If the Arabian Peninsula had been Calvinist

[Oghuz]

Nothing changes.

Tribal societies, warrior cultures ...

Even during the times of Islamic golden age Islamic dynasties were fighting each other.

[Dna8]

Writing of Europe, it seems that it became a rather nasty continent subsequent to the fall of the Roman Empire.

[TheOldNorth]

Still reliant on oil and western money for survival.

the only thing that would've changed that is the mongols not invading and ruining a millennia or 3's Persian infrastructure and agriculture

[Dna8]

the only thing that would've changed that is the mongols not invading and ruining a millennia or 3's Persian infrastructure and agriculture

Persia's various civilizational arcs seem to be near unanimously considered members of the set of, The Highlights of the Human Species .

[TheOldNorth]

Persia's various civilizational arcs seem to be near unanimously considered members of the set of, The Highlights of the Human Species .

they were probably the middle east last great civilization (the Islamic golden age was technically caused by the last of the Persians)