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These are the proposed regions so far that I've heard of in regards to where PIE originated: Anatolia, Armenian Highlands, Balkans, Baltics, India, Pontic-Caspian. The most popular theory is the Kurgan Hypothesis stating that PIE originated in the Yamnaya Culture of the Pontic-Caspian Steppe before branching northwards and then in other directions later. Its closest competitor is the Anatolian Hypothesis stating that PIE originated in Anatolia before spreading westwards into Europe. The other theories are considered fringe.
An overview of theories about Proto-Indo-European homelands from 1653 to 2015:
Author / year of publicaion / suggested PIE homeland:
M. Z. van Boxhorn 1653 - Eurasian Steppe - areas of "Scythia"
W. Jones 1786 - Iranian Plateau
F. von Schlegel 1808 - Indian subcontinent
J. Schmidt 1890 - Asia Minor (Anatolia)
O. Schrader 1890 - Eurasian Steppe
G. Kossina 1902 - North European Plain
Lokamanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak 1903 - Arctic, North Eurasian regions before 8000 BC as PIE homeland
H. Hirt 1905 - North European Plain
V. G. Childe 1925-26 - South Russian Steppe (1950: change of mind - Anatolia)
A. H. Sayce 1927 - Anatolia
L. Dhar 1930 - India ("Out of India"; today S. G. Talageri, K. Elst, N. Kazanas, T. Kivisild support it)
H. Kuehn 1932 - the Paleolithic Continuity Theory (Aurignacian culture)
T. Sulimirski 1933 - Eurasian Steppe (as original homeland of Corded Ware culture - CWC - ancestors)
W. Koppers 1934 - Western Turkestan
F. Schpecht 1936 - North European Plain
E. Mayer 1948 - North European Plain
A. Schmidt 1949 - from the East (outside of Europe)
J. Pokorny 1954 - North European Plain
A. Nehring 1954 - between the Caspian Sea and Caucasus, in South Dagestan
P. Thieme 1954 - North European Plain
H. Hencken 1955 - South-East Europe or Ukraine
W. Merlingen 1955 - South-East Europe (1976: change of mind, Sahara Desert as PIE homeland)
M. Gimbutas 1956-1970s - Steppe (Kurgan Hypothesis)
H. Krahe 1957 - Northern Europe
G. Schwantes 1958 - the Paleolithic Continuity Theory
V. Georgiev 1958 - Europe or Western Anatolia
P. Bosch-Gimpera 1961 - between South Poland or Czechoslovakia and the Black Sea
V. Illic-Svityc 1960s - Anatolia
G. Devoto 1962 - Europe
H. Łowmiański 1963 - Central Asian Steppe
I. R. Danka 1966 - Danube Basin
T. Milewski 1968 - North European Plain
W. Scherer 1968 - Central and Southern Russia
G. Ivanescu 1970 - steppe of Kazakhstan, Steppe north of Caucasus, or Forest-Steppe north of it
R. A. Crossland 1971 - Steppe North-West of Black Sea
W. P. Schmid 1978 - North-Eastern Europe
I. Djakonov 1982 - Balkan-Carpathian territory
L. Kilian 1983 - between Black Sea & North Sea
T. Gamkrelidze & V. Ivanov 1984 - Armenian Plateau
A. Martinet 1986 - Eurasian Steppe
V. Sheveroshkin 1987 - Eastern Anatolia
A. Dolgopolsky 1987 - Eastern Anatolia
C. Renfrew 1987 - Anatolia (1993-2003: Balkans; 2005: the Paleolithic Continuity Theory)
A. K. Narain 1987 - Gansu (Yangshao culture) or Xinjiang regions of Western China as the original PIE homeland
M. Zvelebil 1988 - between Black Sea & North Sea
W. Mańczak 1988 - Poland
Safronov 1989 - Balkan-Carpathian areas
F. Kortlandt 1985-1990 - North of Caspian Sea
D. W. Anthony 1991 - between Dnieper and Volga
G. Decsy 1991 - Northern Germany
Z. Gołąb 1992 - Asian Steppe (east of Ural)
M. Alinei 1996 - the Paleolithic Continuity Theory
J. Nichols 1997 - Bactria and Sogdiana (east of Caspian Sea, borderland of Afganistan-Turkmenistan-Uzbekistan-Tajikistan)
J. P. Mallory 1997 - Pontic-Caspian Steppe
V. Mair 1998 - the concept of "Linguistic Amoeba" ("Schprachamobe")
H. J. Holm 2000s - first split of PIE language into 2 languages was manifested in archaeology by division into CWC and Yamnaya
K. T. Witczak 2003 - Anatolia
R. Gray & Q. Atkinson 2003 - Anatolia
J.-P. Demoule 2015 - Indo-Europeans are the untraceable people that racist fantasies are obsessed with
W. Haak 2015 - Eurasian Steppe
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