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The factors are obvious:
- climate favorable for agriculture (something grows 10-11 months a year there)
- perfect balance between mountains and plains generates extremely fertile and naturally irrigated fields
- relatively narrow strip of land between two seas means virtually infinite supply of seafood
- all 3 factors above lead to abundance of food
- abundance of food lead to explosion in population
- explosion in population with continuous abundance of food leads to formation of classes not involved in agriculture
- mountains ensure availability of materials for crafts
- variety of trades develops rather early in history (most impotantly masonry and metalworking)
- leave it to brew for some time and you end up with Rome
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While Greece had earlier start and many Roman achievements are indeed Greek in origin it never reached the height of Rome. For some reason Greece was harder to unify, for too long it was full of small and large semi-isolated enclaves. My theory it's due to differences in geography.
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With regards to Science,Philosophy and Arts Greece was far ahead of Rome
Roman culture was more materialism and power oriented
Yeah Romans were more centralized and more imperialistic also they made more Monumental Architecture but Greek Architecture had purer
Abstract Geometrical Aesthetics
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That exactly could be consequence of geographic factors. While Italy does have reasonable amount of mountains their composition doesn't form good protective barriers for enclaves to be established. As result constant threat from a neighbour eventually leading to final solution - conquer or exterminate. Thus expansion began which required mobilization of material resources. Persistent external threat seems to be conceiving factor for every major empire ever existed in this world.
Meanwhile in Greece favorable climate and abundance of food combined with reliable natural protecitve borders favor development of peaceful non-productive areas of civilization like philosophy and arts.
In every period of history there was one dominant society that pulls everyone around ahead. Greece was indeed first in early Antiquity but was rather quickly surpassed by Romans who maintained more or less dominant position all the way to beginning of capitalism. Then they were surpassed by other nations yet so far they were at the top for longest. Because of that their contribution to civilization remains unchallenged.
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