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The PoBI came up with the same scenario as the Insular Celtic paper. Wales is a bit more unique in these studies than even Ireland. The only more outlier place is Orkney
As I've stated people here over emphasis phenotypical differences and I'm not getting involved in that aspect any more.It is instructive to consider the tree that describes the hierarchical splitting of the 2,039 genotyped individuals into successively finer clusters (Fig. 1). The coarsest level of genetic differentiation (i.e. the assignment into two clusters) separates the samples in Orkney from all others. Next the Welsh samples separate from the other non-Orkney samples. Subsequent splits reveal more subtle differentiation (reflected in the shorter distances between branches), including separation of north and south Wales, then separation of the north of England, Scotland, and Northern Ireland from the rest of England, and separation of samples in Cornwall from the large English cluster. There is a single large cluster (red squares) that covers most of central and southern England and extends up the east coast. Strikingly, even at the finest level of differentiation returned by fineSTRUCTURE (53 clusters), this cluster remains largely intact, and contains almost half the individuals (1,006) in our study.
This is interesting as well.
The clustering (Fig. 1 and Extended Data Fig. 3) is striking both for its exquisite differentiation over small distances and the stability of some clusters over very large distances. Genetic differentiation within the UK is not related in a simple way to geographical distance. Examples of fine-scale differentiation include the separation of: islands within Orkney; Devon from Cornwall; and the Welsh/English borders from surrounding areas. The edges between clusters follow natural geographical boundaries in some instances, e.g. between Devon and Cornwall (boundaries the Tamar Estuary and Bodmin Moor), and Orkney is separated by sea from Scotland. However, in many instances clusters span geographic boundaries; e.g. the clusters in Northern Ireland span the sea to Scotland.
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