Population structure of modern-day Italians reveals patterns of ancient and archaic ancestries in So

[Token]

European populations display low genetic diversity as the result of long term blending of the small number of ancient founding ancestries. However it is still unclear how the combination of ancient ancestries related to early European foragers, Neolithic farmers and Bronze Age nomadic pastoralists can fully explain genetic variation across Europe. Populations in natural crossroads like the Italian peninsula are expected to recapitulate the overall continental diversity, but to date have been systematically understudied. Here we characterised the ancestry profiles of modern-day Italian populations using a genome-wide dataset representative of modern and ancient samples from across Italy, Europe and the rest of the world. Italian genomes captured several ancient signatures, including a non-steppe related substantial ancestry contribution ultimately from the Caucasus. Differences in ancestry composition as the result of migration and admixture generated in Italy the largest degree of population structure detected so far in the continent and shaped the amount of Neanderthal DNA present in modern-day populations.

[Creoda]

Differences in ancestry composition as the result of migration and admixture generated in Italy the largest degree of population structure detected so far in the continent and shaped the amount of Neanderthal DNA present in modern-day populations.

Can someone translate this into English for me?

[Token]

Can someone translate this into English for me?

Italy is the country in Europe with the highest regional diversity, basically.

[gıulıoımpa]

i knew (correct me if i'm wrong ) that much of the present Neanderthal Heritage in Europe came out of Italy in a "second phase" after near complete annihilation in the rest of eruope to partially reconquer western europe and re- Neanderthalize it

[Kelmendasi]

The Caucasus admixture may be like the one in the Balkans. It seems to have arrived during the Bronze Age from west Asia and may be attributed to the arrival of certain J2a clade and perhaps some J1.

[Kelmendasi]

i knew (correct me if i'm wrong ) that much of the present Neanderthal Heritage in Europe came out of Italy in a "second phase" after near complete annihilation in the rest of eruope to partially reconquer western europe and re- Neanderthalize it

Reich suggests that Neanderthal ancestry in Europeans comes from intermixture between Homo Sapiens in the near east and Neanderthals that also inhabited the area. So you can assume that it was probably Neolithic farmers or other groups from west Asia that gave most of the Neanderthal admixture in Europeans. Paleolithic Europeans originally don't seem to have had Neanderthal admix as they moved into Europe before this mixing event, though I think it is logical to assume that later on they did mix. Oase sample from Romania seems to have had a lot of Neanderthal admix and predates Neolithic farmers, but, according to Reich this population group was a "dead end" and didn't influence modern Europeans.

[Kelmendasi]

Also seems that the Bell Beaker peoples in Sicily had a very small amount of Steppe admix, around 5%. Whilst the ones in northern Italy had a higher amount at around 14%. Though both groups seem to have had Anatolian Bronze Age admixture. The Bell Beaker groups from northern Italy plot quite close to modern north Italians, though the ones in Sicily plot with Neolithic European groups. Southern Italy showed the most CHG admix. North Italy always seems to have been different from the south.

[Token]

Reich suggests that Neanderthal ancestry in Europeans comes from intermixture between Homo Sapiens in the near east and Neanderthals that also inhabited the area. So you can assume that it was probably Neolithic farmers or other groups from west Asia that gave most of the Neanderthal admixture in Europeans. Paleolithic Europeans originally don't seem to have had Neanderthal admix as they moved into Europe before this mixing event, though I think it is logical to assume that later on they did mix. Oase sample from Romania seems to have had a lot of Neanderthal admix and predates Neolithic farmers, but, according to Reich this population group was a "dead end" and didn't influence modern Europeans.

Crown Eurasians actually had more Neanderthal than Dzudzuana (who accounts for basically the entire genepool of Anatolian farmers), including some Denisovan via East Asian admixture into Villabruna and ANE cluster. The explanation for this are the high levels of Basal Eurasian admixture - with negligible archaic admixture - of Anatolian/European farmers, that's why modern-day Northern Europeans got significantly more archaic admixture than EEF-rich Southern Europeans.

[Kelmendasi]

Crown Eurasians actually had more Neanderthal than Dzudzuana (who accounts for basically the entire genepool of Anatolian farmers), including some Denisovan via East Asian admixture into Villabruna and ANE cluster. The explanation for this are the high levels of Basal Eurasian admixture - with negligible archaic admixture - of Anatolian/European farmers, that's why modern-day Northern Europeans got significantly more archaic admixture than EEF-rich Southern Europeans.

Yh that would make sense. I guess that maybe it was another population group that moved into Europe from the near east rather than the Neolithic farmers. Reich also noted that Europeans have less Neanderthal admixture when compared to east Asians due to one of the ancestral groups of Europeans arriving before the mixture event in the near east, whilst the all the ancestral groups to east Asians took part in this mixture. What is your opinion on this?

[Token]

Yh that would make sense. I guess that maybe it was another population group that moved into Europe from the near east rather than the Neolithic farmers. Reich also noted that Europeans have less Neanderthal admixture when compared to east Asians due to one of the ancestral groups of Europeans arriving before the mixture event in the near east, whilst the all the ancestral groups to east Asians took part in this mixture. What is your opinion on this?

He might be referring to Basal Eurasians, though they only made their way into Europe with early farmers. Before that, only Iron Gates showed affinities to Dzudzuana. BE split off before Crown Eurasian expansions, just after the OOA bottleneck and before the Neanderthal inter-breeding event. They are so far the only Eurasian lineage (if they ever existed as a pure population) with negligible archaic admixture.