So what is a Brunn?

[steven tipton]

Is it a bell beaker type?.. there was no celtic invasion right ..
so is the brunn just a classification or does it exist ethnically?

[steven tipton]

why is it whenever someone has red haird people pretty much go for brunn.. red hair was a celtic/germanic trait right ? unique to neither

[Ryuk]

Is it a bell beaker type?.. there was no celtic invasion right ..
so is the brunn just a classification or does it exist ethnically?

Brunn a phenotype class,it mainly find in Irland and Britania.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&sour...=1550766330047

And no,not all red hair as a brunn,but because the Celtic heritage most of brunn are redhead.

[Knight Slayer]

Bruun was intended to be an Upper-Paleolithic type from coon. In 1939, in The Races of Europe, coon termed the Borreby, the Brunn, and the Tronder as being Upper-Paleolithic survivors. He later did away with this system and adopted Deniker and Hooton's scheme. Hooton was the mentor of Coon. Hooton responded and educated Coon.

From Hooton:

Carleton S. Coon's Preview of the Data of this Survey

THE preliminary data of this survey were made available to Professor Carleton S. Coon for use in his work, "The Races of Europe"(Coon, 1939, pp 376-84). Dr. Coon's summary of the material presented in detail here will be found, by anyone who takes the trouble to check his figures with ours, to differ insignificantly in some of the means and percentages quoted, because Coon used the results of our first statistical run which was superseded by a completely new statistical analysis when some of the data had been found incorrectly sorted in respect of the county groupings. However, the Coon preview is substantially correct and is, in our opinion an excellent summary. It is Coon's interpretations that we wish to discuss here.

His conclusions are most conveniently embodied in the following quotations:

In stature and in sagittal dimensions of the head and face, the composite Irishman might well be considered a Nordic in the Iron Age sense, of the Hallstatt variety as represented of living inhabitants of eastern Norway, or even of the Keltic Iron Age variety as represented by abundant skeletal series from England. But in total bulk and in lateral diameters, he exceeds any known Nordic form, and in fact cannot be considered an unmixed descendant of the greater Mediterranean family of races. He is comparable in these respects to western Norwegians, to the Livs, and to some of the Finns. In order to explain his metrical character, it is necessary to invoke the mass absorption by either Mesolithic Atlanto-Mediterraneans, or Iron Age Nordics, or both, of an earlier Upper Paleolithic strain, which entered Ireland in a Mesolithic cultural tradition. The living composite Irishman is not a pure Cromagnon or Brunn-Predmost man, but it would be no exaggeration to say that, from a metrical standpoint, at least half of his genetic ancestry is to be derived from such a source. Since the number of Mesolithic cultural survivors must have been quite small in proportion to that of the later invaders of Ireland, we are faced with a not uncommon situation, in which an older racial element has, by differential breeding rates, reemerged(Coon, 1939, p. 378).

....the Irish people represent a blend of two principal racial groups, (a) the survivors of the unreduced Upper Paleolithic people of northwestern Europe, in a mesocephalic or sub-brachycephalic form, and (b) a Keltic Iron Age Nordic. The other two factors, (c) the tall, long-headed Mediterranean form brought by the Megalithic invaders, and (d) the Dinaric introduced during the Bronze Age, have both been submerged by the earliest and latest population waves.

The Upper Paleolithic people are concentrated in southwestern Ireland, especially in Kerry and Cork; just in the part of Ireland from which the Irish in America are mostly derived. The Iron Age element is concentrated in the eastern counties and in the fertile Great Plain region of central Ireland; what other Nordic elements are found also in the east, and the latter is particularly common among members of the Protestant landlord class (Coon, 1939, p. 3830.



The principal point at issue is Coon's hypothesis of the "survival" or "reemergence of Upper Paleolithic" types, which is his favorite theme and explanation of the occurance of tall, rugged dolicocephals and brachycephals in northwestern Europe. There is, it seems to us, no a priori objection to identifying or designating certain contemporary crania as of "Upper Paleolithic" type, providing that they do, in fact, more closely resemble Upper Paleolithic skulls metrically and morphologically than they resemble other crania of later archaeological provenience. It is a much more precarious business to select living individuals, whose crania are clothed with flesh and other soft parts, as representing Upper Paleolithic types, since, without and X-ray eye, it is very difficult to discern many important morphological details of the cranium, to say nothing of the fact that comparatively little of the detail of eyes, nose, ears, lips can be deduced from a study of the skull and absolutely nothing at all relative to pigmentation and among and character of hair. Hence, if we designate certain living types as "Upper Paleolithic survivors" we are not on solid grounds as to their cranial features and have no ground at all to stand upon as respects their resemblance to men of the Paleolithic in soft parts of the head and face. Nevertheless, in spite pf these objections, it is by no means improbable that some rugged, primitive-looking contemporary men are replicas of their Upper Paleolithic ancestors and it is not wholly objectionable and indefensible to designate them tentatively by names suggesting such resemblance.


However, the implication that such contemporary "Upper Paleolithic" types represent actual straight line descendants of genetically isolated Paleolithic stocks is very difficult to accept anywhere, and especially in a region so thoroughly overrun by successive streams of invaders and colonizers as has been the case in Western Europe and even in Ireland, its jumping-off place.


Again, although there is considerable skeletal and other evidence that suggests that a certain process of slenderizing and refinement has commonly taken place in Homo sapiens since the close of the Ice Age, tending to produce human types with less massive skeletal structure and of generally more gracile form; it is hardly reasonable to designate all of the rugged, heavy-boned men as "Paleolithic survivors" and to relegate all of the less sturdy to other categories which have putatively undergone "reduction". We cannot be sure that the entire recent trend of evolution of Homo sapiens has been consistently in the same direction. It is wholly possible that high-statured, heavy-boned massive types have emerged in certain areas as a result of diet and other environmental conditions, hybridization and heterosis, or other causes quite removed from having preserved unbroken types of their Paleolithic ancestors. Of course, all of us must have had Paleolithic ancestors and probably some of them were runts and some giants.


In the case of the Irish, it seems to us unsafe to conclude that because they are tall and have big heads, they are necessarily derived in large measure from putative Mesolithic settlers of "Upper Paleolithic" types. In the first place we have no skeletal remains that can be attributed with certainty to these Mesolithic settlers and consequently we do not know that they were of the "Brunn" and the "Borreby" types. In the second place there is no evidence of a Mesolithic culture in Kerry and Cork, or anywhere in western Ireland, where Dr. Coon identifies as living types as particularly little modified "Paleolithic survivors." To suppose that these massive physically superior western Irish types were necessarily the earliest in Ireland and were banished to the farthest and least desiring quarters of the island by physically inferior invaders who knew how to polish stone is a somewhat gratuitous assumption. Actually, we are far more certain that the Bronze Age or Beaker types of men who invaded Great Britain and Ireland, were tall, heavy-boned, and generally rugged, than we are of such characteristics of Upper Paleolithic or Mesolithic inhabitants of the British Isles. Of course, we can argue that the Bronze Age invaders are themselves "Paleolithic survivors," but that gets us nowhere.


One of the principal difficulties encountered by the student who attempts to use Coon's racial classification of whites is his failure to define clearly the pigmental characteristics of the racial or sunracial types that he distinguishes. This is apparently a consequence of his attempt to base his classifications primarily upon the cranial forms of archaeological specimens of which the pigmental associations are naturally unknown. Coon recognizes "Large-headed Paleolithic survivors"-- the dolicocephalic brunn and the brachycephalic Borreby; "Pure and Mixed Paleolithic and Mesolithic Survivors of Moderate Head Size"--mostly brachycephals and including Alpines, "Ladogans"(divided into Neo-Danubians and East Baltic) and Lapps(Coon, 1939, pp. 291-92). This second group of "survivors" is supposed to be somewhat "reduced" in head size, and, in the case of the Alpines, "foetalized." His third group comprises of "Pure" and Mixed Unbrachycephalized Mediterraneans Derivatives." Under this are included a general group, "Mediterraneans," with the following subtypes: (a) Mediterranean proper - defined merely as short-statured, dolichocephalic and mesocephalic, (b) Atlanto-Mediterraneans - described as tall, straight-nosed and markedly dolichocephalic, and (c) Irano-Afghans - long-faced, high-headed, hook-nosed, usually of tall stature. The second group, Nordics, is divided into 4 living varieties: (a) Keltic Iron Age type, described as mesocephalic and low-vaulted with a prominent nose; (b) Anglo-Saxon type -"heavy-boned and rather high-headed"; (c) Trondelagen type - stated to be a hybrid type; (d) Osterdal type - "the original Hallstatt Nordic, smaller-headed and finer-boned" than the two previous Nordic types enumerated.


Finally Coon has a group of "brachycephalized Mediterranean Derivatives, probably Mixed." It includes (1) Dinarics - "a tall brachycephalic type of intermediate pigmentation, usually planoccipital, and showing the facial and nasal prominence of Near Eastern peoples"; (2) Armenoids - a similar type to the above, but with larger face and nose, usually brunet pigmentation and well developed pilous system; (3) Noric - "a blond, planocciptal brachycephalic."

All of these types are described in greater detail in the sections of Coon's work on the various parts of Europe where they occur. Apparently Coon's primary criteria of classification are absolute head size and the cranial index, together with massiveness of gracility of the cranial, facial, and postcranial skeleton. Of lesser importance in his scheme are stature and the form of the nose and face. The importance of hair color, eye color, and skin color is still less. It is implied that all of the varieties of Mediterranean are brunet, and of Nordic blond, but we are unable to deduce from his work whether a blue-eyed dark-haired dolicocephal should be classified as "Atlanto-Mediterranean" or "Keltic Iron Age." We think that Coon would include most of our "Keltic" type under his Atlanto-Mediterranean class, but those medium brown hair under his Keltic Iron Age type which was a subdivision of Nordic. Coon did not utilize our sorted types, since, of course, they do not conform to his scheme of classification. This difference in classification makes it very difficult for us to compare Coon's conclusions on Irish anthropology with ours, in spite of the fact that he has utilized our data. Our deductions with regard to historic and prehistoric sequences of types are based upon distributions of types established by sorting on the basis of objective criteria; his are based upon the general metric and morpholigical features of the entire Irish series of males, intergrated subjectely into a sort of composite Irish type, and then subdivided in accordance with his ideas as to their relationships to Paleolithic cranial types or cranial types of later origin, with some attention paid to the geographical distribution of these types within Ireland. Our sorted types are definite and rigid to the extent of being, possibly Procrustean. Coon's are indefinite, fluid, and almost Protean.



However, many of the differences are of a minor character. For example, there is probably no difference between Coon's "Mediterranean Proper" and our "Pure Mediterranean," nor between his Dinaric type and ours, except that ours includes also some of Coon's blond "Nordics." Coon's "Atlanto-Mediterranean" type apparently includes most of our Keltic and Nordic-Mediterranean types, but some with especially big heads he would assign to to them Brunn Paleolithic type. Our Nordic-Alpine type seems to conform generally with Coon's Alpine, because he does not insist upon dark eyes as a criterion of the type, although we gather that he considers the hair color to be medium brown or darker. But some of our large-headed Alpines would be assigned to the Borreby type by Coon. All of our Pure and Predominantly Nordic types would fall somewhere in Coon's Nordic group and our East Baltic type would be the same as his, with again exception of those considered by him to have too massive heads.



Having cleared the ground for a comparison of Coon's results with ours, by attempting to equate his racial classification with ours, we may now proceed to a brief discussion of the differences and agreements in conclusions. In the first place, we do not think that the big-headed, heavy-bodied men of western and especially southwestern Ireland are necessarily Upper Paleolithic or Mesolithic "survivors" or descendants, because we have no evidence that the Mesolithic people of Ireland either possessed such physical characteristics or ever reached western and southwestern Ireland.

We do not agree that size and ruggedness of the cranial vault and stature are sufficient criteria for the identification of Upper Paleolithic or Mesolithic types. The evidence for the stature and general size of Mesolithic man in northwestern Europe is so scanty as to be almost infinitesimal. The chances of a direct genetic survival of a Mesolithic or Upper Paleolithic type in western Ireland, either through isolation and inbreeding or selective survival, seem to us very small. On the other hand, there is nothing improbable about the idea of a "reemergence" of the Irish Mesolithic or Paleolithic types in the more remote areas of Ireland or elsewhere in isolated regions northwestern Europe. We think that such ancient types do recur in modern man by recombinations of ancestral characters. We do not know that the western Irish represent such a "reemergence" of Irish Mesolithic types because we do not know what the latter were. We are perfectly willing to admit that these western Irish do appear to be similar in the flesh to those of heavy-featured northwestern Danes, Germans and Norwegians whom Coon refers to as the survival of Paleolithic strains. It seems very unlikely to us, nevertheless, that "at least half of the genetic ancestry" of the composite modern Irishman is to be referred to the survival of strains from the original Mesolithic settlers.



Our second disagreement with Dr. Coon is in his conclusion that the second principal Irish stock(in addition to "survivors of the unreduced Upper Paleolithic people") is Keltic Iron Age Nordic. All of the types that can, by any reasonable extension of the term, be called "Nordic" do not amount to much more than 7 percent of Irish males and our evidence suggests that these more or less blond and long-headed types are more plausibly referable to the later colonizations of Norwegians, Danes, and Scots, and even Normans and English, than to Iron Age Keltics. We think that the earlier Keltic invasions(all of them Iron Age) were Nordic Mediterranean and the later, probably Keltic(in our sense of long-headed, dark-haired and light-eyed), and the last, that of the Goidels, mainly Nordic-Alpine and possibly Dinaric. The identification of our morphological types with different waves of Keltic invaders are admittedly speculative, but it is pretty certain that the supposition that the Iron Age Keltics were of a Nordic type is wrong.



Coon thinks that the tall, long-headed Mediterranean type was brought by the Megalithic invaders and it seems certain that some of our Nordic Mediterranean type must be referable to such a source, but it also seems necessary to suppose that many, if not most, of the preceding Neolithic and Mesolithic people belonged to this type, to say nothing of a considerable share of nearly every later invading people. The long-headed, dark-haired, tall type of mixed pigmentation is the basic and leading type in Ireland and nearly every county group in the island. We think, also on the basis of very tenuous evidence indeed, that a short, very dark Mediterranean type(our "Pure Mediterranean") may be connected with the coming of some of the more elaborate types of passage-graves. We see no sign of the "submergence" of the Mediterranean type except in so far as purely dark eyes have nearly disappeared and short stature is generally uncommon.



Coon speaks of the Dinaric type as having been introduced during the Bronze Age, and on the basis of the archaeological evidence consisting of all too few skulls, he is perfectly correct, but he neglects the Alpine or our Nordic Alpine type, which on the same evidence also appeared during the Bronze Age and is today numerically nearly as strong as the Dinaric, and only partly coincident with the latter in distribution . Nor does Dr. Coon's statement in regard to the concentration of of Nordic elements in the eastern counties of Ireland and in the fertile Great Plain region of central Ireland entirely fit the distributional facts, especially in respect of the "easterly counties." Moreover, the Bronze Age minority, if it is to be identified with our Dinarics or even our Nordic Alpines, is certainly not strong in the east but concentrated in the west and southwest.



We may conclude this discussion by the summarizing statements that Dr. Coon's very able analysis of Irish racial composition and history, based upon our data, seems to us to exaggerate the supposedly "Upper Paleolithic" elements in the contemporary Irish population and also of the "Nordic elements". The basic Irish strain today is, and probably always has been, a tall, long-headed, dark haired mixed-eyed or dark-eyed type which we call Nordic Mediterranean and is surely not referable for the most part, to Mesolithic inhabitants of Ireland, although they probably contributed to it. The second strain is also long-headed and dark-haired but light-eyed. We have called it "Keltic." Some of this type may have some in during the Megalithic period. We think that more may have been brought by the Laginian Keltic invasion.



So far as archaeological evidence carries us, round-headed types first appeared in the Bronze Age. It is possible, of course, that some of the Mesolithic settlers with Coon's Upper Paleolithic skull type may have been brachycephalic! But we are not aware of any brachycephals in Britiain during the Upper Paleolithic or Mesolithic periods. Dr. Coon neglects entirely to mention the lowly Alpine type in Ireland, preferring, we suppose, to assign all brachycephals that are not Dinarics to Upper Paleolithic or Mesolithic Borreby type. However, a considerable proportion of our Nordic Alpines are brachycephals without great dimensions of the cranial vault and are also somewhat shorter and broader in the body than most Irish types. I am afraid that we must admit their Alpine affinity and bring them in, not only in the Bronze Age, but with the later invasions of Fir Bolg, Goidels, Danes and even Normans!

Coon realized the errors in his Upper-Paleolithic claims and went along with Denikers term, "North-Western", and placed the Brunn and Upper-Paleolithic survivors under that category. Northwestern was a Nordic-Mediterranean mixed with Alpine.