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The Hegelian Dialectic
The Doctrine of Being
o Quality of Being:
A. Being
B. Being Determinate
C. Being-for-Self
o Quantity of Being
A. Pure Quantity
B. Quantum (How much?)
C. Degree
o Measure_of_Being
The Doctrine of Essence
I. ESSENCE AS GROUNDING OF EXISTENCE – Noumenon/Noumena
(A). The Pure Categories/Principles of Reflection
(B). Existence
(C) The Thing
II. APPEEARANCE – Phenomenon/Phenomena
(A). The World of Appearance
(B). Content and Form
(C). Relation or Correlation
III. ACTUALITY
(A). Relationship of Substantiality
(B) Relationship of Causality
(C). Reciprocity or Action and Reaction
The Doctrine of Notion/Concept
I. The Subjective Notion
II. The Object
III. The Idea
- Life
- Cognition in General
- The Absolute Idea
The Law of Unity & Conflict of Opposites = [The 1st Law of Dialectical Materialism]
“Everything is & is not” in contradistinction to “The Law of Excluded Middle which states: “Either is or is not; not both, and not neither; but either one (#Thesis) or the other (#Antithesis)”: of the (Formal) Logical Absolutes; also called “The Laws of Thought”.
= Every ‘thing’ is in a constant state of flux (being / not-being or nothing).
The Hegelian Dialectic obeys the Triadic Structure of Thesis, Antithesis, and Synthesis. For Example: Let the development of nothing(ness) from being (somethingness) = Thesis. Then, Antithesis is its converse:
- Let: the process of passing from being to nothing be := “ceasing to be” : => Thesis_1
- Let: from #nothing to #being: = “coming to be” : => Antithesis_1:
Therefore: Synthesis_1 = becoming;
In other words, being and its negation, nothing, synthesize a third entity - the synthesis - which is a sublimation of thesis (being) and antithesis (nothing) ---> synthesis (becoming). The synthesis and its own antithesis and lead to another synthesis, and so on. This process is infinite.
Contradictions in things can be expressed at three levels:
The Doctrine of #Being – “Contradiction in Being”
The Doctrine of #Essence – “Contradiction in Essence”
The Doctrine of #Notion – “Contradiction in Notion”
Things can be thought of as the unity of phenomenon (#Appearance of #Reality) and #noumenon (the #thing-in-#itself / #essence);
Dialectics is the #method of #reasoning which aims to understand things concretely: in all their movement/constant change and interconnection with their opposite and contradictory sides in unity. Dialectics is opposed to the formal, metaphysical mode of thought of ordinary understanding which begins with a fixed definition of a thing according to its various attributes.
The Appearance of The Reality of the “thing” is also called “The Phenomenon” = [Phenomenal Nature] = Appearance in Reality;
The Reality of the “thing” = the “thing in-itself” is called “The Noumenon”, or [Noumenal Nature] = Its Reality.
According to Ordinary Understanding of the Thing; There is no difference between the appearance of a thing and its essence, but for dialectics, the form and content of something can be quite contradictory: (Noumenon =/ = Phenomenon); Example, A parliamentary democracy is a democracy in form (notion/concept), but a dictatorship in content (essence/noumenon). For Dialectics, things can be #contradictory not just in #appearance, but in #essence (phenomenon vs. noumenon, respectively).
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