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Japanese ethnogenesis
The haplogroups that exist today in the Japanese population are D-M55, C-M8, O-M176, O-CTS713, O-M134, O-L682, C-CTS2657, C-M93, C-Z31698, C-F845, C-M86.
Four haplogroups can be identified as being unique in Japan, D-M55, C-M8, O-CTS713, C-Z31698, while all the others can be attributed to mainland or Austronesian contribution.
Regarding the native haplogroups there is a cline from north to south for D-M55, a cline from south to north for C-M8 and a mainland cline for O-CTS713, pertaining to the three ethnicities of Ainu, Ryukyuans and Japanese. However, Ainu have no C-M8 or O-CTS713, whereas all Ryukyuans have O-CTS713 as well and all Japanese have C-M8 as well. Also, Ainu have ~25% C-M217 and Ryuykyuans have a high frequency of D-M55 ~56%.
O-CTS713, more commonly known with its old name O-47z, is the main Yayoi haplogroup, existing in a frequency of ~21% in all of Japan and connected with the dispersal of japonic languages. This is obviously the Yamato haplogroup, the main ethnicity of Japan. In Nara, initial control center for Yamato, the O subclades combined together account for 80%. It is a sbuclade of O-M176, which also includes Korean O-L682 and Manchu O-F940. These haplotypes are responsible for the typical Japanese and Korean look. Japanese, Korean and Manchu languages have many similarities, suggestive of an old substratal language family. O-M176 is a brother clade of O-M95, a haplogroup that is connected with the Austroasiatic languages. According to the 2015 automated similarity judgement program, the japonic languages were indeed grouped together with the Austroasiatic languages. Austroasiatic, not "austronesian" as is erroneously perpetuated. The austronesian O-M93 is ~0% in Japan and whatever austronesian influence has entered from trade relations at an early stage. This program compared forty words of the basic vocabulary of many language families, confirming for this one that Japanese language has heavily influenced the Ainu language as well. So, at its ancestral form, O-M176 may have represented a para-Austroasiatic language family.
The frequency of D-M55 or D1b is the highest in the Ainu of Hokkaido but exists in all japanese archipelago, and is presumed to have entered 40,000 years BCE. This y-dna haplogroup is best associated with the Ainu languages, based on current and former ranges of the Ainu languages and the Japanese isoglosses. If it proves to bear a genetic relationship with the Kusunda language of the Himalayas which is connected to D1a, or the Andamanese languages which are connected to D1c, this case will be confirmed. Otherwise, it is most certainly an altaic language, elements of which it already posseses. Haplogroup D-M55 is found among many Samurai clans and Japanese attribute the
elevated frequency of this haplogroup today to feudal medieval wars and ruling dynasties. Miyamoto and Taira clans, the Rokkaku clan, Tokugawa and the imperial family have been positive for D-M55.
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C-M8 is highest in Ryukyuans but reaches a good frequency well until Aomori and Hokkaido Japanese but becomes 0% in the Ainu. It has been found with a frequency 5-15% 20180310121531.png in Japanese. Its frequency correlates with the divesity of Japonic languages, having 11 languages in the Ryukyuan islands, and modern Japanese language spoken in the rest of the country. It is associated with the ancient Hayato people who may have spoken an Austronesian language, elements of which undoubtedly penetrated or set the base for the modern japonic languages. The phonology of Japanese is often compared to Polynesian languages who are partially connected to C-M208 which is from the same C branch as C1. It is higher in the east coast, since these people had a navy past. It entered Japan approximately 12,000 years ago, and is therefore the haplogroup best linked with the dispersal of Jomon culture. It is important as it is the only native mongoloid haplogroup for the Japanese. It is also most likely the source of the special form of Sundadonty found in the japanese archipelago.
It has been found in the Minatogawa man, the proto-mongoloid man found in Minatogawa remains and Toyotomi Hideyoshi, unifier of Japan, based on his tooth sample. The distributions C-M8 and O-CTS713 match so close together that they have definitely co-operated in the history of Japan.
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The areas of Mie and Shiga, in the proximity of Iga and Kouka, the historical shinobi or ninja lands, display a high frequency for the native haplogroups O-CTS713 (50%), D-M55 (40%) and C-M8 (8.8%) while there are not many Chinese and Korean subclades. This has to be compared with their turmoil historical past, as either these places were too hard to access for mainland immigrants, or the shinobi, being indeed mainland overcomers have been eliminated at the 1581 expedition by Oda Nobunaga. As for this case, testing descendants of the historical shinobi clans, will reveal the truth.
C-Z31698 is the second basal branch of C-L1373, which includes all mainland Altaic branches, making it an island Altaic branch and is associated with the dispersal of a stone type of culture in eastern Japan, meaning north Japan. It may have been one of the Emishi people and could have played a part in the formation of the Ainu lnaguages. It was present in Jomon remains.
Mtdna B4 has been the mitochondrial partner of O-CTS713 and together they are responsible for the low frequency of afb1b3 gene in Japan.
Y-dna O is best associated with mtdna B from all chinese, japanese and austronesian data.
The mitochondrial partners of D-M55 would include a wide range from G, M, D and later with N9b as well. All y-dna D subclades in Asia are best associated with mtdna M subclades and together they form the paleo-asiatic race. The gm genes with which they would have been associated include ag, axg and ab1c.
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M7a is the mitochondrial partner of C-M8. It seems to have entered the islands as well from the south and its distribution fixes with Japan.
C-M8 and M7a are most likely responsible for the high frequency ab3st gene in Japan. Of course, in the Ainu it is C-M217 which is responsible for ab3st, where they are both fixed at 25%.
Y-dna C in general seems to be associated for the most part with mtdna M, but with an extremely reduced diversity.
The Ainu received influence from the Nivkhs, acquiring mtdna Y and y-dna C-M86 and C-CTS2657. They had good trade relations and Nivkhs often sent their daughters to marry into Ainu families.
Now regarding "gaijin" haplogroups.
O-L682 enjoys high frequency in Korea and has crossed over with Korean immigrants. Same for C-CTS2657, but this has also played a part in the history of Japan in the Kofun period. They could have been Baekche speakers and is found in some leaders of that period. Their language influenced japanese mainly in phonology but even then not entirely, since it was nine-vowel and japanese remained five-vowel. Both helped shape the culture of Japan.
O-M117 with the lesser O-F444, O-F238, O-F11, O-F915, O-PK4, are found with an up to 25% frequency and is attributed to various Chinese and other Sinitic immigrants who helped shape the culture of Japan.
O-P203 and O-M119 are found with a low frequency and attributed to Austronesian influence.
C-M93 is found with an extremely low frequency of 0.1% in Japan but is higher in Kyushu up to 7%. It has been reported ~790 times in tests in South Korea and it could have a relationship with the Yamato people or the Gaya language. It is now known that it is a subclade of C-F845, a group frequently found in South China and Indochina.
N-M231 and Q-M120 are both found with a very low frequency of ~1%, but Q-M120, the Q branch found in Japan, is mostly concentrated on Aomori prefecture.
Constant migration from the mainland has shifted Japan from y-dna D to the CF side, while mtdna D4 seems to have dramatically reduced the frequency of native mtdna clades.
O-CTS713, O-L682, O-M134, N-M231 and Q-M120 are technically caucasoid haplogroups, C-M8, C-Z31698, C-CTS2657, C-F3880, C-F845 are mongoloid haplogroups and D-M55 is the proto-Asian haplogroup, although it is technically a negrito haplogroup, whereas it is treated as proto-mongoloid by the Japanese.
Y-dna F subclades usually display wavy hair and sharp canines, north C subclades extremely straigt hair and sinodonty, south C subclades sundadonty, and D subclades indodonty.
The Ainu would resemble the philippinese negritos in having the smallest teeth and probably shifted from indodonty to sundadonty and sinodonty for Sakhalin Ainu under the influence of mongoloid migrations.
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We could say therefore that somehow the unique culture of Japan has found support in genetics.
Some modern examples of dna tests from famous Japanese persons are;
Takafumi Horie Horiemon D-M55
Takemura Kenichi D-M55
Sudo Genki D-M55
Kaku Michio D-M55
Matayoshi Naoki D-M55
Abe Hiroshi D-M55
Hosokawa Shigeki D-M55
Sakaguchi Kazuaki D-M55
Ueda Shinya O-M268
Arita Teppei O3
Mogi Kenichiro O3a3
Matsuoka Atsushi O-M122
Shigeno Ken O-CTS713
Kojima Takanori O-CTS7620
Masaaki Sakai C-M217
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Originally Posted by Sören
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