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The Ottomans (and by extension, modern Turkey) have a claim to being the Third Rome by translatio imperii, after Sultan Mehmed II conquered the Eastern Roman Empire and subsequently declaring himself "Kayser-i Rűm" and having his claim recognized by the Patriarch of Constantinople, Gennadius II.
The Russian Empire (and by extension, modern Russia) has a claim by virtue of being viewed as the new capital Orthodox Christianity following the fall of Constantinople, first being called do by the Orthodox monk Philotheus, Ivan the Great marrying Sophia Palaiologina (niece of Constantine XI), and subsequent adoption of Byzantine symbols.
For any other claimants, post and explain.
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