Parthian Shot, chnged the dynamics in Iran/Central Asia for a thousand+ years

[tipirneni]

"'You wound, like Parthians, while you fly, And kill with a retreating eye.' - — Samuel Butler, An Heroical Epistle of Hudibras to His Lady (1678)

"The Parthian shot was a military tactic made famous by the Parthians, ancient Iranian people. The Parthian archers, mounted on light horse, would feign retreat; then, while at a full gallop, turn their bodies back to shoot at the pursuing enemy."

Huge empires like Greco-Bactrian, Roman etc.. faced numerous defeats due to these strategies.

Parthian Surena at the Battle of Carhae - 53BC

[tipirneni]

[Sacrificed Ram]

But "parthian shot" never entered in Europe due european moisture destroys composite bow, composite bows are made of resins degradable under humid climate.

[Lousianaboy]

Parthians killed roman legions

[Sacrificed Ram]

Probable moisture is also the reason composite bows were not widely used in South Asia.

[tipirneni]

But "parthian shot" never entered in Europe due european moisture destroys composite bow, composite bows are made of resins degradable under humid climate.

Golden Horde neutralised warriors Aryan people for hundreds of years due to advantages of these war techniques. Huge number of pontic people (running into millions) were sold in slavery and prostitution in the bazars of Baghdad for huge amount of gold/silver by these fast soldiers.

[tipirneni]

Parthians killed roman legions

Early in the 13th century, Mongol horsemen swept out of their homeland in the steppes to conquer the known world. They killed millions of humans and destroyed many of the greatest cities of the ancient world. Millions sold into slavery and prostitution. How, exactly, did a relatively small number of Mongol cavalry carve out the largest empire the world had seen?


Ogedei Khan (r. 1229-1241 CE), Genghis’ son and Batu’s uncle, ordered a massive Mongol campaign east across the Ural Mountains to conquer Europe. In 1236 CE, the Mongol horde descended into the Volga River valley. Nothing to stand against Mongol warfare as the Volga Bulgars fell in 1237 CE, followed by the major Russian cities of Vladimir-Suzdal, Kiev, and Halych between 1238 and 1240 CE. Only the city of Novgorod, far to the north, escaped the Mongol onslaugh

With Russia vanquished, the Mongol horde marched west. A three-prong attack led by Batu and the famous Mongol general Subotai devastated the Polish and Teutonic Knights at the Battle of Legnica in 1241 CE before the main army crushed the Hungarian army at the Battle of Mohi (aka the Battle of the Sajo River) later that year. Europe lay bare before the seemingly invincible Mongol horde, but the death of Ogedei back in Mongolia made the Mongols retreat and allowed Europe to breathe a sigh of relief. These first raids lead the Europeans to dub the Mongols Tartars, both from the name of a Mongol clan, the Tatars, and the fact that they seemingly came from the depths of hell, or Tartarus.

Batu’s brother Berke (r. 1257-1266 CE) continued the precedent of Batu’s robust leadership. He led campaigns into Poland, Lithuania, and Prussia, reinforcing the European fear of the Mongols. But perhaps the most important event of Berke’s reign was his conversion to Islam.

The fact that Berke was a Muslim put him at odds with Hulegu Khan (r. 1256-1265), the leader of the Ilkhanate, which had conquered Iran and Iraq and had become one of the four main powers in the Mongol Empire. Hulegu had sacked the great Muslim city of Baghdad in 1258 CE and had killed the last Abbasid caliph by rolling him in a carpet and trampling him to death. The Golden Horde and the Ilkhanate also bordered each other in the Caucasus, which became a flashpoint. In 1262 CE, war broke out between the two nominal parts of the Mongol Empire. Berke formed an alliance with Baybars (r. 1260-1277 CE), the Mamluk Sultan in Egypt. An Ilkhanate invasion of the Golden Horde ended in defeat when the Golden Horde general Nogai led a surprise attack at the Battle of Terek in 1262 CE. At the same time as this Berke-Hulegu War, there was a civil war back in Mongolia over who would become Great Khan.


Instead of active military campaigns, Uzbeg and his successors kept the Russian princes subservient and divided by playing them against each other. Tver was the leading city backed by the Mongols, but when the city’s population slaughtered their Mongol residents in 1327 CE, Uzbeg switched his support to the city of Moscow.

THE GOLDEN HORDE CAPITAL OF SARAI GREW AS MUSLIM CULTURE’S DEMAND FOR MOSQUES & BATHHOUSES DICTATED EXPANDED URBAN LIFE.
Under Uzbeg, the Golden Horde remained active. Toqta (r. 1291-1312 CE) married an illegitimate Byzantine princess, strengthening the Golden Horde-Byzantine alliance that had existed since the time of Nogai. Yet under Uzbeg, the Mongols, in alliance with their Bulgarian vassal, raided the Byzantine Empire for two decades. They also propped up an independent Wallachia against Hungary. Meanwhile, Uzbeg opened up the Crimea to trading posts by the Genoese and Venetians. The 1340s CE featured the last Mongol campaigns into Poland.

[tipirneni]

Probable moisture is also the reason composite bows were not widely used in South Asia.

Those bows not effective in short distance fights. In uneven terrain they are tough to carry and maintain. The South Asian forts are situated on the hill tops or over the moat. Except gun powder and petroleum jelly like material nothing could defeat South Asians

[Kamal900]

Parthians killed roman legions

They defeated the Romans numerous times, yes.

[tipirneni]

Parthians killed roman legions

Also Greco-Bactrian kings and Seleucids