isles also attrackts many tourists from all over the world.

LANDSCAPES











Typical cuisine

The Campanian cuisine is one of the most famous cuisines of Italy and perhaps of the world. It has strong Greek influxes, due to the connections of the regions with ancient Greece. Typical Campanian dishes are:

-pizza
-spaghetti (Neaples competes with China about who invented spaghetti for first);
-hoax mozzarella;
-Neapolitan pastiera, a sweet of pastafrolla filled with ricotta cheese;
-babà, a soft sweet flavoured with water, sugar and rhum;
-caprese salad (mozzarella and tomatoes cut in little cubes dressed with oilive oil and salt, ideal in hot days);
-spaghetti allo scoglio;
-marinade eel;
-zeppole, pastries filled of cream typical of Southern Italy;
-sfogliatella;
-parmigiana di melanzane, slices of fried aubergines seasoned with tomato sauce and grated Parmesan cheese baked in the oven;
-spaghetti alla puttanesca (spaghetti of the whore!);
-frittata di maccheroni, an omelette of maccheroni made with leftovers;
-spaghetti with calms and tomatoes;
-rice and seafood (octopus, calms, mussels, etc.);
-marinade anchovies;
-fried anchovies;
-courgettes of scapicio, invented by an old Roman, a certain Apicius: courgettes fried with oil and mint;
the list is still very long...

Drinks

Famous wines from Campania are:
-Greco di Tufo;
-Turasi;
-Fiano di Avellino (white).

Coffee is a ritual and is drunk very often. It is offered to people who come in visit but more often it is consumed in bars.

Famous liquors are Limoncello and Liquor of Four Fruits, now less famous, made with lemons, oranges, mandarines and lime.

[Foxy]

Emilia-Romagna is a Northern Italian region, divided in two sub-regions, Emilia and Romagna.
It is mostly flat, becouse of the presence of the Padanian Plain and therefore the climate is sub-continental/continental, except on the litoral, where it is mediterranean.
During the history, the region was divided in many little States, like the Dukedom of Parma, the Dukedom of Ferrara, the Dukedom of Modena and Reggio, while Romagna has been for 12 centuries under the State of the Church, except for a short period that it stayed under the Republic of Venice.

The people
Emilia was an ancient settlement of Etruscans and Gauls (Boes, Semnones and Lingones). The area was later conquered by Romans. Romagna was instead settled by Umbrians and Etruscans and endly conquered and settled by the Celts. Later it was conquered by Romans, that called it "Romània". From it the name Romagna.
The two regions experienced also the germanic invasions. Visigothes devasted Romagna before moving Southward, and Ostrogothes defeated the last Emperor of Rome in Ravenna, that later became their capital city.

Economy and immigration

The region is considered one of the richest areas of Europe with a very high GDP. For this reason the region attracted and attracts many immigrants from other regions and countries. Today 10% of people are immigrants. The biggest community is Moroccan, with more than 62.000 unities. Follow a big Romanian community and a so much big Albanian community, both of more than 54.000 unities.

Cuisine

The two subregions vary in the cuisine. Emilian cuisine varies a lot from city to city, becouse of its history of political division.
Typical of Emilia are:
-tagliatelle (noodles);
-ragù (tomato sauce with minced meats and onion);
-lasagne;
-tortellini;
-cream of pumpkin with porcini mashrooms.

Romagna was historically poorer and also the cuisine witnesses this. Typical of Romagna are, instead:
-piadina romagnola

-roasted chicen;
-a large number of cold cuts;
-ravioli with sheep milk cheese and spinach

-fish soups;
-potato dumplings.

The language

Emilian-Romagnol dialect belongs to the Gaulish-Italian group spoken in Italy together with Ligurian, Lombardian and Piemontese.
Therefore they belong to the Western Romance languages according to the distinction made by Von Wartburg between Eastern and Western Romance languages.
Western Romance languages have traits similar to the French, Catalan and Occitan, while standard Italian belongs to the Eastern Romance group. What distinguishes this group is that they present innovative phonetic phenomena.
The Emilian dialect is divided in 8 sub-dialects, others extend the number to 10 while some linguistics reduce the number to 5.
Some peculiar traits of Emilian are:
-alveolar nasal sounds;
-formation of the plural by vocali alternance;
-presence of a positive conjugation in oppisition to an interrogative conugation (san, I am, vs saggna? am I?).
- fall of the final sounds of Italian (alber instead of albero). Same happens in the Southern group that replace the final sound with a schwa sound.

ITALIAN VS BOLOGNESE VS ARGENTAN

Italiano
Il corvo aveva rubato da una finestra un pezzo di formaggio; appollaiato sulla cima di un albero, era pronto a mangiarselo, quando la volpe lo vide; era davvero affamata. (Fedro)

[modifica] Bolognese
Al côrv l'avêva rubè da una fnèstra un pzulén ed furmâi; apugè in vàtta a un âlber, l'êra drî par magnèrel, quand la våulp al le vésst; l'avêva pròpi una gran sghéssa.

[modifica] Argentano
Al corv l'eva ciavè da 'na fnèstra un còn ad furmai; pugè in vètta a 'n èrbul, l'ira dria a magneral, quènd la volp al vedd; l'ira purassè afameda.

LANDSCAPES









MUSIC

The region is the area of Italy where have born many rock and pop Italian bands and singers, like Laura Pausini, Cesare Cremonini, Vasco Rossi, etc.

STORICAL ARCHITECTURE

Being Mussolini from Romagna, he built many architectonic buildings in the region, such as the thermal station of Castrocaro Terma and Piazza Forlì. But the region is also rich of Roman and paleocristian buildings. In Middle Age Romagna was studded with strangholds, fortresses and cities.

TRANSPORT

The region guests one of the most important airports of Italy, Bologna-Panigale. It connects the region with:
Dublin (Ireland), Casablanca (Morocco), Paris (France), Malta, Tirana (Albania), Wien (Austria), Bucarest (Romania), Mykonos and Santorini (Greece), L'Avana, Mombasa, Sharm-El-Sheik, London (England), Bruxelles, Prague, Bratislava, Reykjavik, Amsterdam, Frankfurt, Colonia, Munich (Germany), Girona, Krakow, Copenaghen, Lisbona, Cagliari, Istambul, Seviglia, Saragozza, Valencia, Trapani, Ibiza, Moskow, Capo Verde, Tenerife, Palermo, Birmingham, Edimburgh, Bonn, Dusseldorf, Granada, Madrid, Malaga, Porto, Brindisi, etc.

[Foxy]

Friuli-Venezia Giulia (Friûl-Vignesie Julie in Furlan, Furlanija-Julijska krajina in Slovenjan, Friaul-Julisch Venetien in German) is a North-Eastern Italian region enjoying a special status like other 4 regions.

The region is equally divided in a mountanious part and in a flat part (the southern, close to the coast). In the centre there is a 20% of hilly territory.

THE PEOPLE

The region is a transit-region that connects Italy to central Europe and to the Balkans, therefore also the population is not omogenious. In Friuli are spoken various languages, but almost everybody speaks Italian.
Other languages spoken in the region are Friulan (or Furlàn), Slovenjan and German.
Usually Slovenjans and Germans are bilingual.

The distribution of the mothertongues are so divided:

ITALIAN 53,5%
FRIULAN 43%
SLOVENJAN 4,7%
GERMAN 0,4%

The region has a pretty strong slavic influx, due to the position of the region but also to its history: in Middle Age colons from Slovenja were sent to Friuli to repopulate it after the devastation made by hordes from Hungary, more recently Dalmatia and other parts of Croatia were annexed to Friuli-Venezia-Giulia and, after the shift of these territories to Croatia, many Italians of Dalmatia have come back to Italy, escaping the communist persecutions.

FRIULIAN LANGUAGE

Friulan is a Western rethoromance (or Ladin) language. Differently from the other Ladin languages, Friulan has been highly influenced by the speech of Veneto, German and Slovenjan.

Friulan is divided in 4 sub-groups:
-Central Friulan: characterized by the end -e for the feminine words. It is spoken mostly in the province of Udine and for literarian and cultural reasons it is considered a sort of koinè of the Friulan languages.
-Western Friulan;
-Eastern Friulan;
-Carnic Friulan: the feminine end of the words is in -o, differently from the Central group in -e and from the Western and Eastern varieties in -a.

The language is spoken in the provinces of Gorizia , Pordenone, Udine, Venice that lies in the region of Veneto.

PHRASES: ITALIAN VS FRIULAN VS ENGLISH

Ciao, come stai?

Mandi, cemût stâtu?

Hello, how are you?

Io sono Giacomo.

Jo o soi Jacum.

I am Giacomo.

Sono friulano, vengo da Udine

O soi furlan, o ven di Udin.

I am Friulan, I come from Udine.

Oggi fa proprio caldo!

Vuê al è propit cjalt!

Today it is really hot!

Credevi che Giovanni fosse uscito?

Crodevistu che Zuan al fos lât fûr?

Did you think that John had gone out?

Devo proprio andare adesso, ci vediamo.

O scugni propit lâ cumò, si viodîn.

I do must go now, see you.


Landscapes







The CUISINE

Friuli-Venezia-Giulia was settled by different peoples: romance, germanic and slavic, therefore also the cuisine is influenced by the different culinarian traditions of these peoples.

Typical dishes are:

-Blecs
-Cavucìn: soup of pumpkin
-bread dumplings
-pumpkin dumplings
-Frico



-maize meal
-salami and onion
-pork chops and cabbage
-Gubana



-Strudel

An other speech should be done about the cuisine of the Slavia Friulana subregion. Here typical dishes are:

-štakanje (purè of potetos, turnips and lard)
-bizna (a sort of broath with potetos and beans)
-tocio
-gulasch
-gubana
-šnite
-deer or boar and maize meal

NATIONAL PARKS AND PROTECTED AREAS

The region guests various park and protected areas. The most famous are: the National Park of the Friulian Dolomites and the National Park of the Prealpi Giulie. The sea park of Miramare is also very famous.

http://www.parks.it/riserva.marina.miramare/index.php

TRANSPORTS

The airport of Friuli-Venezia-Giulia connects the capital city of Friuli, Trieste, with other national and international destinations like: Belgrade, Tirana, Bruxelles, Catania, Cagliari, Milan, London, Dusseldorf, Genoa, Rome, Neaples, Munich, Trapani, Valencia.

The railway system of Friuli is efficent and the region is crossed by two of the most important international ways: the Adriatic route (direction Austria-Friuli) and the East-West route (Barcelon-Padanian Plain-Trieste-Ljubliana-Kiev).

[Osweo]

Mandi, cemût stâtu?
Jo o soi Jacum.
O soi furlan, o ven di Udin.
Vuê al è propit cjalt!
Crodevistu che Zuan al fos lât fûr?
O scugni propit lâ cumò, si viodîn.

Fascinating... Have you heard it in real life? It looks a little easier to my Hispanicised eyes than Standard Italian. 'Yo soy...' How do they pronounce the Z in Zuan?

[Comte Arnau]

Papers by Hull and Meneghin which regard all the Romance languages in north Italy and the Alps (Ligurian, Piedmontese, Lombard, Emilian, Venetian, Istriot, Romansh, Ladin, Friulian) as one single language (called Padanese or Rhaeto-Cisalpine) and present a standard writing for it:

English version of G. Hull's work about the Padanian language. (In English)

La lingua padanese

By C. Meneghin. Rebuilding the Rhaeto-Cisalpine written language. (In English)

Part I: Orthography.
Part II, Morphology I: noun, article, personal pronouns.
Part III, Morphology II: adjectives, pronouns, invariables.

Another article from the same Ianua magazine, on the evolution of Bolognese.

By D. Vitali. A diachronical study of Bolognese, a dialect of Emilian. (In Italian)

http://www.romaniaminor.net/ianua/Ianua08/02.pdf

[Peyrol]

Dialects and languages... Let's clarify what is the difference!

Dialect (or dialetto) is a loan from Greek, dialèktos, that means "speaking colloquial". A dialect is a regional or a territorial idiom that has not the status of official language, becouse a dialect is not considered "worthing it".

Not all the idioms spoken in Italy are considered dialects. Some are classified as official languages of a given territory. These languages are called minoritarian languages and are taught in schools. In front of the Italian Law dialects, instead, are considered only variations of Standard Italian, even if only Tuscan dialects are effectively variations of Italian.

Dialects are relegated at the status of informal/colloquial languages, many of them are at risk of estinction. In many areas of Italy to speak dialect is considered voulgar or a clear sign of rudeness.

Moribound languages

UNESCO published an Atlas of all the languages going to disappear in the world. In Italy it signaled 31 languages at risk of extinction. These languages are:

Alemannic - Southern variety of German, spoken mostly in Switzerland and Lichtenstein but also in various towns of Northern Italy, near the Swisse border. Vulnerable.
Algherese Catalan - Eastern variety of Catalan, spoken in Sardinian town of Alghero. Definitely endangered.
Alpine Provençal - variety of Provencal spoken in North-West Italy, mostly in the Alpin area.
Arbëresh - Or "Italian Albanese", variety of Albanese spoken by Albanian refugees arrived in Italy after the Ottoman Domination and after Skanderbeg's death.
Bavarian - variety of Southern German spoken in Sudtirol
Campidanese - variety of Sardinian spoken in central and southern Sardinia.
Cimbrian - variety of Southern German spoken in the Community of the Seven Cities (Veneto and Trentino). The community bore after migrations from Bavaria happened in Middle Age.
Corsican - romance languages spoken, in Italy, in the province of Sassari, Sardinia.
Emilian-Romagnol - dialect divided in 9 idioms or subdialects spoken in the region of Emilia Romagna belonging to the Gaulish-Italic family.
Faetar - Francoprovencal enclave sited in Apulia, south-east Italy, spoken in the villages Faeto and Celle di San Vito.
Francoprovençal
Friulian
Gallo-Sicilian
Gallurese
Gardiol - occitanian enclave sited in Calabria, South-West Italy.
Griko (Calabria) - creol language of Calabria - a mix of Greek and Italian - existing in Italy since the ancient Greek domination, reinforced by the immigrations from Greece of Middle Age.
Griko (Salento) - Griko spoken in Puglia.
Ladin
Ligurian
Logudorese
Lombard
Mòcheno - germanic language derived from medieval High German, arrived in Italy after migrations happened in Middle Age.
Molise Croatian - slavic language of Croatian origin spoken in three cities of Molise (Central-South Italy). The language contains no Turkism, it demonsters that the Croatian community arrived in Molise probably during the XVI century.
Piedmontese
Resian - slavic idiom of Slovenjan origin spoken in some areas of Friuli Venezia Giulia (North-East Italy). The community that gave birth to Resian were probably a Eastern Slavic tribe arrived from Poland or Slovakia, as it is demonstered by the affinities that Resian has with Russian.
Romani - indoarian language spoken by the gispies of Italy, mostly Romas and Sintis.
Sassarese
Sicilian

The dialect is certainly important, but let's not forget that centuries before becoming the national language, Italian courtly was the language of science and culture ... the first example of protoitalian is without doubt "the riddle of Verona" (800 A.D.), that says:

"Se pareva boves, alba pratalia arava, albo versorio teneba, negro seme seminaba"

[curiousman]

Fascinating... Have you heard it in real life? It looks a little easier to my Hispanicised eyes than Standard Italian. 'Yo soy...' How do they pronounce the Z in Zuan?

As a voiced sound, something like "dz" or "ds".

[Foxy]

ETIMOLOGY AND CLIMATE





First thing that comes in mind when you think of Lazio is of course Rome, today capital of Lazio and of Italy.
Its etimology means "Land of the Latins", an Italic people that settled the region already before the Roman conquest.
Its territory is not omogenious at all: half of it is covered by hills, an other fourth is covered by mountains and the remain is flat.



The region presents two climates: mediterranean on the coast, continental in the inner part.

The mountains that divided Lazio from Abruzzo on the Tyrrenic side are more exposed to the Atlantic disturbances, therefore this side is more rainy than the Abruzzese side but less snowy.

HISTORY

The history of Lazio is strongly connected to the history of Rome, which has been the capital of the Western Roman Empire, of christianity, of Fascism and, today, of the Republic of Italy.

We know that already in the II millennium before Christ, Lazio was inhabited by Indo-European peoples such as Latins, Sabins, Equos, Ernices, Aurunces and Ernices, although in the Northernmost part an other people established: the Etruscans, whose presence became influent at least until the V century b.C.
Since the V century, indeed, Lazio starts to be indentified always more with Rome.

During the Emperial Age, Lazio lived a long period of peace and prosperity, interrupted only by sporading succession wars. However with the time its role inside the Empire was cut down, in favour of cities of the Eastern Empire such as Costantinople and Athens, and, when Odoacre came to Italy, the Western Empire formally ended.

The egress of Rome and of the Western Empire from the political landscape of Europe left a void in the political and cultural life. This void was occupied by the Catholic Church, that led Rome until the XIX century.

ECONOMY

In 2005 Lazio has been recorded as the 2nd region of Italy for GDP after Lombardy, while, considering the GDP pro person Lazio is in 4th position.
However there is a disparity among the various provinces, being Rome richer than the others.

Agriculture was the main resource of the region in the past, but today other sectors have increased their weight on the economy of the region. Cultivation of olives for oil, grape vines, kiwis, chestnut trees and cereals remain important.

Industry in Lazio has never achieved a leader role nor a preminent position comparing Lazio with the more indutrialized regions of Italy. The financing for Southern Italy have helped the indutrialization of some areas of Lazio; just in these areas, indeed, are found also firms of big dimensions; for the rest small and little firms constitute the indutrial heart of the region.

Services are, on the contrary, very influent: 3/4 of the GDP of Lazio are based on services. The main fields are: real estate, transports, financial services, tourism and hotels, commerce.

CULTURE

Only Rome guests 16% of all the artistic-cultural goods of the world, and Lazio is one of the most important places in Europe and in the world for its archeological, artistic, storic, religious and cultural goods.

Among the UNESCO sites the region guests: the territories of the Holy Seat, Basil of Saint Paolo, Villa Adriana and Villa D'Este in Tivoli, the Etruscan necropolis of Cerveteri and Tarquinia.

In Rome we find the Roman Forum, the Colosseum, Saint Peter, and a huge number of squares, fountains, obelisks, bridges, archs, doors and walls.

Besides there are many archeological areas also outside Rome, like ancient Ostia, the Temple of Hercules in Cori, the Temple of Juppiter Anxur in Terracina, Forum Appii near Sezze. A list of preroman walled towns well conserved includes: Atina, Arpino, the acropolis of Alatri, the acropolis of Ferentino. Worldwide famous are also some ancient abbeys like Montecassino, Fossanova, Subiaco, Casamari and Trisulti.

And what about the thermal stations? Some of them are largely famous: Fiuggi and Viterbo.

Very interesting are also some Papal palaces, like the Palace of Pope Bonifacio VIII, Anagni, the village where many Popes bore, Casa Banrekow in which it seems that Dante was guested.

To conclude, the region has also some very beautiful and well known sea localities like Gaeta, Sperlonga, Terracina, Sabaudia, San Felice del Circeo, Ponza.

Littoral of Gaeta



Sperlonga



Anagni



Saint Peter and Castel Sant'Angelo

[Foxy]

Fascinating... Have you heard it in real life? It looks a little easier to my Hispanicised eyes than Standard Italian. 'Yo soy...' How do they pronounce the Z in Zuan?

I think Furlan sounds this way (it is a TV news in Furlàn), but a Friulan could answer better.

[YOUTUBE]ibKqx2ODidU[/YOUTUBE]

I understand what he is saying becouse the base is Italian, but I go mostly by intuition. I don't understand every word but, let's say, 3/4 of them are understandable, even becouse also in my region we don't pronunce the final vowels.

What surprised me is that people in the video have a slavic vibe in the look or does it seem only to me?

[Foxy]

DIALECTS

In Lazio are found three linguistic groups: median, southern-median and venetic.
The median group belongs to the languages/dialects of central Italy and can be also called "Central Italian". They are found in Tuscany, Lazio, Marche, Umbria and in a small part of Abruzzo (Sabinia).
In the case of Lazio, the median dialects are spoken in all the Northern part of the region and around Rome, where we find the typical speech called "Romanesco". Romanesco is the Italian dialect that differs the least from standard Italian.

Phonetics of the median group

To discriminate the median group we find two progressive assimilations that seems to have been imported in Rome from the speeches of Umbrians and Samnites (assimilation of ND>nn, MD>MM) and LD>LL, NG>GN, found also among southern dialects.

Southern-median group

The second group concerns those dialect that result to have a southern base.
These dialects are found in the Southern part of Lazio that in the past belonged to the Kingdom of Neaples. It is spoken in the area of Gaeta, Sperlonga, Formia, in the province of Latina and in Ciociaria. These dialects have a final vocalism similar to Neapolitan, but the middle vowels are articulated in a way that sounds closer to Molisan and Apulian rather than to a true Neapolitan.

(Linguistic border median-southern median in Lazio and Western Abruzzo)



Venetic group

This third group is not native of Lazio but has been brought in the region by the colons from Veneto that, during the Fascist Twenty Years, were moved to Lazio after the drainage of Agro-Pontino.
Their language has been called "Venetopontino" and, although during the first generation the phonetic has remained basically the same of the other Venetic language, today their descendents speak in a form very mixed with Romanesco.

VENETIC COMMUNITY IN LAZIO

The colons that, during the Fascist Twenty Years, were moved to Lazio were not all from Veneto, some of them were actually neither Italian!
The main provenience of these colons was Veneto, but other arried from Friuli-Venezia-Giulia, Emilia and the area around Ferrara and these were moved in the Agro Pontino, while the Roman countryside received colons from Bosnia and Romania.
The latters were ex Italian emigrants who had been returned to Italy by the Fascist Regime. These ex emigrants were mostly native of Trentino.

The Agro-Pontino received also colons from other parts of Italy, mostly from Marche and Abruzzo. Anyway these latter colons from Central Italy, minor in number, were not able to affirm their languages and with the time they adopted the speech of the other colons from North-East Italy and were assimilated in the Venetic community. Especially in traditions and folklors, the community is close to the native believes/traditions of Friuli and Veneto.

THE CUISINE

The traditional cuisine of Rome is poor, frugal and with an high rate of cholesterol. Dishes are usually easy to prepare and are very tasty.
Among the traditional dishes of Rome we find:
-pasta alla carbonara, with eggs, sheep cheese and bacon. It history reminds the second World War, when the Allies (Anglo-Americans) arrived in Rome and brought bacon. Romans invented this dish to eat bacon with pasta and we all thank them for the invention.



- Coratella is also an other typical dish of Lazio: little cubes of heart, guts and liver of limbs and other little animals, plus onions.

-Saltimbocca alla Romana are rolls of meat, raw ham and sage, cooked in butter and white wine.

-Roman tripe, cooked with mint and a lot of Roman sheep cheese.

- Coda alla Vaccinara is a modern Roman stew made of "oxtail" (in fact, usually veal tail) and various vegetables.

-Supplì is also a typical Roman dish and its curious name derives from the French "surprise". It consists of a ball of rice with or without (Suppli' in bianco) tomato sauce and egg around a piece of mozzarella and ham; the whole morsel is soaked in egg and coated with breadcrumbs and then fried (usually deep-fried).



- Abbacchio is a dish of limb (called in dialect "Abbacchio"). It is browned with oil and pieces of ham.

-Pidgeon. Yes, Roman eat also pidgeons.

There are also a lot of other dishes in Rome and around.

MUSEUMS

As Lazio has so much museums and historical goods, here a list of the main museums.

-Archeological museum of Frosinone, guesting a collection of Paleolithic, Etruscan and Roman age;
-Galleria Borghese, sited in Villa Borghese (Rome), guesting a wonderful collection of works of Michelangelo, Canova, Bernini, Rubens, Tiziano, Bronzino and Caravaggio;
-The Vatican Museums - prize, 15 euros - (Rome, Vatican City), includes the treasures of Vatican, the Sistin Chapel, the Pinacoteca Art Gallery, the Collection of Modern Religious Art, Sculpture Museums, the Etruscan Museums, the Egyptian Museum, Museum Chiaromonti.
-The Napoleonic Museum (Rome) with its heirlooms of the Napoleonic Age, mostly from Giuseppe Primoli's priavate collection.
-Museum Hendrik Andersen is the house of the great American-Norwegian sculptor that spent most of his life in Italy, Rome, where he bought Villa Helène. The museum guest architectural plans and sculptures of the artist.
-Goethe's House. The great German writer had a passion for Italy, where he lived for a long period, spending 2 years in Rome. In this house he wrote "Travel in Italy" and "The Roman Carnival".
-Museum De Chirico.
-Museum of the Roman Ships in Fiumicino.
-Civic Archeological Museum Lavinium in Pomezia, sited in the medieval town of Pomezia, guests the relics of the ancient city of Pomezia that, according to the legend, was founded by Aenea.