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Thread: Hinduism, main texts

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    Default Hinduism, main texts

    The 3 most important texts in Hinduism are

    the Bhagavad Gita

    The Bhagavad Gita (/ˈbʌɡəvəd ˈɡiːtɑː/, /ɡiːtə/; Sanskrit: भगवद्गीता, bhagavad-gītā in IAST, Sanskrit pronunciation: [ˈbʱaɡəʋəd̪ ɡiːˈt̪aː], lit. "Song of the Bhagavan"[1]), often referred to as the Gita, is a 700[2][3] verse Hindu scripture in Sanskrit that is part of the Hindu epic Mahabharata (chapters 23–40 of the 6th book of Mahabharata).

    The Gita is set in a narrative framework of a dialogue between Pandava prince Arjuna and his guide and charioteer Lord Krishna. Facing the duty as a warrior to fight the Dharma Yudhha or righteous war between Pandavas and Kauravas, Arjuna is counselled by Lord Krishna to "fulfill his Kshatriya (warrior) duty as a warrior and establish Dharma."[4] Inserted[4] in this appeal to kshatriya dharma (chivalry)[5] is "a dialogue ... between diverging attitudes concerning methods toward the attainment of liberation (moksha)".[6]

    The Bhagavad Gita presents a synthesis[7][8] of the concept of Dharma,[7][8][9] theistic bhakti,[10][9] the yogic ideals[8] of moksha[8] through jnana, bhakti, karma, and Raja Yoga (spoken of in the 6th chapter)[10] and Samkhya philosophy.[web 1][note 1] It is a Bhagavata explanation of the Purusha Sukta and the Purushamedha Srauta yajna described in the Satapatha Brahmana.[11]
    the Upanishads

    The Upanishads are commonly referred to as Vedānta. Vedanta has been interpreted as the "last chapters, parts of the Veda" and alternatively as "object, the highest purpose of the Veda".[8] The concepts of Brahman (ultimate reality) and Ātman (soul, self) are central ideas in all of the Upanishads,[9][10] and "know that you are the Ātman" is their thematic focus.[10][11] Along with the Bhagavad Gita and the Brahmasutra, the mukhya Upanishads (known collectively as the Prasthanatrayi)[12] provide a foundation for the several later schools of Vedanta, among them, two influential monistic schools of Hinduism.[note 3][note 4][note 5]

    More than 200 Upanishads are known, of which the first dozen or so are the oldest and most important and are referred to as the principal or main (mukhya) Upanishads.[15][16] The mukhya Upanishads are found mostly in the concluding part of the Brahmanas and Aranyakas[17] and were, for centuries, memorized by each generation and passed down orally.

    Etymology
    The Sanskrit term Upaniṣad (from upa "by" and ni-ṣad "sit down")[28] translates to "sitting down near", referring to the student sitting down near the teacher while receiving spiritual knowledge.[29] Other dictionary meanings include "esoteric doctrine" and "secret doctrine". Monier-Williams' Sanskrit Dictionary notes – "According to native authorities, Upanishad means setting to rest ignorance by revealing the knowledge of the supreme spirit."[30]

    Adi Shankaracharya explains in his commentary on the Kaṭha and Brihadaranyaka Upanishad that the word means Ātmavidyā, that is, "knowledge of the self", or Brahmavidyā "knowledge of Brahma". The word appears in the verses of many Upanishads, such as the fourth verse of the 13th volume in first chapter of the Chandogya Upanishad. Max Müller as well as Paul Deussen translate the word Upanishad in these verses as "secret doctrine",[31][32] Robert Hume translates it as "mystic meaning",[33] while Patrick Olivelle translates it as "hidden connections".[34]
    the Brahma Sutras

    The Brahma sūtras (Sanskrit: ब्रह्म सूत्र) is a Sanskrit text, attributed to Badarayana. The text systematizes and summarizes the philosophical and spiritual ideas in the Upanishads.[3] It is one of the foundational texts of the Vedānta school of Hindu philosophy.[3]

    The Brahma sutras consists of 555 aphoristic verses (sutras) in four chapters.[4] These verses are primarily about the nature of human existence and universe, and ideas about the metaphysical concept of Ultimate Reality called Brahman.[3][5] The first chapter discusses the metaphysics of Absolute Reality, the second chapter reviews and addresses the objections raised by the ideas of competing orthodox schools of Hindu philosophies as well as heterodox schools such as Buddhism and Jainism,[6] the third chapter discusses epistemology and path to gaining spiritually liberating knowledge, and the last chapter states why such a knowledge is an important human need.[7]

    The Brahmasutra is one of three most important texts in Vedanta along with the Principal Upanishads and the Bhagavad Gita.[8][9] It has been influential to various schools of Indian philosophies, but interpreted differently by the non-dualistic Advaita Vedanta sub-school, the theistic Vishishtadvaita and Dvaita Vedanta sub-schools, as well as others.[9] Several commentaries on the Brahma-sutras are lost to history or yet to be found; of the surviving ones, the most well studied commentaries on the Brahmasutra include the bhashya by Adi Shankara,[3] Ramanuja, Madhvacharya, Bhaskara and many others.[10]

    It is also known as the Vedanta Sutra (Sanskrit: वेदान्त सूत्र),[3] deriving this name from Vedanta which literally means the "final aim of the Vedas".[11] Other names for Brahma Sutra is Sariraka Sutra,[note 1] wherein Sariraka means "that which lives in the body (Sarira), or the Self, Soul",[12] and Bhikshu-sutra, which literally means "Sutras for monks or mendicants".[8]

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    I have a book mahabharata i think its part of the baghavad gita
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    Quote Originally Posted by Mortimer View Post
    I have a book mahabharata i think its part of the baghavad gita
    The other way around. The Bhagavad Gita is a part of the Mahabharata.

    You can interpret the whole Mahabharata as "man's entire lifespan" and the Bhagavad Gita as the pivotal moment "where God turns to man and man turns to God"

    Maha means Great. And Bharata is a synonym for "Hindu people". Just like Jews and Israelis or Hebrews are interchangeable. Or English and "Anglo Saxon".

    The Mahabharata appears more to be a text describing the life of Kshatriyas and meant for them but there are deeper esoteric meanings.

    For example Bhima, the biggest and strongest of the Kshatriyas, is the son of Vayu, which makes sense, because Kshatriyas need more oxygen or "air", they have larger lung capacity, and wind energy is "powerful"

    but also he is the greatest of the heroes along with Karna, and he is specifically the son of Vayu, the esoteric meaning of Vayu is the presence of God, so God chose what was more favourable for him, "feeling the presence of God, is the highest spiritual act" = the greatest of heroes, Bhima

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