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Thread: Drugs: Psycho-Phamacology of Psychoative Drugs

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    Post Drugs: Psycho-Phamacology of Psychoative Drugs

    Alpha - PHP is a cathinone derivative stimulant drug which powerfully inhibits the reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine , thereby increasing their amounts available for neurotransmission functions of the brains neurons which use these chemicals to communicate with surrounding neurons also carrying that same neurotrasnmitting chemical messenger. Stimulant effects are similar to those of cocaine and methamphetamine.

    Alpha - PHP causes the following effects:
    Euphoria
    Thought acceleration
    Disinhibition
    Ego inflation
    Stimulant effects on cognition
    Cognitive euphoria ; due to increased serotonin and dopamine levels;


    Extremely stimulating and energetic; forced stimulation!
    The body high of alpha-PHP = a moderate to extreme euphoric tingling sensation encompassing the whole body.

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    Cocaine is a dopamine reuptake inhibitor; prevents dopamine from being recycled, increasing synaptic dopamine content. The most extensively studied effect of cocaine on the central nervous system is the blockade of the dopamine transporter. This substance acts as a reuptake inhibitor and prevents dopamine from being recycled, causing excessive amounts to build up in the synapse, or junction between neurons. The result is an enhanced and prolonged post-synaptic effect of dopaminergic signaling. To a lesser extent, cocaine also exhibits functionally similar effects of reuptake inhibition upon the neurotransmitters of serotonin and noradrenaline. It is this sudden flood of neurotransmitters that causes cocaine’s characteristic high.

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    Cognitive effects of Cocaine
    The cognitive effects of cocaine can be broken down into several components which progressively intensify proportional to dosage. The general head space of cocaine is described by many as one of extreme mental stimulation, increased focus, and powerful euphoria. It contains a large number of typical stimulant cognitive effects. Although negative side effects are usually mild at low to moderate dosages, they become increasingly likely to manifest themselves with higher amounts or extended usage. This particularly holds true during the offset of the experience. The most prominent of these cognitive effects generally include:
    Analysis enhancement - This effect is usually only present at low to moderate doses.
    Anxiety suppression
    Compulsive redosing - This effect is more prevalent than with any other commonly used stimulant.
    Cognitive euphoria
    Disinhibition
    Ego inflation
    Focus enhancement - This component is most effective at low to moderate dosages as anything higher will usually impair concentration.
    Increased libido
    Increased music appreciation
    Irritability - The irritability associated with cocaine is notorious in its occassional potential intensity and is colloquialy known as "coke rage."[10]
    Memory suppression - This effect is most prevalent in high doses and appears to mostly impact short term memory.
    Suggestibility suppression
    Motivation enhancement
    Thought acceleration
    Thought organization
    Time compression - This can be described as the experience of time speeding up and passing much quicker than it usually would when sober.
    Wakefulness

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    Marijauana

    The key psychoactive component in Marijuana is THC which activates cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptors in the brain; which indirectly release dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway, in the nucleus accumens, on the reward pathway. The second most common cannabinoid is Cannabidiol; which activates CB2 receptors; causes a dampening down of CB1 receptor activity. CBD or cannabidiol is known to have antipsychotic properties.; while long term THC use is linked to psychotic episodes.

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    Physical euphoria
    Physical euphoria can be described as feelings of pleasure and comfort within and across the body. This euphoria typically feels somewhat comparable to the endorphine rushes felt during states of excitement or love, the coziness of a comfortable bed, and the rush of an orgasm. The forcefulness of this effect can range from subtle in its strength to overwhelmingly pleasurable beyond even the most intense full body orgasm possible.

    Physical euphoria is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as cognitive euphoria and muscle relaxation. It is most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of a wide variety of compounds, such as opioids, stimulants, and GABAergics. However, it can also occur in a more powerful although less consistent form under the influence of psychedelics and dissociatives.

    Cognitive euphoria
    Cognitive euphoria (semantically the opposite of cognitive dysphoria) is medically recognized as a cognitive and emotional state in which a person experiences intense feelings of well-being, elation, happiness, excitement, and joy. Although euphoria is an effect (i.e. a substance is euphorigenic), the term is also used colloquially to define a state of transcendent happiness combined with an intense sense of contentment. However, recent psychological research suggests euphoria can largely contribute to but should not be equated with happines.

    Cognitive euphoria is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as physical euphoria and tactile enhancement. It is most commonly induced under the influence of moderate dosages of opioids, entactogens, stimulants, and GABAergic depressants. However, it can also occur to a lesser extent under the influence of hallucinogenic compounds such as psychedelics, dissociatives, and cannabinoids.

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    Users, what drugs would you try?

    Stimulants (cocaine, methamphetamine)
    Psychedelics (marijuana, LSD, mushrooms)
    Opiates (codeine, heroine)

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    DXM, Dextromethorphan - ingredient in cough syrups; cough suppressant.

    Effects of overdose of DXM produces:

    Euphoria
    Increased energy
    Increased confidence
    Talking fast
    Feelings of increased strength

    DXM is used recreationally in higher than recommended dosages. When exceeding approved dosages, dextromethorphan acts as a dissociative anesthetic.

    DXM has multiple mechanisms of action, including actions as a nonselective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and a sigma-1 receptor agonist. DXM and its major metabolite, dextrorphan, also act as an NMDA receptor antagonist at high doses, which produces effects similar to, yet distinct from, the dissociative states created by other dissociative anesthetics such as ketamine and phencyclidine.

    Uncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor
    Sigma σ1 receptor agonist
    μ-Opioid receptor agonist
    SERT and NET blocker (i.e., serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor)
    Negative allosteric modulator of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
    Also:
    Ligand of the serotonin 5-HT1B/1D, histamine H1, α2-adrenergic, and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors

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    MDMA acts primarily as a presynaptic releasing agent of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, which arises from its activity at trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2). MDMA is also a monoamine transporter substrate (i.e., a substrate for DAT, NET, and SERT), so it enters monoamine neurons via these neuronal membrane transport proteins;[87] by acting as a monoamine transporter substrate, MDMA produces competitive reuptake inhibition at the neuronal membrane transporters (i.e., it competes with endogenous monoamines for reuptake). MDMA inhibits both vesicular monoamine transporters (VMATs), the second of which (VMAT2) is highly expressed within monoamine neurons at vesicular membranes.[88] Once inside a monoamine neuron, MDMA acts as a VMAT2 inhibitor and a TAAR1 agonist

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    How the psychoactive ingredient in Marijuana, THC, produces its psychological effects

    When THC enters the blood stream and reaches the brain, it binds to cannabinoid receptors. The endogenous ligand of these receptors is anandamide, the effects of which THC emulates. This agonism of the cannabinoid receptors results in changes in the levels of various neurotransmitters, especially dopamine and norepinephrine; neurotransmitters which are closely associated with the acute effects of cannabis ingestion, such as euphoria and anxiety. Some effects may include a general alteration of conscious perception, euphoria, feelings of well-being, relaxation or stress reduction, increased appreciation of the arts, including humor and music (especially discerning its various components/instruments), joviality, metacognition and introspection, enhanced recollection (episodic memory), increased sensuality, increased awareness of sensation, increased libido, and creativity. Abstract or philosophical thinking, disruption of linear memory and paranoia or anxiety are also typical.

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