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Thread: Did Mongol invasion changed the genetic structure of Central Asia?

  1. #21
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    Mongol tribal denominations is a weak argument. In the old days, tribal belonging was not set in stone, especially on the Eurasian steppes. Weaker tribes often adopted the names of stronger ones. Forefathers of Genghis Khan who came from Amur region to Mongolia intermixed with Turkics on the way. Naimans, Kereits, Tatars (sekiz Tatar/Toquz Tatar/Otuz Tatar) most likely spoke a Turco-Mongol creole, and we know that Naimans in fact outnumbered Mongols in late 13th century. Plus most Mongols (that is Ghengis Khan's warriors) perished in large numbers during various campaigns, replaced by largely Turkic local nomads. Genetic impact of Mongols is likely very low, but Mongols obviously changed the demographic balance in Central Asia. Ghengis Khan's invasion of Khwarezm and annihilation of Kipchaks was a matter of honor. Agreement was sealed between Khwarezm Shah and Genghis Khan, that the shah retains the west and the khan keeps the east. However Kipchaks, who were mercenaries of Khwarezm seized and plundered Khan's caravan heading for Otrar which led to casus belli and the commencement of western campaigns culminating in the slaughter of large number of Persian speaking citizens of Sogdiana.

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    Maybe.


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    Quote Originally Posted by Toppo900 View Post
    Which is sad really. I would really have wanted to listen on how Khawarazmian sounded like.
    They already shifted to Turkic before the Mongol invasion. The Khawarzmians were a Turko-Persian people, originally Iranic but began to adopted Turkic language for whatever reason. They also looked like Iranians not that different. Qutuz was from them, he was the only Mamluk to have had his origins in Persia, most Mamlukes came from the Pontic steppe and the Caucasus. Many of them were enslaved by the Mongols. Interesting aspect that the Mamluks often wore earrings to make them distinct from other groups. This where the idea that Middle Eastern men wore earring, and also this why the Ottoman emperor Sliem began to wear one as well.

    Originally it would probably have been very close to Pashto or Pamiri, however standard Persian was used, and most adopted Turkic.
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    Slayer of Moors Odin's Avatar
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    I think so.

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    In 1218 the governor of an eastern province of Khwarizm mistreated several Mongol emissaries. Genghis retaliated with a force of more than 200,000 troops, and Khwarizm was eradicated by 1220. A detachment of about 25,000 Mongol cavalry, as part of the Khwarizmian campaign, had crossed the Caucasus Mountains, had skirted the Caspian Sea, and had briefly invaded Europe. [Source: Library of Congress, June 1989 *]

    In 1218, a caravan of Mongol merchants was sent by Genghis Khan to Khwarizm, a Muslim empire that stretched to the Caspian Sea and included parts of present-day Afghanistan and Iran. The merchants were sent to give the shah of Khwarizm gifts of jade, ivory, gold and cloaks of valuable white camel hair.

    Suspecting that were spies, a Khwarizm governor ordered the merchants killed. An ambassador sent by Genghis Khan to the Khwarizm shah was also killed. The great khan was pissed, and he vented his fury with a string of massacres against Muslim kingdoms beginning with Utrar and Bukhara in 1219.

    Before the murder of the merchants, Genghis Khan had been fairly calculating in his conquests. The killings turned him into a kind psychopath bent on revenge. The killing of the ambassador was a particular heinous crime one historian said because the "Mongols believed in the absolute inviolability of ambassadors."

    By the time the Mongols were through in Central Asia maybe 30 percent of the population there was massacred. To this day the agriculture and irrigation systems have not been repaired in some devastated areas.

    In 1219, a Mongol force of 110,000 was divided into columns for an assault on the cities of Bukhara and Utrar, where the Khwarizm shah's army of 400,000 men where holed up. Although probably outnumbered, the Mongols captured the cities after a month-long siege. One witness who escaped wrote, "They came, they raped, they burnt, they slew, they plundered and they departed."
    in Samrkand, By the time the Mongols were finished, Samarkand's wall had been torn down, the aqueduct was in ruins, and an estimated 100,000 people were killed. Around 30,000 skilled men including smiths, weavers, artisans, falconers, scribes and physicians were taken back to Mongolia.

    Genghis Khan's armies then destroyed other great Silk Road trading centers such as Urgench (Uzbekistan), Merv (Turkmenistan), Balkh (Afghanistan), Nishapur (Iran), Ghazni (Afghanistan), and Herat (Afghanistan).

    Kingdoms that resisted risked having their entire populations massacred. According to Muslim chroniclers, 100,000 defenders were killed and a river was diverted to flood the city of Urgench near the Aral Sea.

    In Merv in present-day Turkmenistan, a Muslim holy men and his helpers spent 13 days counting 1.3 million victims "taking into account only those that were explain to see. Under the Seljuk Turks, Merv had become a city full of palaces, libraries, observatories, and canals that nourished parks and lush gardens. All this came to an end when messengers of Genghis Khan in 1218 appeared, demanding tribute and the pick of the city's most beautiful women. The Seljuks refused and killed the messengers. The Mongol arrived three years later and demanded that city surrender. The Seljuks complied and the Mongols responded by massacring all the city's inhabitants. According to some accounts each Mongol soldiers was ordered to decapitate 300 to 400 civilians and set the city aflame. After the Mongols left, Merv remained uninhabited for more than a century.

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    Quote Originally Posted by Pahli View Post
    Khwarezm was Iranic, situated in Northern Uzbekistan / Southern Kazakhstan, most of upper Kazakhstan was inhabited by nomadic Turkic tribes
    Northern Kazakhstan and even western Mongolia were Iranic in the past. But they became Turk and Mongol prior to the expansion of the Mongol Empire.

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    Quote Originally Posted by Mingle View Post
    Northern Kazakhstan and even western Mongolia were Iranic in the past. But they became Turk and Mongol prior to the expansion of the Mongol Empire.
    Greaco-Bactrian, Indo-Greek & Gandhara civilizations were completly wiped out and replaced with Central Asian people. Huge Khwarzm empire was wiped out completly. Anything civilized & old got completly wiped out.

    Only the early Turkic tribes who moved into Indian subcontinent survived. Later Mongol descendant Uzbeks conquered these Turkic & Afghan army to form huge Mughal empire.


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    Wasn't it mostly Mongol men interbreeding with Caucasian women?

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    Quote Originally Posted by Iloko View Post
    Wasn't it mostly Mongol men interbreeding with Caucasian women?
    Iranian NW closer to Caucasian shores

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