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Thread: Dialectical and Historical Materialism - Joseph Stalin

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    Default Dialectical and Historical Materialism - Joseph Stalin

    Dialectical materialism is the world outlook of the Marxist-Leninist party. It is called dialectical materialism because its approach to the phenomena of nature, its method of studying and apprehending them, is dialectical, while its method of interpretation of the phenomena of nature, its conception of these phenomena , its theory, is materialistic.
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    Historical materialism is the extension of the principles of dialectical materialism to the study of social life, an application of the principles of dialectical materialism to the phenomena of the life of society, to the study of society and of its history.

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    When describing their dialectical method, Marx and Engels usually refer to Hegel as the philosopher who formulated the main features of dialectics. This, however, does not mean dialectics of Marx and Engels is identical with the dialectics of Hegel. As a matter of fact, Marx and Engels took from the Hegelian dialectics only its "rational kernel", casting aside its Hegelian Idealistic shell, and developed dialectics further so as to lend it a modern scientific form.
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    "My dialectic method" says Marx, "is not only different from the Hegelian, but is its direct opposite. To Hegel,...the process of thinking which , under the name of the idea he even transforms into an independent subject, is the demiurgos (creator) of the real world, and the real world is only the external, phenomenal form of 'the Idea' . With me, on the contrary , the ideal is nothing else than the material world reflected by the human mind and translated into forms of thought. (Marx, Afterword to the Second German Edition of Volume I of Das Kapital (The Capital)).
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    When describing their materialism, Marx and Engels usually refer to Feuerbach as the philosopher who restored materialism to its rights. This, however, does not mean that the materialism of Marx and Engels is identical with Feuerbach's materialism. As a matter of fact, Marx and Engels took from Feuerbach's materialism its "inner kernel", as developed it into a scientific-philosophical theory of materialism and cast aside its idealistic and religious-ethical encumbrances. We know that Feuerbach although he was fundamentally a materialist, objected to the name materialism. Engels more than once declared that "in spite of" the materialist "foundation", Feuerbach "remained... bound by traditional idealist fetters." and that the "real idealism of Feuerbach becomes evident as soon as we come to his philosophy of religion and ethics." (Marx and Engels, Vol XIV, pp. 652-54)
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    Dialectics comes from the Greek dialego, to discourse, to debate. In ancient times dialectics was the art of arriving at the truth by disclosing the contradictions in the argument of an opponent and overcoming these contradictions. There were philosophers in ancient times who believed that the disclosure of contradictions in thought and the clash of opposite opinions was the best method of arriving at the truth. This dialectical method of thought later extended to the phenomena of nature, developed in to the dialectical method of apprehending nature, which regards the phenomena of nature as being in constant movement and undergoing constant change, and the development of nature as the result of the development of the contradictions in nature, as the result of the interaction of opposed forces in nature.
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    The Marxist Dialectical Method

    a) Nature Connected and Determined

    Contrary to metaphysics, dialectics does not regard nature as an accidental agglomeration of things, of phenomena unconnected with, isolated from , and independent of , each other, but as a connected and integral whole, in which things , phenomena are organically connected with, dependent on, and determined by, each other.

    The dialectical method therefore holds that no phenomenon in nature can be understood if taken by itself, isolated from surrounding phenomena, inasmuch as any phenomenon in any real of nature may become meaningless to us if it is not considered in connection with the surrounding conditions, but divorced from them: and that , vice versa any phenomenon can be understood and explained if considered in its inseparable connection with surrounding phenomena, as one conditioned by surrounding phenomena.

    b) Nature is a State of Continuous Motion and Change

    Contrary to metaphysics, dialectics holds that nature is not a state of rest and immobility, stagnation and immutability, but a state of continuous movement and change, of continuous renewal and development, where something is always arising and developing, and something always disintegrating and dying

    The dialectical method therefore requires that phenomena should be considered not only from the standpoint of their interconnection and interdependence, but also from the standpoint of their movement, their change, their development, their coming into being and going out of being.
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    c) Natural Quantitative Change Leads to Qualitative Change

    Contrary to metaphysics, dialectics does not regard the process of development as a simple process of growth, where quantitative changes to not lead to qualitative changes, but as a development which passes from insignificant and imperceptible quantitative changes to open fundamental changes to qualitative changes; a development in which the qualitative changes occur not gradually, but rapidly and abruptly, taking the form of a leap from one state to another: they occur not accidentally but as the natural result of an accumulation of imperceptible and gradual quantitative changes.

    The dialectical method therefore holds that the process of development should be understood not as a movement in a circle, not as a simple repetition of what has already occurred, but as an onward and upward movement, as a transition from an old qualitative state to a new qualitative state, as a development from the simple to the complex, from the lower to the higher.
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    Describing dialectical development as a transition from quantitative changes to qualitative changes, Engels says:

    "In physics...every change is a passing of quantity into quality, as a result of quantitative change of some form of movement either inherent in a body or imparted to it.

    For example, the temperature of water has at first no effect on its liquid state; but as the temperature of liquid water rises or falls, a moment arrives when this sate of cohesion changes and the water is converted in one case into steam and in the other into ice... A definite minimum current is required to make a platinum wire glow; every metal has its melting temperature; every liquid has its definite freezing point and boiling point at a given pressure, as far as we are able with the means at our disposal to attain the required temperatures; finally every gas has its critical point at which by proper pressure and cooling, it can be converted into a liquid state... What are known as the constants of physics are in most cases nothing but designations for the nodal points at which a quantitative (change) increase or decrease of movement causes a qualitative change in the state of the given body, and at which, consequently , quantity is transformed into quality." (Ibid., pp. 527-528.)

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    d) Contradictions Inherent in Nature

    Contrary to metaphysics, dialectics holds that internal contradictions are inherent in all things and phenomena of nature, for they all have their negative and positive sides, a past and a future, something dying away and something developing; and that the struggle between these opposites , the struggle between the old and the new, between that which is dying away and that which is being born, between that which is disappearing and that which is developing, constitutes the internal content of the process of development, the internal content of the transformation of quantitative changes into qualitative changes.

    The dialectical method therefore holds that the process of development from the lower to the higher takes place not as a harmonious unfolding of phenomena, but as a disclosure of the contradictions inherent in things and phenomena, as a "struggle" of opposite tendencies which operate on the basis of these contradictions.

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