NEW 2019 LATIN AMERICAN GENETIC STUDY INCLUDING SEVERAL COUNTRIES
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31376146
https://ascpt.onlinelibrary.wiley.co....1002/cpt.1598
Genomic ancestry, CYP2D6, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 among Latin‐Americans
Methods
Subjects, Populations and Groups
From the 6,060 individuals genotyped for CYP2D6, CYP2C9 or CYP2C19 polymorphisms13, 3,387 were analyzed for individual ancestry in the present study, with the following distribution (Table 1): (i) 1,051 Native Americans from Mexico, Costa Rica and Peru, representing North, Central and South America, respectively. They live in rural populations, are locally recognized as indigenous and are settled in regions where the population is predominantly indigenous; (ii) 38 Afro -Latin Americans, that self-reported as Afro -descendants in Costa Rica and reported to have four Black grandparents in Cuba; (iii) 163 self-reported Ashkenazi Jews from Argentina; (iv) 206 Cubans that self-reported to have four White grandparents, (v) 1,442 admixed (Mestizo) in the Hispanic America; (vi) 371 Spaniards and 116 Portuguese. For Native American populations, we followed the ethno -linguistic classification by Campbell15 (Table 1). University of Extremadura and local IRBs approved the use of studied sample for the present study.
Results
Ancestry analysis confirms that populations classified as Native American in Mexico, Costa Rica and Peru have at least 86% of Native American ancestry (Figure 1B, Table 1). The exceptions are the native Mayo population from Mexico (~40% of Old World admixture), and Bribri and Chorotega populations from Costa Rica (European ancestry 18% and 22%, respectively). We studied a broad spectrum of 31 autochthonous and admixed populations distributed across Latin America. Among urban admixed populations, Native American ancestry is predominant in admixed Peruvians (from Lima, 71%), admixed Ecuadorians (from Quito and Guayaquil, 61%) and admixed Mexicans (from Distrito Federal, 60%). Interestingly, Lima -Peru admixed have similar Old World ancestry than some populations classified as Native Americans, such as the Mayo from Mexico (61%) and the Costa Rican Chorotega (69%). European ancestry predominates in Argentinians Ashkenazi Jews (88%), Argentinians (82%), Uruguayans (78%), Brazilians (68%) and Cubans (64%), all considered admixed populations. The admixed Nicaraguans and Costa Ricans have the most balanced admixture among the studied populations (Native American, European and African ancestry, respectively: 41%, 45% and 14% for Nicaragua and 40%, 43% and 17% for Costa Rica). The populations with the highest African ancestry are the Costa Rican Blacks (86%) and Cuban Blacks (52%), where some individuals reach >90% of African ancestry.
INDIVIDUAL RESULTS BARPLOTS
Figure 1. Genomic ancestry of studied individuals and populations and African Yoruba (Nigerians) from the 1000 Genomes Project, based on the 83 ancestry informative markers (AIMs). (A) Principal Component (PC) Analysis representation. Individuals are colored according to geographic regions. (B) Vertical barplots of individual continental ancestry.
1: African Yoruba from Nigeria, 1000 Genomes Project;
2: Spaniards from Extremadura,
3: Portuguese;
4: Ashkenazi from Argentina;
5: Ashaninka from Peru;
6: Shimaa from Peru;
7: Aymara from Peru;
8: Mexicaneros from Mexico;
9: Seris from Mexico,
10: Tepehuanos from Mexico;
11: Tarahumaras from Mexico;
12: Guarijios from Mexico;
13: Huicholes from Mexico;
14: Coras from Mexico;
15: Lacandones from Mexico;
16: E. Lacandones from Mexico;
17: Tzeltales from Mexico;
18: Mayos from Mexico;
19: Costa Rica populations: 1st: Bribri, 2nd: Chorotega, 3rd: Guaymí, 4th: Admixed population, 5th AfroCaribbeans;
20: Admixed from Mexico (DF);
21: Admixed from Chiapas, Mexico
22: Admixed from Peru;
23: Admixed from Nicaragua;
24: Admixed from Brazil;
25: White Cuban,
26: Afro-Caribbeans from Cuba,
27: Admixed from Cuba;
28: Admixed from Ecuador;
29: Admixed from Argentina;
30: Admixed from Uruguay.
Here i resized the bigger barplots of this study so they can be comparable
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