Languages of Brazil

[Tooting Carmen]

https://www.ethnologue.com/country/BR

Immigrant languages:

Catalan, Dutch, Japanese (380,000), Kabuverdianu (4,000), Korean (37,000), North Levantine Spoken Arabic, Spanish (491,000), Turoyo, Vlax Romani

Indigenous and regional languages:

Acroá
[acs] Bahia state. Population: No known L1 speakers. Probably extinct by the 20th century. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Coroá. Classification: Jean, Central.
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Agavotaguerra
[avo] Mato Grosso state. Population: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the first decades of the 2000s (2016 SIL). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Agavotocueng, Agavotokueng, Agavotoqueng. Dialects: None known. Related to Waurá [wau] and Yawalapiti [yaw]. Classification: Unclassified.
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Aikanã
[tba] Rondônia, west of Vilhena, near Cuiabá-Porto Velho highway. Population: 150 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 200 (Crevels 2012). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Aikaná, Corumbiara, Huari, Kasupá, Kolumbiara, Mondé, Tubarão, Uari, Wari. Dialects: Masaká (Massaca), Tubanao. Classification: Language isolate.
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Akuntsu
[aqz] Rondônia State, Columbiara municipality. Population: 5 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 5 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Akunsu, Akunt’su, Akuntsun, Akuntsú. Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Tupari [tpr]. Classification: Tupian, Tuparí.
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Amahuaca
[amc] Acre state: Peru border area. Population: 220 in Brazil (1995). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Amawaca, Amawáka, Amenguaca, Sayacu, Yora. Dialects: Inuvaken, Viwivakeu. Classification: Panoan, Mainline, Tri-State, Amawaka.
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Amanayé
[ama] Pará state: Domingos do Capim municipality; Capim river. Population: No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the first decade of the 2000s (2007 SIL). Ethnic population: 190 (2001 ISA). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Amanage, Amanaié, Amanajé, Amanajó, Amanyé, Ararandeuara, Manajó, Mananyé, Manaxó, Manayé, Manaze, Manazewá, Manazo, Turiwa. Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Wayampí, Amanayé.
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Amundava
[adw] Rondônia, Acre, near Jiparaná river. Population: 83 (2003 ISA). Crevels 2007 groups the Amundava together with the Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau [urz] for a total population of 170 (2003). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Amondawa, Amundawa. Dialects: None known. The Amundava, Kayabi [kyz], Tenharim [pah], Júma [jua], and Karipuna [kuq] all call themselves Kagwahiva (Kagwahibm, Kagwahiv, Kawahip, Kavahiva, Kawaib, Kagwahiph). These varieties along with Uru-eu-wau-wau [urz] are all reportedly linguistically very similar. Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Kawahib, Parintintin.
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Anambé
[aan] Pará state; Cairari river (Moju river tributary). Population: 6 (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 130 (2000 ISA). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Asuriní do Tocantins [asu]. Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Wayampí, Amanayé.
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Apalaí
[apy] Pará state: Paru Leste river; some on Jarí and Citare rivers, 20 villages; a few in Amapá state. Population: 450 (1993 SIL). 100 monolinguals. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Apalay, Aparaí, Arakwayu. Classification: Cariban, Central.
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Apiaká
[api] Mato Grosso state: upper Rio Tapajos, Slo Manoel confluence; a few in Pará state. Population: No known L1 speakers. The last fluent speaker, Pedrinho Kamassuri, died in 2011. Ethnic population: 1,000 (Tempesta 2009). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Apiacá, Apiake. Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Kawahib.
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Apinayé
[apn] Tocantins and Maranhão states, near Tocantinopolis; 6 villages. Population: 1,500 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 1,530 (2006 FUNASA). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Afotigé, Aogé, Apinagé, Apinaié, Apinajé, Otogé, Oupinagee, Pinagé, Pinaré, Timbira Ocidentais, Uhitische, Utinsche, Western Timbira. Autonym: Apinayé. Classification: Jean, Northern.
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Apurinã
[apu] Amazonas state: Purus river, from Rio Branco to Manaus; Mato Grosso state. Population: 2,000 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 6,990 (2010 FUNASA). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ipurinã, Ipurinãn, Kangite, Popengare. Classification: Maipurean, Southern, Southern Outlier, Piro.
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Arapaso
[arj] Amazonas state: São Gabriel, Iauarete. Population: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died by the 1960s; ethnic Arapaso had shifted to Tucano (Loukotka 1968). Ethnic population: 570 (Crevels 2012). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Arapaço, Araspaso, Koneá. Dialects: Reportedly a dialect of Tucano [tuo]. Classification: Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan.
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Arára, Mato Grosso
[axg] Mato Grosso State. Population: No known L1 speakers. 7 speakers remained in 1986 (Rodrigues 1986). Ethnic population: 210 (Crevels 2012). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Arara, Arara do Aripuanã, Arara do Beiradão, Arara do Rio Branco, Koaia, Koaiá, Koayá. Classification: Unclassified.
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Arára, Pará
[aap] Pará: Laranjal and Cachoeira Seca. Population: 340 (2010 I. Souza). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Arára Bravos. Autonym: Ukarãngmã. Dialects: None known. Reportedly most similar extant languages are Ikpeng [txi] and Bakairí [bkq]. Classification: Cariban, South Amazonian, Arara.
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Ararandewára
[xaj] Pará state. Population: No known L1 speakers. Probably became extinct in the latter half of the 20th century. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Ararandeuras, Ararandeuára, Manajé. Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Wayampí, Amanayé.
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Araweté
[awt] Pará state: near Altamira; near Xingu river. Population: 340 (Crevels 2012). Nearly all are monolingual (1986). Ethnic population: 340 (Crevels 2012). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Araueté, Arawine, Bïde. Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Asuriní do Tocantins [asu], Parakanã [pak], and Tapirapé [taf]. Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní.
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Arikapú
[ark] Rondônia state; Rio Branco headwaters, Guaporé tributary. Population: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker likely survived into the 2010s. Ethnic population: 30 (Crevels 2012). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Aricapú, Mashubi, Maxubí. Classification: Jabutian.
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Arikem
[ait] Rondônia state. Population: No known L1 speakers. Survived into the 1930s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Ahopovo, Ahôpovo, Ariken, Arikém, Ariqueme, Ariquemes, Ariquême, Uitáte. Classification: Tupian, Arikem.
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Aruá
[arx] Rondônia state: Rio Branco post; Branco and Guaporé rivers. Population: 12 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 36 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Arouá, Arouén. Dialects: Aruashí (Aruachi). Classification: Tupian, Mondé, Aruá.
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Arutani
[atx] Roraima. Population: No known L1 speakers in Brazil. Last known speaker probably survived into the 2010s. Total users in all countries: none known. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Anake, Aoaqui, Auakê, Auaqué, Awaikê, Awake, Oewaku, Orotani, Uruak, Urutaní. Classification: Language isolate.
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Ashéninka, Ucayali-Yurúa
[cpb] Acre state: border area with Peru, Juruá river between Amônia, Arara, and Breu tributaries; Tarauacá river, Envira tributary. Population: 810 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 870 (2004 CPIAC). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Campa, Kampa. Classification: Maipurean, Southern, Campa, Ashéninga.
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Asurini of Xingú
[asn] Pará state: Xingu River, Kwatinemu village. Population: 120 (Pereira 2009), increasing. Any monolingual speakers are above 40 years of age (Pereira 2009). Ethnic population: 120 (Pereira 2009). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Assurinikin, Assuriní, Asurini do Xingú, Asuriní de Koatinema, Awaeté, Awaté, Kuben-Kamrektí. Dialects: None known. Different from Tocantins Asurini (Akwaya) [asu], and Arawete [awt]. Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Kayabí.
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Asurini, Tocantins
[asu] Pará state: Trocará near Tucurui; Tocantins river. Population: 380 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 380 (Crevels 2012). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Akwawa, Akwawa-Asuriní, Akwaya, Assuriní, Asuriní do Tocantins, Asuriní do Trocará, “Akuáwa” (pej.). Autonym: Asuriní. Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Tenetehara, Akwawa.
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Atorada
[aox] Roraima. Population: Few in Brazil (2000). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Ator’ti, Atorad, Atorai, Dauri. Classification: Maipurean, Northern, Maritime, Wapixana.
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Aurá
[aux] Pará state. Population: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the first decade of the 2000s (2004 SIL). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Auré. Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Wayampí.
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Avá-Canoeiro
[avv] Goiás state: Terra Indigena Ava-Canoeiro; Tocantins state: Bananal island, upper Tocantins river valley. Population: 14 (Moore 2006). 14 monolinguals. All speakers are monolingual. Ethnic population: 46 (2009 ISA). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Abá, Avá, Awana, Canoa, Canoe, Canoeiro, Canoeiros, Cara Preta, Carijó, Indios Negros. Dialects: The groups in Tocantins and Goias speak different dialects, and have lived apart for over 100 years. Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Tenetehara.
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Awetí
[awe] Mato Grosso state: Xingú park, Rio Culiseu, Aweti, and Sauva villages; upper Xingú river. Population: 170 (2011 S. Drude). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Arauine, Arauite, Auetí, Auetó, Auití, Autl, Awetö. Classification: Tupian.
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Bakairí
[bkq] Mato Grosso state: about 9 villages. Population: 950 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 950 (1999 ISA). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Bacairí. Autonym: Kurâ. Classification: Cariban, South Amazonian, Bakairí.
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Baniwa
[bwi] Amazonas state: Middle Içana river. Population: 5,810 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Baniba, Baniua do Içana, Baniva, Dakenei, Issana, Kohoroxitari, Maniba, Wakuenai, Walimanai. Dialects: Carutana. Classification: Maipurean, Northern, Upper Amazon, Eastern Nawiki, Karu.
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Baré
[bae] Amazonas state: Xié river area. Population: 2 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 2,790 (Moore 2006). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Balé. Classification: Maipurean, Northern, Upper Amazon, Central Upper Amazon, Baré.
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Borôro
[bor] Mato Grosso state: Meruri, Sangradouro, Perigera. Population: 1,390 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 1,390 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 1,392. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Boe, Eastern Bororo. Autonym: Boe Wadáru. Classification: Bororoan.
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Brazilian Sign Language
[bzs] Scattered. Population: 200,000 (2010). Estimated 200,000–1,000,000 Deaf sign language users, based on 0.1-0.5% of the general population reported in the 2010 census. Ethnic population: 9,700,000 (2010). Ethnic population represents people with significant hearing loss (2010 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Statutory language of national identity (2005, Parliamentary decree No. 5626). Alternate Names: LIBRAS, LSB, Língua Brasileira de Sinais, Língua de Sinais Brasileira, Língua de Sinais dos Centros Urbanos Brasileiros, SPSL, São Paulo Sign Language. Classification: Sign language.
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Cafundo Creole
[ccd] Rio de Janeiro state: Cafundo, 240 km from São Paulo. Population: 40 (1978 M. Gnerre). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Creole, Portuguese based.
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Caló
[rmq] Widespread, primarily northeast and north central Brazil. Population: 400,000 in Brazil (2014 S. Anonby). Ethnic population: 800,000 (2011 R7 Noticias). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Chibi, Gitano, Iberian Romani. Dialects: Brazilian Calão. Classification: Mixed language, Iberian-Romani.
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Canela
[ram] Maranhão state. Population: 2,500 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 2,500 (2006 FUNASA). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Kanela. Autonym: Canela. Dialects: Apâniekra (Apânhecra, Apânjekra, Apânyekra, Canela Apanyekrá, Kanela Apanyekra), Ramkokamekra (Canela Ramkokamekrá, Kanela-Ramkokamekrá). Classification: Jean, Northern, Timbira.
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Cashinahua
[cbs] Acre and Amazonas states. Population: 400 in Brazil (2003). Ethnic population: 1,400 (2000 ISA). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Cashinahuá, Caxinauá, Caxinawá, Hantxa Kuin, Huni Kui, Huni Kuin, Juni Kuin, Kaxinauá, Kaxinawá, Kaxynawa. Classification: Panoan, Mainline, Tri-State.
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Chiquitano
[cax] Mato Grosso, border area with Bolivia, municipalities of Vila Bela, Cáceres and Porto Espiridião. Population: 50 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 740 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Anenho, Linguará. Classification: Language isolate.
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Chiripá
[nhd] Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, and São Paulo states; scattered. Population: 4,900 in Brazil (1995 AMTB). Ethnic population: 8,000 (2003 ISA). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Apytare, Ava Guaraní, Guaraní, Nandeva, Nhandeva, Tsiripá, Txiripá, Ñandeva. Dialects: Apapocuva. Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Guaraní, Guaraní.
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Cinta Larga
[cin] Mato Grosso state: Terra Indigena Aripuanã; Rondônia state: Terra Indigena Roosevelt, Parque Indigena Aripuanã. Population: 650 (Crevels 2012). Nearly all are monolingual. Ethnic population: 650 (Crevels 2012). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Tupian, Mondé, Aruá.
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Cocama-Cocamilla
[cod] Amazonas state: Rio Solimões region, Terra Indígena Acapuri de Cima, Terra Indígena Espírito Santo, Terra Indígena Evaré I, Terra Indígena Kokama. Population: Ethnic population: 620 (Moore 2006). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Cocama, Kocama, Kokama. Dialects: Cocama, Cocamilla (Kokamilla, Pambadeque), Xibitaona. Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Tupí, Cocama.
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Cubeo
[cub] Amazonas state: near São Gabriel. Population: 150 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 380 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Cobewa, Cubeu, Cuveo, Hehenawa, Kobeua, Kobewa, Kobéwa, Kubeo, Kubewa, Kubwa, Pamiwa, Pamié. Classification: Tucanoan, Central Tucanoan.
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Curripaco
[kpc] Amazonas state: Içana. Population: 1,330 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Coripaco, Cumata, Curipaco, Ipeca, Ipeka-Tapuia, Koripako, Korispaso, Kuripako, Pacu, Paku-Tapuya, Palioariene, Pato Tapuia, Pato-Tapuya, Payualiene, Payuliene. Dialects: Ipeka-Tapuia, Korripako (Karupaka), Unhun (Cadauapuritana, Enhen), Waliperi (Veliperi). Classification: Maipurean, Northern, Upper Amazon, Eastern Nawiki, Karu.
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Dâw
[kwa] Amazonas state: across the river from São Gabriel de Cochoeira, below confluence of Vaupés and Negro rivers. Population: 120 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 120 (Crevels 2012). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Dow, “Kamu Maku” (pej.), “Kamán” (pej.), “Kamã” (pej.), “Kamã Makú” (pej.). Classification: Puinavean.
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Dení
[dny] Amazonas state: Terra Indigena Camadeni and Terra Indigena Deni, between Purus and Juruá rivers, Upper Cunhua and Xiruã rivers. Population: 740 (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 880 (2006 FUNASA). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Dani. Autonym: Madiha. Dialects: Inauini. Reportedly similar to Kulina [cul]. Classification: Arauan.
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Desano
[des] Amazonas state: Terra Indígena Alto Rio Negro, sixty communities on Tiquié river and tributaries; border with Colombia. Population: 700 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 2,200 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 3,160. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Boleka, Desana-Siriana, Dessano, Desâna, Kusibi, Oregu, Uina, Umúkomasá, Wina, Wirã. Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 90% with Siriano [sri]. Classification: Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Desano-Siriano.
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Enawené-Nawé
[unk] Mato Grosso state. Population: 450 (Crevels 2012). Most are still monolingual (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 450 (2006 FUNASA). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Eneuene-Mare, Salumã. Dialects: None known. Related to Parecís [pab]. Classification: Maipurean, Unclassified.
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Galibi
[car] Amapá state: Terra Indigena Galibi, São José dos Galibi village on Oiapoque river right bank, south of Saint Georges, between Morcego and Taparabu streams. Population: 28 in Brazil (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 66 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Carib, Caribe, Cariña, Kalihna, Kalinya, Kari’na auran, Kari’ña, Maraworno, Marworno. Dialects: Tyrewuju (Eastern Carib). Classification: Cariban.
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Gavião do Jiparaná
[gvo] Rondônia state: Terra Indigena Igarape Lourdes. Population: 1,120 (Crevels 2012). 520 Gavião and 600 Zoró speakers (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 1,120 (Crevels 2012). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Digüt, Gavião do Rondônia, Ikolen, Ikõleey, Ikõlej, Ikõro. Dialects: Gavião, Zoró (Cabeça Seca, Pageyn, Panginey). Partially intelligible with Suruí [sru]. Classification: Tupian, Mondé, Aruá.
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Gavião, Pará
[gvp] Pará state: Kaikoture near Maraba; possibly in original locations in Maranhão state. Population: 970 (Crevels 2012). 480 Gavião Perkatêjê and 490 Pukobjê (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 970 (2006 ISA). 480 Parakatêjê and 470 Pukobjê (Crevels 2012). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Gavião Perkatêjê, Gavião do Mãe Maria, Gavião do Pará, Parakatêjê, Perkatêjê, Pukobjê. Dialects: None known. Related to Krinkati-Timbira [xri], Canela [ram], and Krahô [xra]. Classification: Jean, Northern, Timbira.
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German, Standard
[deu] Scattered, in Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo. Population: 1,500,000 in Brazil. Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Alemão, Deutsch. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Middle German, East Middle German.
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Guajá
[gvj] Maranhão state: Terra Indígena Alto Turiaçu and Terra Indígena Caru, four settlements; Pará state. Population: 280 (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 280 (Crevels 2012). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Avá, Awá, Awá Guajá, Ayaya, Guaxare, Wazaizara. Dialects: None known. Related to Guajajára [gub]. Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Wayampí, Amanayé.
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Guajajára
[gub] Maranhão state: Pindaré, Grajaú, Mearim, and Zutiua rivers. 81 villages. Population: 14,000 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 19,500 (2006 FUNASA). Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Guazazzara, Tenetehar, Tenetehára. Autonym: Zeʼegete. Dialects: Pindare, Zutiua, Mearim. Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Tenetehara, Tenetehara.
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Guana
[gqn] Mato Grosso do Sul state: near the Terêna. Population: No known L1 speakers. Last speakers survived into the 2000s. Ethnic population: 250 (2005 ISA). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Chana, Chuala, East Paraná, Equinao, Equiniquinao, Guaná, Kinihinao, Kinikinao, Kinikinau. Dialects: None known. Related to Terêna [ter] and Irantxe [irn]. Classification: Maipurean, Southern, Southern Outlier, Terena.
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Guanano
[gvc] Amazonas state: Terra Indígena Alto Rio Negro; on Colombia border. Population: 650 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 740 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 950. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Anana, Kotiria, Kótedia, Kótirya, Uanana, Uanano, Wanana-Pirá, Wanano, Wanâna. Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Piratapuyo [pir], but the two groups do not intermarry. Classification: Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan.
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Guaraní, Mbyá
[gun] Paraná, São Paulo, Espírito Santo, Pará, Rio Grande do Sul, and Santa Catarina states; possibly also Minas Gerais state. 35 villages. Population: 6,000 in Brazil (2008 CTI). Most children, women and elders are monolingual (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 6,000 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 19,960. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Bugre, Mbiá, Mbua, Mbyá. Autonym: Mbya. Dialects: Tambéopé, Baticola. Lexical similarity: 75% with Paraguayan Guaraní [gug]. A member of macrolanguage Guarani [grn]. Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Guaraní, Guaraní.
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Guarequena
[gae] Amazonas state: Rio Chié (Xié) and Içana; near Venezuelan border. Population: 20 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 810 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Arequena, Uarequena, Uerequema, Urequema, Warekéna, Werekena, Werikena. Classification: Maipurean, Northern, Upper Amazon, Western Nawiki, Warekena.
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Guató
[gta] Mato Grosso do Sul state: Paraguai river banks and up São Lourenço river, along Bolivian border. Population: 5 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 370 (2006 FUNASA). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Language isolate.
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Himarimã
[hir] Amazonas state: Tapauá valley, near the Jamamadi and Jarawara. Population: 40 Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Unclassified.
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Hixkaryána
[hix] Pará and Amazonas states: upper Nhamunda river to Mapuera and Jatapu rivers. Population: 600 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 630 (Crevels 2012). Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Chawiyana, Faruaru, Hichkaryana, Hishkariana, Hishkaryana, Hixkariana, Hyxkaryana, Kumiyana, Parucutu, Parukoto-Charuma, Sherewyana, Sokaka, Wabui, Xereu, Xerewyana. Dialects: Reportedly similar to Waiwai [waw]. No dialectal variation. Some Hixkaryana who live among the Waiwai are called Sherewyana. Classification: Cariban, Waiwai.
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Hunsrik
[hrx] Widespread. Many in Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, and Santa Catarina states. Population: 3,000,000 in Brazil. Ethnic population: 5,000,000. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Hunsriker, Hunsrück, Katharinensisch, Rio Grand Hunsriker. Dialects: Originally derived from Hunsrücker (Westpfälzisch) German speech variety; influenced by Portuguese [por]. Several dialects, probably due to being language of intercommunication for many other Germanic language speakers such as Swabian [swg], Bavarian [bar] and others as well as immigrants from Switzerland and Austria. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German.
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Hupdë
[jup] Amazonas state: Rio Auari. Population: 1,500 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 1,500 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 1,740. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Hup, Hupda, Hupdé, Jupde, Ubdé, “Hupdá Makú” (pej.), “Jupdá Macú” (pej.), “Macú de Tucano” (pej.), “Makú-Hupdá” (pej.). Autonym: Hupdah. Dialects: Hupdë, Tuhup, Nëhup. Ruhlen and others classify it as Puinave, Macro-Tucanoan. Intelligible with Yahup [yab]. Classification: Puinavean, Hupda.
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[Tooting Carmen]

Iatê
[fun] Alagoas state; Pernambuco State: Sertão, Águas Belas municipality, 2 villages. Population: 1,000 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 2,930 (Crevels 2012). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Carnijó, Fornió, Fulniô, Furniô, Yatê. Dialects: Fulniô, Yatê. Lexical similarity: 98% between Fulniô and Yatê dialects. Classification: Language isolate.
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Ikpeng
[txi] Mato Grosso state: Xingú park. Population: 340 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 340 (2006 FUNASA). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Chicao, Tonore, Tunuli, Txicão, Txikân, Txikão. Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Pará Arara [aap]. Classification: Cariban, South Amazonian, Arara.
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Ingarikó
[ake] Roraima state: Terra Indígena Raposa or Serra do Sol, near Cotingo river. Population: 1,170 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 1,170 (Crevels 2012). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Acahuayo, Acewaio, Akawai, Akawaio, Akawayo, Akwaio, Kapon, Kapóng, Patamona. Classification: Cariban, North Amazonian, Pemón, Pemón proper, Kapong.
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Irántxe
[irn] Mato Grosso state: Rio Cravari headwaters, Rio Sangue tributary, a tributary of Rio Juruena. Population: 90 (Crevels 2012). 10 Irántxe and 80 Münkü (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 360 (2006 ISA). 280 Irántxe and 80 Münkü (Crevels 2012). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Iranche, Iranshe, Iranxe, Manoki, Münkü. Dialects: Münkü (Kenkü, Menku, Menky, Myky, Mynky, Myy), Irántxe. Classification: Language isolate.
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Italian
[ita] Scattered, in Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo. Population: 50,000 in Brazil. Ethnic population: 20,000,000. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Italiano. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Italo-Dalmatian.
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Itene
[ite] Rondônia state: Guajará-Mirim, Porto Velho. Population: 12 in Brazil (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 30 (2002). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: More. Classification: Chapacuran, Itene.
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Jabutí
[jbt] Rondônia state: Rio Branco Post. Population: 40 (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 170 (Crevels 2012). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Djeoromitxí, Jabotí, Jeoromitxí, Quipiu, Yabutí. Classification: Jabutian.
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Jamamadí
[jaa] Amazonas state: Jaruara; Lábrea municipality, 7 villages; Banawá river area; others scattered. Population: 1,080 (Crevels 2012). 100 Banawá Yafí, 800 Jamamadí, 180 Jaruára (Crevels 2012). Banawa Yafi (Kitiya) mostly monolingual; 160 ethnic Jarawara, also mostly monolingual (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 1,160 (Crevels 2012). 100 Banawá Yafí, 880 Jamamadí, 180 Jaruára (Crevels 2012). Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Canamanti, Kanamanti, Kapaná, Madi, Yamadi, Yamamadí, Yamamandi. Dialects: Bom Futuro, Jurua, Pauini, Mamoria (Mamori), Cuchudua (Maima), Tukurina, Jarawara (Jaruára, Yarawara), Banawá Yafí (Banauá, Banavá, Banawá, Jafí, Kitiya). Other groups called, Jamamadí, are reportedly more similar to Kulina [cul] or Dení [dny]. Tukurina dialect may be a separate language. Classification: Arauan, Jamamadi.
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Júma
[jua] Amazonas state: Upper Jamary village; Mucuim river, Rio Açuã tributary. Population: 5 (Crevels 2012). 5 speakers belong to one family, all married to Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau [urz] (Crevels 2007). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Arara, Kagwahibm, Kagwahiph, Kagwahiv, Kavahiva, Kawahip, Kawaib, Yumá. Autonym: Kagwahiva. Dialects: None known. The Júma, Amundava [adw], Kayabi [kyz], Tenharim [pah], and Karipuna [kuq] all call themselves Kagwahiva (Kagwahibm, Kagwahiv, Kawahip, Kavahiva, Kawaib, Kagwahiph). These varieties along with Uru-eu-wau-wau [urz] and Morerebi [xmo] are all reportedly linguistically similar. Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Kawahib, Parintintin.
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Jurúna
[jur] Mato Grosso state: Xingu park, 2 villages; Maritsauu-Mitau river mouth; possibly also Pará state. Population: 280 (Moore 2006). 1 speaker left in the Terra Indígena Paquiçamba in 1989 (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 360 (2006 FUNASA). 35 ethnic group members in the Tierra Indígena Paquiçamba (Crevels 2007). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Iuruna, Jaruna, Jurûna, Yudjá, Yudya, Yurúna. Classification: Tupian, Juruna.
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Kaapor
[urb] Maranhão and Pará states: 8–10 villages scattered over 7,250 square km; Gurupi river. Population: 800 (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 990 (2006 FUNASA). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Caapor, Ka’apor, Kaaporté, Urubú-Kaapor, “Urubú” (pej.). Autonym: Kaapor, awa je’ẽha. Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Wayampí, Amanayé.
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Kaapor Sign Language
[uks] Maranhão and Pará states: several villages, near the Gurupi river. Population: No known L1 users. Ferreira Brito 1984 reported 5 deaf and less than 500 hearing, but unconfirmed reports in 1987 say no users remain. Deaf users were monolingual. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Ka’apor Sign Language, “UKSL” (pej.), “Urubu-Kaapor Sign Language” (pej.), “Urubú Sign Language” (pej.). Classification: Sign language.
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Kadiwéu
[kbc] Mato Grosso do Sul state: Serra da Bodoquena area; 3 villages. Population: 1,590 (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 1,630 (2006 FUNASA). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Cadiuéu, Caduvéo, Ediu-Adig, Ejiwajigi, Kadiweo, Mbaya-Guaikuru. Classification: Guaykuruan, Guaykurú.
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Kaimbé
[xai] Bahia state. Population: No known L1 speakers. Became extinct early in the 20th century. Ethnic population: 1,100 (1986 SIL). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Caimbé, Cambe, Kariri de Massacará. Classification: Unclassified.
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Kaingang
[kgp] Paraná State: 9 reservations between Paranapena and Iguaçu rivers; Rio Grande do Sul state: 5 reservations of southeast dialect south of Uruguay river east of Passo Fundo river; southwest dialect on 7 reservations; east of Passo Fundo river; outskirts of cities in Rio Grande do Sul; Santa Catarina state: 8 reservations between Iguaçu and Uruguay rivers; São Paulo state: 3 reservations north of Paranapena river; Scattered. Population: 18,500 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 28,000 (Crevels 2012). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bugre, Caingang, Caingangue, Coroado, Coroados, Kanhgág. Dialects: Paraná Kaingang, Central Kaingang, Southwest Kaingang, Southeast Kaingang. Classification: Jean, Southern, Kaingang.
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Kaingáng, São Paulo
[zkp] São Paulo. Population: No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1990s (1989 SIL). Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Jean, Southern, Kaingang.
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Kaiwá
[kgk] Mato Grosso do Sul state: Apa, Dourados, and Ivinhema rivers north to Mbarakaju mountains and Jejui river tributaries south. Population: 18,000 (2003 ISA). Ethnic population: 20,000 (Crevels 2012). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Caingua, Caiua, Caiwa, Cayua, Kaingwá, Kaiova, Kaiowá, Kayova, Paï-Tavyterã. Dialects: Teüi, Tembekuá, Kaiwá. Some comprehension of Paraguayan Guaraní [gug]. Lexical similarity: 70% with Pai Tavytera [pta] of Paraguay. Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Guaraní, Guaraní.
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Kamakan
[vkm] Bahia state. Population: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died by the 1960s (Loukotka 1968). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Ezeshio, Kamakán. Classification: Kamakanan, Kamakán.
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Kamayurá
[kay] Mato Grosso state: Xingú park. Population: 400 (2011 S. Drude). Ethnic population: 520 (2009 FUNASA). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Camaiura, Kamaiurá, Kamayirá. Classification: Tupian.
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Kambiwá
[xbw] Pernambuco state. Population: No known L1 speakers. Became extinct early in the 20th century. Ethnic population: 2,820 (Crevels 2012). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Cambioá, Cambiuá. Classification: Unclassified.
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Kanamarí
[knm] Amazonas state: Itaquai, Jurua, Jutai rivers’ upper regions. Population: 1,330 (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 1,650 (Crevels 2012). 100 Tshom-Djapa in 1985 (Crevels 2012). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Canamarí, Djapá, Kanamaré, Tâkâna, Tüküná. Dialects: Tshom-Djapa (Txunhuã Dyapá, Txunhuã-Djapá), Tsohon-Djapa. Classification: Maipurean, Southern, Southern Outlier, Piro.
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Kanoé
[kxo] Rondônia state: Guaporé river. Population: 3 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 95 (Crevels 2007). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Amniapé, Canoé, Canoê, Guarategaja, Guaratira, Guaratégaya, Kanoê, Kapishanã, Kapixana, Kapixaná, Koaratira. Classification: Language isolate.
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Kapinawá
[xpn] Pernambuco state. Population: No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 420 (Crevels 2007). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Capinauá. Classification: Unclassified.
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Karajá
[kpj] Mato Grosso, Pará, and Tocantins states: Bananal island, Araguaia river; possibly also Goias state. Population: 3,060 (Crevels 2012). Javaé 800, Karajá 2,250, Xambioá 10 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 4,010 (Crevels 2012). Javaé 1,210, Karajá 2,530, Xambioá 270 (Crevels 2012). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Caraiauna, Carajá, Chambioa, Iny, Ynã. Dialects: Javaé (Javahe), Karajá (Carajá, Iny), Xambioá (Iraru Mahãdu, Ixybiowa, Karajá do Norte). Men and women speak different dialects. Classification: Karajá.
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Karapanã
[cbc] Amazonas state: Pari-Cachoeira and São Gabriel. Population: 63 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 63 (Crevels 2012). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Carapana, Carapanã, Mextã, Muteamasa, Ukopinõpõna. Classification: Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Carapano.
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Karipuna
[kuq] Rondônia state: Jaru, Jamery, Urupa, Cabecciras, Candeias, and Jaciparana rivers’ banks. Population: 10 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 14 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Ah’e, Caripuna, Jau-Navo, Juanauo, Kagwahiva, Karipuna de Rondônia, Karipuna do Guaporé. Dialects: Jacaria, Pama (Pamana). The Karipuna, Amundava [adw], Kayabi [kyz], Júma [jua], and Tenharim [pah] all call themselves, Kagwahiva (Kagwahibm, Kagwahiv, Kawahip, Kavahiva, Kawaib, Kagwahiph). These varieties along with Uru-eu-wau-wau [urz] and Morerebi [xmo] are reportedly all linguistically very similar. Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Kawahib, Parintintin.
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Karipúna
[kgm] Amapá state: on French Guiana border. Population: No known L1 speakers. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Karipuna do Amapá, Karipuna do Uaçá. Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Kawahib.
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Karipuna Creole French
[kmv] Amapá state: on French Guiana border. Population: 2,400 (2008 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Crioulo. Dialects: None known. Conflicting reports about difference from Guianese Creole French [gcr]. Different from Haitian Creole [hat]. Classification: Creole, French based.
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Karirí-Xocó
[kzw] Alagoas state. Population: No known L1 speakers. Spoken into last half of 20th century. Ethnic population: 1,470 (Crevels 2012). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Cariri, Dzubukuá, Kariri Xucó, Karirí, Kipeá, Kiriri, Tumbulalá, Xocó, Xokó, Xokó-Karirí, Xukuru Kariri, Xukurú. Dialects: Kipeá (Quipea), Kamurú (Camuru), Sabujá (Pedra Branca). Other dialects or languages are even less well attested. Classified as Equatorial, Macro-Carib (Swadesh), Macro-Ge (1975 A. Rodrigues), Isolate (Larsen 1984). Classification: Language isolate.
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Karitiâna
[ktn] Rondônia state: Candeias river, a tributary of upper Madeira river. Population: 210 (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 320 (2005 ISA). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Caritiana. Classification: Tupian, Arikem.
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Karo
[arr] Mato Grosso and Rondônia states: south Terra Indígena Igarapé de Lourdes; Iterap and Paygap villages. Population: 200 (Crevels 2012). Spoken by almost everyone in the two villages (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 210 (2006 Associação de Defensa Etnoambiental). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Arara Tupi, Arara-Karo, Arára, Arára de Rondonia, Arára do Jiparaná, Itogapuc, Itogapúk, Ntogapid, Ntogapig, Ramarama, Uruku, Urukú, Urumi, Ytangá. Dialects: Arara, Uruku. Classification: Tupian, Ramarama.
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Katawixi
[xat] Amazonas state: Canutama municipality; Jacareúba river. Population: 10 (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 250 (Moore 2006). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Catauichi, Catauixi, Catawishi, Catawixi, Jacareúba. Classification: Katukinan.
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Katukína
[kav] Acre. Population: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the late 1970s (1976 SIL). Ethnic population: 450 (Crevels 2012). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Catuquina, Katukina do Jutaí, Katukina do Rio Biá, Pedá Djapá, Pidá-Djapá, Tüküná. Dialects: Cutiadapa (Kutia-Dyapa). Classification: Katukinan.
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Katukína, Panoan
[knt] Amazonas state: Acre. Population: 700 (2010 S. Kennell). Ethnic population: 700 (S. Kennell). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Catuquina, Kamanawa, Kamannaua, Kanamarí, Katukina Pano, Katukina do Acre, Katukina do Juruá, Katukina-Kanamari, Waninnawa. Dialects: Arara-Shawanawa (Shawanawa-Arara), Ararapina, Ararawa, Sanainawa (Saninawacana). Possibly intelligible with Marúbo [mzr]. Classification: Panoan, Mainline, Shipibo.
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Kaxararí
[ktx] Acre, Amazonas, and Rondônia states: Alto Rio Marmelo, tributary of Rio Abuna. Population: 300 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 320 (2009 FUNASA). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Caxarari, Kaxariri. Classification: Panoan.
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Kaxuiâna
[kbb] Pará state: Cachorro river, Chapéu, Maharuwanï, and Santidade villages; Paru D’Oeste river, 4 villages north of Missão Tiriyó; Trombetes river near junction with Mapuwera, Aldeia Kasipakuru and Araçá villages. Most among the Trió [tri]; a few among Hixkaryána [hix]. Population: 150 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 230 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Caxuiana, Kachuana, Kashujana, Kashuyana, Katxuyana, Katxuyana-Xikuyana, Kaxuyana-Xikuyana, Kaxúyana, Warikiana, Warikyana. Dialects: Pawiyana (Pawixi). Classification: Cariban, Central, Wayana.
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Kayabí
[kyz] Mato Grosso state: Xingú Park, south Pará; Teles Pires river and Tatui. Population: 1,000 (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 1,620 (2006 FUNASA). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Caiabí, Kaiabí, Kajabí, Maquiri, Parua. Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Kayabí.
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Kayapó
[txu] Mato Grosso and Pará states: Xingú Park, both sides of Xingú river, west up to the Iriri and tributaries; west bank to Fresco and Zinho rivers; 14 villages. Population: 7,270 (Crevels 2012). 19 communities in regular contact with outsiders; also 3–4 isolated Kayapó groups of 30–100 people (Crevels 2007). 3,950 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 7,270 (Crevels 2012). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Cayapo, Kokraimoro, Mebêngokrê, Put Karot. Dialects: Xikrin (Diore, Xukru), Kararaó, Kayapó-Kradaú. Dialects only slightly different from village names. Classification: Jean, Northern.
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Kepkiriwát
[kpn] Rondônia state. Population: No known L1 speakers. Probably survived into 1950s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Kepkiriwat, Kepkiriwate, Quepi-quiri-uate, Quepiquiriquat, Quepiquiriuate. Classification: Tupian, Tuparí.
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Koropó
[xxr] Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais states. Population: No known L1 speakers. Survived into the late 19th century. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Coropó. Dialects: None known. Closely related to Puri [prr]. Classification: Purian.
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Korubo
[xor] Amazonas state: Terra Indígena Vale do Javari; Javari river basin near Itaquai, Ituí, and Quixiti rivers. Population: 26 (2007 FPEVJ). Ethnic population: 250 (2000 ISA). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Caceteiros. Classification: Unclassified.
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Krahô
[xra] Maranhão and Tocantins states; 5 villages. Population: 2,180 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 2,180 (2006 FUNASA). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Craho, Craô, Kraô, Mehim. Dialects: None known. Different from Canela [ram], but may be able to use literature adapted from Canela. Lexical similarity: high with Apinaye [apn]. Classification: Jean, Northern, Timbira.
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Krenak
[kqq] Minas Gerais state: between Conselheiro Pena and Resplendor towns; São Paulo state: small enclave; Doce river east bank. Population: 10 (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 200 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Aimorés, Borun, Botocudo, Botocudos, Crenac, Crenaque, Krenac, Krenak-Nakrehé, Nakrehé. Classification: Botocudoan.
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Kreye
[xre] Maranhão and Pará states. Population: No known L1 speakers. Last speakers survived into the first decade of the 2000s. Ethnic population: 30 (Crevels 2012). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Crange, Crenge, Crenye, Creye, Krem-Ye, Kren-Yê, Tage, Taze. Classification: Jean, Northern, Timbira.
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Krikati-Timbira
[xri] Maranhão state: Amarante municipality, Governador village. Population: 680 (2005 FUNASA). Ethnic population: 680 (2005 FUNASA). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Krikati-Gaviao, Krinkati-Gaviao, Krinkati-Timbira. Dialects: Krinkati (Karakati), Timbira. Krikati and Timbira are separate ethnic groups speaking related dialects. Classification: Jean, Northern, Timbira.
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Kuikúro-Kalapálo
[kui] Mato Grosso state: Xingú Park; 3 villages along Culuene river. Population: 1,110 (Crevels 2012). 600 Kuikúro and 500 Kalapálo. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Apalakiri, Apalaquiri, Calapalu, Cuicuro, Cuicutl, Guicurú, Kalapalo, Kuikuru, Kurkuro. Dialects: Mogareb, Matipú, Nahukwá, Kuikúro. Kuikúro and Kalapálo speak the same language, but are separate ethnically. Classification: Cariban, South Amazonian, Bakairí, Amonap.
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Kulina
[cul] Acre and Amazonas states: Juruá and Purus rivers. Population: 3,000 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 3,500 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 3,420. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Corina, Culina, Kulyna, Kulína, Madihá, Madija. Autonym: Madiha. Dialects: Minor changes from Peruvian dialect. Classification: Arauan.
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Kulina Pano
[xpk] Amazonas state: Vale do Javari Indigenous Territory; Aldeia Pedro Lopes village, Curuca river. Migrating to Tabatinga town near the confluence of the Amazon and Javari Amazon rivers. Population: 32 (2007 SIL). Ethnic population: 130 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Culina Pano, Kulina do Acre. Dialects: None known. Reportedly different from Kulina [cul] in the Arauan family. Similar to Matis [mpq] and Matses [mcf]. Classification: Panoan.
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Kuruáya
[kyr] Pará state: Altamira municipality; Terra Indígena Curuá, Cajueiro village, Curuá river right bank; Terra Indígena Xipaia, Altamira town. Population: No known L1 speakers. The last fluent speakers died in 2010 (Picanço 2010). Ethnic population: 130 (2006 FUNASA). 115 (2002) in Cajueiro village (Crevels 2007). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Caravare, Curuaia, Kuruaia. Classification: Tupian, Mundurukú.
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Kwaza
[xwa] Rondônia state: west of Vilhena, near Cuiabá-Porto Velho highway. Same reserve as Aikanãs [tba] and Latundês [ltn]. Population: 25 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 40 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Coaiá, Koaiá, Koaya, Quaiá. Classification: Language isolate.
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Lakondê
[lkd] Rondônia state: Vilhena village. Population: 1 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 7 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Dialects: None known. Similar to Latundê [ltn], Mamaindé [wmd], and Tawandê [xtw]. Classification: Nambikwara, Nambikwara Complex, Northern, Roosevelt Cluster.
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Latundê
[ltn] Rondônia state: Aikaná-Latundê Indigenous Reserve. Population: 10 (2010 S. Anonby). Ethnic population: 20 (2010 S. Anonby). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Leitodu. Dialects: None known. Similar to Lakondé [lkd], Mamaindé [wmd], and Tawandê [xtw]. Classification: Nambikwara, Nambikwara Complex, Northern, Roosevelt Cluster.
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Machinere
[mpd] Acre state: Assis and Sena Madureira municipalities, Terra Indígena Mamoadate. Population: 940 in Brazil (2004 CPIAC). Total users in all countries: 953. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Machineri, Manchinere, Manchineri, Manitenerí, Manitenére, Maxinéri. Dialects: Distinct from Yine [pib] (Piro) in Peru. The Manitenére dialect may be different from Machinere. Classification: Maipurean, Southern, Southern Outlier, Piro, Piro.
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Macuna
[myy] Amazonas state: Rio Chié. Population: 32 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 32 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Baigana, Buhagana, Jepa-Matsi, Makuna, Paneroa, Wuhána, Yeba-Masã, Yebamasã, Yehpá Majsá, Yepá Maxsã, Yepá-Mahsá. Classification: Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan.
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Macushi
[mbc] Roraima state; Contingo, Mau, Pium, Quino rivers. Population: 15,000 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 23,400 (2006 FUNASA). Total users in all countries: 15,930. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Macusi, Macuxi, Makuchi, Makushi, Makusi, Makuxi, Teueia, Teweya. Dialects: None known. Not intelligible with Pemon [aoc] or Patamona [pbc]. Classification: Cariban, North Amazonian, Pemón, Pemón proper.
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Máku
[xak] Roraima territory, Uraricuera river. Population: No known L1 speakers in Brazil. The last speaker died in 2001. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Maco, Macu, Maku, Makó, Makú, Máko. Classification: Language isolate.
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Makuráp
[mpu] Rondônia state: Branco, Guaporé, Mequéns and Pororoca post rivers. Population: 50 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 380 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Kurateg, Macurapi, Macuráp, Makurápi, Massaka. Classification: Tupian, Tuparí.
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Mamaindê
[wmd] Mato Grosso state: between Cabixi and Pardo rivers. Population: 300 (2017 D. Eberhard). Losing speakers among the youth in one of the 4 villages. Ethnic population: 330 (Crevels 2012). 250 Mamaindê, 80 Negarotê. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Mamaindé. Autonym: Mamainsahai’gidu. Dialects: Negaroté, Tawende. Similar to Lakondê [lkd], Latundê [ltn], and Tawandê [xtw]. Classification: Nambikwara, Nambikwara Complex, Northern.
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Mapidian
[mpw] Roraima state: with the Waiwai [waw]. Population: 10 in Brazil (Moore 2006). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Mahuayana, Maiopitian, Maopityan, Mawayana. Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 10% with Wapishana [wap] and 20% with Atorada [aox]. Classification: Maipurean, Northern, Maritime, Wapixana.
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Maquiritari
[mch] Roraima state: near Venezuela border, Terra Indígena Yanomami. Population: 430 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 430 (Crevels 2012). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Maiongong, Makiritare, Maquiritai, Maquiritare, Mayongong, Pawana, So’to, Ye’kuana, Yecuana, Yekuána, Yekwana. Dialects: Cunuana, De’cuana (Wainungomo), Ihuruana, Maitsi, Mayongong (Ye’cuana, Yekuana). Classification: Cariban, Central, Makiritare.
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Maritsauá
[msp] Mato Grosso state. Population: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died in the first half of the twentieth century (Rodrigues 1986). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Manitsauá, Manitsawa, Manitsawá, Mantizula. Dialects: Arupai (Arupati, Urupaya). Classification: Tupian, Juruna.
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Marúbo
[mzr] Amazonas state: headwaters of Curuçá, Ipixuna, and Javarí tributaries, near the Peru border; large groups in Atalaia do Norte city; smaller groups in Cruzeiro do Sul city. Population: 1,250 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 1,250 (2006 FUNASA). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kaniuá, Marova, Maruba. Dialects: None known. No comprehension of Matsés (Mayoruna) [mcf] reported. Possibly intelligible of Panoan Katukína [knt]. Classification: Panoan, Mainline, Shipibo.
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Matipuhy
[mzo] Mato Grosso state: Xingú Park south, 2 villages. Population: 130 (Crevels 2012). 10 Matipuhy and 120 Nahukuá (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 230 (Crevels 2012). 100 Matipuhy and 130 Nahukuá (Crevels 2012). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Mariape-Nahuqua, Matipu. Dialects: Matipuhy, Nahukuá (Nafukwá, Nahukwa, Nahuqua, Nakukwa). Classification: Cariban, South Amazonian, Bakairí, Amonap.
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Matís
[mpq] Amazonas state: Atalaia do Norte municipality; on Peru border; Javari valley. Population: 320 (2008 ISA). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Dialects: None known. Different from Matsés [mcf]. Classification: Panoan, Mayoruna-Matsés.
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Matsés
[mcf] Amazonas state: Terra Indígena Lameiãro, Terra Indígena Vale do Javari, Javari river basin; Terra Indígena Mayoruna, Solimões river area. Population: 1,500 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 1,590 (2006 FUNASA). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Matse, Mayoruna. Classification: Panoan, Mayoruna-Matsés.
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Maxakalí
[mbl] Minas Gerais and Bahia states: 160 km inland from coast. 14 villages. Population: 1,270 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 1,270 (Crevels 2012). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Caposho, Cumanasho, Kumanuxú, Macuni, Mashakalí, Maxacalí, Monacó, Monaxo, Monocho, Tikmuún. Autonym: Tikmũ’ũn Yĩy’ax. Classification: Maxakalian.
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Mehináku
[mmh] Mato Grosso state: Xingú Park. Population: 200 (Crevels 2012). All Mehinaku still speak their mother tongue (Crevels 2007). Combined Waura [wau] and Mehinaku speakers: 600 (2012). Ethnic population: 230 (2006 ISA). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Mahinaku, Mehinaco, Mehinako, Meinaku, Minaco. Dialects: Waurá-kumá. Somewhat intelligible of Waurá [wau]. There is a dialect of Mehinaku called Waurá-kumá which is influenced by Waurá [wau]. Classification: Maipurean, Southern, Central, Waurá.
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Miranha
[boa] Amazonas state: Solimões, between Tefé and Caiçara river areas; along Brazilian Rio Iça. Population: No known L1 speakers in Brazil. Ethnic population: 840 (Crevels 2012). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Bora, Boro, Meamuyna, Miamunaa, Miraña, Mirãnha, Mirãnia. Classification: Witotoan, Proto-Bora-Muinane.
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Miriti
[mmv] Amazonas state: Pari-Cachoeira, Taracua. Population: No known L1 speakers. Survived into the 1980s. Ethnic population: 75 (Crevels 2012). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Baniva de rio Içana, Baníwa do Içana, Buia-Tapuya, Búia-tapúya, Dyuremáwa, Dzúreme, Dzúremene, Miriti Tapuyo, Miriti-Tapuia, Mirity-Tapuya, Neenoá, Neenöa, Yiboia-tapuya, Yibóya-tapúya. Classification: Tucanoan.
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Mondé
[mnd] Rondônia state: Apidia river, tributary of Igarape Tanaru, near Pimenta Bueno. Population: No known L1 speakers (Golla 2007). Survived into late 20th century. 2 semi-speakers left (Golla 2007). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Salamaikã, Salamãi, Sanamaica, Sanamaiká, Sanamaykã. Dialects: None known. Related to Arua [arx] and Gavião do Jiparaná [gvo]. Classification: Tupian, Mondé.
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Morerebi
[xmo] Amazonas state: Marmelos and Rio Preto; Mato Grosso state. Population: 100 (2000). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Dialects: None known. Reportedly very similar linguistically to Amundava [adw], Tenharim [pah], and Uru-eu-wau-wau [urz]. A family group that has not lived with the Tenharim for many years, and does not want contact with outside culture. Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Kawahib, Parintintin.
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Mundurukú
[myu] Amazonas, Mato Grosso, and Pará states; middle Madeira, and middle and upper Tapajós rivers; 22 villages. Population: 8,000 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 10,100 (2002 FUNASA). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Caras-Pretas, Monjoroku, Mundurucu, Paiquize, Pari, Weidyenye. Classification: Tupian, Mundurukú.
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Nadëb
[mbj] Amazonas state: 3 locations on Uneiuxi river: a tributary of Negro river, Japurá and Negro rivers. Population: 370 (Crevels 2012). 350 Nadëb, 20 Kuyabi (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 850 (2010 S. Anonby). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Anodöb, Guariba, Guariba-Tapuyo, Kabari, Kabori, Makunadöbö, Makú Nadëb, Nadeb Macu, Nadöb, Nadöbö, Xiriwai, Xuriwai. Autonym: Nadëb. Dialects: Kuyabi (Kuyawi). Classification: Puinavean, Kaburi.
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Nambikuára, Southern
[nab] Mato Grosso state: along Porto Velho-Cuiabá highway. 10 villages. Population: 720 (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 720 (Moore 2006). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Nambicuara, Nambikwara, Nambikwara do Sul, Nambiquara, Southern Nambikwara. Dialects: Manduka, Khithaulhu (Kitãulhu, ki³thãu³lhu²), Halotesu, Saxwentesu, Wakalitesu, Serra Azul, Hahaintesu, Wasusu, Alatesu, Waikisu, Galera, Sarare, Alaketesu, Anunsu. Classification: Nambikwara, Nambikwara Complex.
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Nhengatu
[yrl] Amazonas state: Içana, Lower Vaupés, and Negro river areas. Population: 10,300 in Brazil (2005 FOIRN). Total users in all countries: 18,300. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Coastal Tupian, Geral, Língua Geral, Modern Tupí, Nheengatu, Nyengato, Nyengatú, Waengatu, Yeral, Ñeegatú. Dialects: None known. Based on Tupinambá, developed by Portuguese during 17th and 18th centuries as lingua franca. Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Tupí, Tupí.
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Ninam
[shb] Roraima state: Mucajaí, Paragua, Roraima, and upper Uraricaá rivers. Population: 470 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). About evenly divided between northern and southern dialects. 15,700 for all Yanomam groups in Brazil (2006 FUNASA). Most are monolingual. Ethnic population: 470 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 1,030. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Shiriana, Xirianá, Xirixana, Yanam. Dialects: Southern Ninam (Mukajai, Shirishana), Northern Ninam (Shiriana, Uraricaa-Paragua). Classification: Yanomaman.
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Nukuini
[nuc] Acre state: Juruá, from upper Mõa to Rio Sungarú. Population: No known L1 speakers. Spoken into last half of 20th century. Although not used anymore, a few people were reported to still remember the Nukuini language in 2013. Ethnic population: 600 (Crevels 2012). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Inukuini, Nucuini, Nukini, Nuquini, Remo, Rheno. Dialects: Cuyanawa. Classification: Panoan, Mainline, Unclassified.
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Ofayé
[opy] Mato Grosso do Sul state: Ivinhema, Vacaris, and Verde rivers; Brasilándia area. Population: 12 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 61 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Ofaié, Ofaié-Xavante, Ofayé-Xavante, Opaié-Shavante, Opayé. Classification: Language isolate.
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Omagua
[omg] Amazonas state: Alvaráes municipality, Terra Indígena Igarapé Grande; Maraã municipality, Terra Indígena Jaquiri; Tefé municipality, Santa Cruz on right bank of Solimões river, and Terra Indígena Kokama. Population: No known L1 speakers in Brazil. Ethnic population: 350 (Crevels 2012). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Agua, Anapia, Ariana, Cambeba, Cambela, Campeba, Campeua, Canga-Peba, Carari, Compeva, Janbeba, Kambeba, Kambewa, Kambéba, Macanipa, Omagua-Yete, Pariana, Umaua, Yhuata. Dialects: Aizuare (Aissuari), Curacirari (Curazicari), Curucicuri (Curuzicari), Paguana (Paguara). Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Tupí, Cocama.
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Oro Win
[orw] Rondônia state: Pacaás-Novos river headwaters, a tributary of Mamoré river. Population: 5 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 56 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Oto Towati. Dialects: None known. Not intelligible of Tora [trz], Itene (More) [ite], and Pakaasnovos (Wari) [pav]. Classification: Chapacuran, Wari.
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Oti
[oti] São Paulo. Population: No known L1 speakers. Became extinct early in the 20th century. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Chavante, Eochavante, Euchavante, Otí. Classification: Language isolate.
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Otuke
[otu] Mato Grosso state. Population: No known L1 speakers. Survived into the 1920s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Loushiru, Louxiru, Louxiur, Otuké, Otuque, Otuqui, Otuqué. Dialects: Related dialects or languages: Covareca, Curuminaca, Coraveca (Curave), Curucaneca, and Tapii; all extinct. Classification: Bororoan.
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[Tooting Carmen]

Pakaásnovos
[pav] Rondônia state: 7 villages. Population: 2,720 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 2,720 (2006 FUNASA). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Jaru, Oro Wari, Orowari, Pacaas-Novos, Pacahanovo, Pacaás Novos, Pakaa Nova, Pakaanova, Pakaanovas, Uomo, Wari’. Classification: Chapacuran, Wari.
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Palikúr
[plu] Amapá state: Oiapoque municipality, Terra Indígena Uaçá I and II, in 10 villages; Urucauá river banks, right-bank tributary of the Uaçá between Uaçá and Curipi rivers. Population: 1,290 in Brazil (2010 IEPE). Ethnic population: 1,330 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 1,540. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Aukuyene, Aukwayene, Paikwene, Palicur, Palijur, Palikour, Paliku’ene, Palincur, Paricores, Paricuria, Parikurene, Parinkur-lene. Autonym: Pa’ikwaki. Classification: Maipurean, Northern, Eastern, Palikur.
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Panará
[kre] Mato Grosso state: Parque Indígena do Xingú; Pará state: Terra Indígena Panará, on Iriri river. Population: 375 (2008 SIL). Ethnic population: 380. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Indios Gigantes, Kreen Akarore, Kren Akarore, Krenakarore, Krenakore, Krenhakarore. Dialects: Not a dialect of Kayapó [txu]; possibly more similar to Canela [ram]. Classification: Jean, Northern.
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Pankararé
[pax] Bahia state. Population: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the 1960s. Ethnic population: 1,500. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Pankaré. Classification: Unclassified.
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Pankararú
[paz] Pernambuco and Alagoas states. Population: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died in the 1960s. Ethnic population: 6,520 (Crevels 2012). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Pancaru, Pancaré, Pankarará, Pankaravu, Pankaroru, Pankarú. Dialects: None known. Possibly related to Xukuru [xoo]. Classification: Language isolate.
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Parakanã
[pak] Pará state: lower Xingú river, near São Felix and Altamira towns. Population: 900 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 900 (2004 ISA). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Apiterewa, Awaeté, Parakanân, Parocana. Dialects: None known. Part of Akwáwa subgroup. Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Tenetehara, Akwawa.
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Paranawát
[paf] Rondônia state: Jiparaná (Machado) and Sono rivers’ tributaries. Population: No known L1 speakers. Probably extinct by the 1970s. Ethnic population: 50 (1986 SIL). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Cabahyba, Cauaiua, Cauhib, Cawahib, Jauareta-Tapiia, Kawahib, Kawaib, Majubim, Paranauat, Pawate, Pawaté, Pawaté-Wirafed, Tupi do Machado, Tupí-Kawahíb, Wiraféd. Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Kawahib, Parintintin.
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Parecís
[pab] Mato Grosso state: Jubá, Guaporé, Verde, Papagaio, Burití, and Juruena rivers. 15–20 villages. Population: 1,800 (Brandão 2014). Ethnic population: 2,000 (Brandão 2014). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Arití, Paressí, Paresí, Pareás, Porçoes. Autonym: Haliti. Dialects: None known. Very similar to Saraveca [sar] (Crevels 2007). Classification: Maipurean, Southern, Central, Paresí.
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Patamona
[pbc] Roraima state: Terra Indígena Raposa or Serra do Sol. Population: Ethnic population: 87 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: Cariban, North Amazonian, Pemón, Pemón proper, Kapong.
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Pataxó Hã-Ha-Hãe
[pth] Minas Gerais and Bahia states; Pôsto Paraguassu in Itabuna municipality. Population: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died by the late 1930s (Loukotka 1968). Ethnic population: 2,220 (Crevels 2012). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Hã Hã Hãe, Patashó, Pataxi, Pataxó, Pataxó-Hãhaãi, Patoxó. Classification: Maxakalian.
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Paumarí
[pad] Amazonas state: Purus river. 3 villages. Population: 290 (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 890 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Palmari, Purupurú. Dialects: Paumarm (Pammari), Kurukuru (Curucuru), Uaiai. 3 inherently intelligible dialects. Classification: Arauan.
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Pemon
[aoc] Roraima state: Rio Branco, near Guyana border. Population: 500 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 580 (Crevels 2012). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kamarakotos, Pemong, Taulipáng, Taurepáng. Dialects: Taulipang (Taurepa, Taurepan, Taurepang), Camaracota (Ipuricoto), Arecuna (Arekuna, Aricuna, Jaricuna), Ingarikó (Ingaricó). Classification: Cariban, North Amazonian, Pemón, Pemón proper.
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Pirahã
[myp] Amazonas state: Maici and Autaces rivers. Population: 390 (Crevels 2012). Most are monolingual. Ethnic population: 9,690 (Crevels 2012). 9,300 Múra, 390 Pirahã (Crevels 2012). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Mura, Múra-Pirahã, Pirahán. Autonym: Xapaitíiso. Dialects: Múra. No remaining L1 speakers of Múra dialect (Crevels 2012). Classification: Muran.
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Piratapuyo
[pir] Amazonas state: Terra Indígena Médio Rio Negro I, Terra Indígena Médio Rio Negro II, Terra Indígena Rio Negro, Terra Indígena Rio Téa. Population: 700 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 1,430 (2005 FOIRN). Total users in all countries: 1,330. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Pira-Tapuia, Pira-Tapuya, Piratapuia, Piratapuya, Uaiana, Uaicana, Uaikena, Uainana, Waikhara, Waikino, Waina, Wanana-Pirá, Waíkana. Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Guanano [gvc] but ethnically distinct. The two groups do not intermarry. 75% intelligibility of Guanano (1992 N. Waltz). Classification: Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan.
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Plautdietsch
[pdt] Paraná state: Curitiaba, other scattered communities. Population: 8,000 in Brazil (Salminen 2007). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Low German, Mennonite German. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, Low Saxon-Low Franconian, Low Saxon.
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Pokangá
[pok] Amazonas state: Upper Tiquie, tributary of Vaupés. Population: 34 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 34 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Bara Sona, Barasana, Barasano, Bará, Bará-Tukano, Hanera, Pakang, Panenoá, Pokangá-Tapuya, Pãnerã. Classification: Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Bará-Tuyuka.
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Pomeranian
[nds] Espírito Santo: Domingos Martins, Laranja da Terra, Pancas, Santa Maria de Jetibá, and Vila Pavão; Rio Grande do Sul: Canguçu. Population: 300,000 in Brazil (2016 M. Braga). Status: 4 (Educational). Statutory language of provincial identity in State of Espirito Santo (2011, State Amendment), co-official in a number of municipalities within the state. Alternate Names: Pomerano, Pommersch. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, Low Saxon-Low Franconian, Low Saxon.
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Portuguese
[por] Widespread. Population: 194,000,000 in Brazil (2015). Status: 1 (National). Statutory national language (1988, Constitution, Article 13). Alternate Names: Português. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Ibero-Romance, West Iberian, Portuguese-Galician.
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Potiguára
[pog] Paraíba state: Mamanguape municipality, Pôsto Nísia Brasileira on Baía da Traição. Population: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker either died or had shifted entirely to Portuguese [por] by the early 1970s. Ethnic population: 11,400 (Crevels 2012). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Petigaré, Pitonara, Potiguara, Potyguara. Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Tupí, Tupí.
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Poyanáwa
[pyn] Acre state: upper Rio Môa, Jumá tributary. Population: No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers likely survived into the first decade of the 2000s. Ethnic population: 400 (1999 ISA). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Poianáua, Puinahua. Classification: Panoan, Mainline.
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Puri
[prr] Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais states. Population: No known L1 speakers. Became extinct late in the 19th century. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Colorado, Coroado, Paquí, Telikóng. Classification: Purian.
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Puruborá
[pur] Rondônia state: headwaters of the Rio São Miguel, tributary of Guaporé right bank. Population: 2 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 50 (Moore 2006). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Aurã, Burubora, Cujubi, Kuyubi, Miguelenho, Migueleno, Pumbora, Puroborá, Puruba. Classification: Tupian.
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Rikbaktsa
[rkb] Mato Grosso and Amazonas states: confluence of Sangue and Juruena rivers, Japuira on the east bank of the Juruena between Arinos and Sangue rivers; Posto Escondido on Juruena west bank 700 km north. 9 villages, 14 settlements. Population: 40 (2010 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,120 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Aripaktsá, Canoeiro, Erigbaagtsá, Erigpactsá, Erigpaktsá, Erikbaktsá, Erikbatsá, Erikpatsá, Orelhas de Pau, Rikpakcá, Rikpaktsá. Classification: Language isolate.
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Sabanê
[sae] Mato Grosso state. Population: 3 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 140 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Sabanês, Sabones, Sowainte. Classification: Nambikwara.
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Sakirabiá
[skf] Rondônia state: Cerejeira and Colorado do Oeste municipalities, Mequens river. Population: 22 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 84 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Mekens, Mekém, Sakirabiák, Sakirabiáp, Sakirabiát, Sakirap, Sakiriabar, Sakurabiat. Classification: Tupian, Tuparí.
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Salumá
[slj] Pará state: upper Anamu, Trombetas river source, along Suriname border. Population: 240 (2000). Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: Cariban, Tiriyó.
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Sánuma
[xsu] Roraima state: Auaris river. Population: 460 in Brazil (Moore 2006). All Yanomam groups in Brazil: 11,700 (2000 ISA). Ethnic population: 460 (Crevels 2012). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Sanema, Sanïma, Sanöma, Sánïma, Tsanuma. Dialects: Caura, Ervato-Ventuari, Auaris, Yanoma (Samatali, Samatari). Classification: Yanomaman.
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Sateré-Mawé
[mav] Pará and Amazonas states: Andirá, and Maués rivers, between lower Tapajós and lower Madeira rivers. More than 14 villages. Population: 6,220 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 9,160 (2008 FUNASA). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Andira, Arapium, Mabue, Maragua, Maué, Mawé, Sataré, Sataré-Maué, Sateré. Autonym: Satere Mawe. Dialects: None known. Recent data show that Aweti [awe] and Sateré-Mawé probably form a separate sub-branch within the Tupian linguistic family (Crevels 2007). Classification: Tupian.
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Shanenawa
[swo] Amazonas state: near Feijó city. Population: 9 (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 360 (2002 FUNAI). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Katukina Shanenawá. Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Yawanawa [ywn] and Sharanawa [mcd]. Classification: Unclassified.
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Sharanahua
[mcd] Acre state: Cruzeiro do Sul municipality, on Rio Humaitá off Juará river; Marináwa, along the upper Envira, tributary of the Tarauacá. Population: 9 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 330 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Acre Arara, Arara Shawãdawa, Arara do Acre, Shawanauá. Dialects: Marinahua (Marináwa), Chandinahua. Classification: Panoan, Mainline, Tri-State.
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Sikiana
[sik] Pará state: between Rio Cafuini and headwaters of the Turuna and Itapi, near the Suriname border. Population: 33 in Brazil (1986 SIL). Total users in all countries: 45. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Chikena, Chiquena, Chiquiana, Shikiana, Sikiâna, Sikïiyana, Xikiyana, Xikujana. Dialects: None known. Reportedly similar to Salumá [slj]. Classification: Cariban, Kashuyana.
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Siriano
[sri] Amazonas state: São Gabriel. Population: 17 in Brazil (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 52 (2009 FUNASA). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Sarirá, Siria-Masã, Siriana, Siriane, Surianá, Surirá, Suryana. Classification: Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Desano-Siriano.
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Suruahá
[swx] Amazonas state: Juruá, Jutaí and Purus rivers area. Population: 140 (Moore 2006). 140 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 140 (Crevels 2007). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Indios do Coxodoá, Sorowaha, Suruwahá, Zuruahã. Classification: Arauan.
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Suruí
[sru] Rondônia and Mato Grosso states: border area, 10 villages and scattered. Population: 1,010 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 1,010 (Crevels 2012). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Suruí de Rondônia, Suruí do Jiparaná, Suruí-Paiter. Autonym: Paiter. Classification: Tupian, Mondé.
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Suruí do Pará
[mdz] Pará state: São João municipality, Araguaia. Population: 260 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 260 (2006 FUNASA). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Aikewara, Akewara, Akewere, Sororos, Suruí, Suruí do Tocantins, “Mudjetíre” (pej.), “Mudjetíre-Suruí” (pej.), “Mudjétira” (pej.). Dialects: None known. Different from Suruí do Jiparaná [sru]. Member of Akwáwa subgroup. Closely related to Asuriní do Tocantins [asu] and Parakanã [pak]. Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Tenetehara, Akwawa.
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Suyá
[suy] Mato Grosso state: Xingú Park, headwaters of Rio Culuene; Pará state: Terra Indígena Capoto or Jarina reservation, Kayapó villages (2002 ISA). Population: 410 (Crevels 2012). 350 Suya (main dialect); 58 Tapayúna (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 410 (Crevels 2012). 350 Suya (main dialect); 58 Tapayúna (Crevels 2012). All Tapayuna speak their native language (Crevels 2007). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kisêdjê, Mẽkisêdjê, Suiá. Dialects: Tapayúna (Beiço de Pau), Yaruma (Jarumá, Waiku). Classification: Jean, Northern.
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Talian
[vec] Northern Rio Grande do Sul: Caxias do Sul area. Population: 4,000,000 in Brazil (2006 L. Palmerini). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Taliano, Venetian, Veneto, Vèneto. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Gallo-Romance, Gallo-Italian.
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Tapeba
[tbb] Ceara state: Caucaia municipality, Ceará river. Population: Status: Unattested. Alternate Names: Perna-de-Pau, Tabeba, Tapebano. Classification: Unclassified.
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Tapirapé
[taf] Tocantins and Mato Grosso states: mouth of Tapirapé and Araguaia rivers. Population: 560 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 560 (Crevels 2012). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Tapi’irape. Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Tenetehara.
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Tariana
[tae] Amazonas state: Santa Rosa (Juquira), Iauarete, Periquitos, and Ji-Ponta on Middle Vaupés river. Population: 100 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 1,910 (2002 ISA). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Taliáseri, Tariano, Tariáno, Tarîna. Classification: Maipurean, Northern, Upper Amazon, Eastern Nawiki.
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Tawandê
[xtw] Rondônia state: Pyrineus de Souza village, near Vilhena town. Population: 1 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Da’wan’du, Tawaindê. Dialects: None known. Similar to Lakondê [lkd], Latundê [ltn], and Mamaindê [wmd]. Classification: Nambikwara, Nambikwara Complex, Northern, Roosevelt Cluster.
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Tembé
[tqb] Pará state: Terra Indígena Alto Turiaçu, banks of Gurupi river. Population: 60 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 1,430 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Tenetehara, Timbé, Turiwara. Dialects: None known. Intelligible with Guajajára [gub]. Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Tenetehara, Tenetehara.
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Tenharim
[pah] Amazonas and Mato Grosso states. 2 villages. Population: 360 (Crevels 2012). 1 Diahói, 10 Parintintin, and 350 Tenharim (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 1,070 (Crevels 2012). 90 Diahói, 280 Parintintin, and 700 Tenharim (Crevels 2012). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kagwahiv, Kagwahiwa, Kawaib, Tenharem, Tenharin. Autonym: Kagwahiva. Dialects: Tenharim (Tenharem, Tenharin), Parintintín, Kagwahiv (Kawaib), Karipuna Jaci Paraná, Mialát, Diahói (Diahkoi, Diarroi, Djahui, Giahoi, Jahui, Jahói, Jiahui). Tenharim, Amundava [adw], Kayabi [kyz], Júma [jua], Karipuna [kuq], Uru-eu-wau-wau [urz], and Morerebi [xmo] are all reportedly linguistically very similar. Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Kawahib, Parintintin.
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Terêna
[ter] Mato Grosso do Sul state: east of Paraguay river in Miranda and Aguidauana rivers area, 20 villages and 2 cities; some in São Paulo state. Population: 15,800 (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 20,000 (Crevels 2012). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Etelena, Tereno. Classification: Maipurean, Southern, Southern Outlier, Terena.
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Ticuna
[tca] Amazonas state: upper Solimões river area, more than 20 indigenous islands, more than 90 villages. Population: 35,000 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 35,000 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 48,580. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Du-ûgü, Duüxügu, Magüa, Tikuna, Tucuna, Tukuna. Autonym: ticunagaxũ. Classification: Language isolate.
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Tingui-Boto
[tgv] Alagoas state. Population: No known L1 speakers. Extinct by the 1970s. Ethnic population: 300 (Crevels 2012). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Carapató, Carapoto, Dzboku’a, Dzubukuá, Karapató, Shocó, Tingui, Tingui Botó, Xocó. Classification: Unclassified.
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Torá
[trz] Amazonas state: lower Rio Marmelos tributary of Rio Madeira. Population: No known L1 speakers. Extinct by 2000s. Ethnic population: 310 (Crevels 2012). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Tora, Toraz, Torerizes, Toré, Tura, Turá. Classification: Chapacuran, Itene.
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Tremembé
[tme] Ceará state. Population: No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 2,050 (Crevels 2012). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Taramembé, Teremembé. Classification: Unclassified.
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Trió
[tri] Pará state: mostly on west Paru river; also Terra Indígena Parque Tumucumaque, on Marapi and East Paru rivers. Population: 1,160 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Most are monolingual. Ethnic population: 1,160 (Crevels 2012). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Tarona, Tarëno, Tiriyó, Tirió, Yawi. Dialects: Pianokotó. Classification: Cariban, Tiriyó, Tiriyó.
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Truká
[tka] Bahia and Pernambuco states. Population: No known L1 speakers. Extinct in latter half of 20th century. Ethnic population: 4,170 (Crevels 2012). Status: 9 (Dormant). Classification: Unclassified.
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Trumai
[tpy] Mato Grosso state: Xingú Park, source of Xingú river, villages along banks. Population: 51 (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 120 (Moore 2006). Status: 8a (Moribund). Dialects: None known. Ruhlen (1987) and others classify it as Equatorial. Classification: Language isolate.
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Tucano
[tuo] Amazonas state. Wasona users primarily in Yacayacá village. Population: 4,600 in Brazil (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 6,240 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 11,620. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Dahseyé, Dasea, Daxsea, Takuna, Tukano, Tukána, Ye’pãmasa. Autonym: Dasea ye. Dialects: Yohoraa (Curaua), Wasona (Uasona), Pisamira, Papiwa, Papihua, Pisatapuyo, Pisa-tapuyo. Classification: Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Tucano.
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Tukumanféd
[tkf] Rondônia state. Population: No known L1 speakers. Became extinct in late 20th century. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Tekumanfed, Tukumaféd. Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Kawahib, Parintintin.
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Tuparí
[tpr] Rondônia state: Pororoca Post, Branco river, tributary of the Guaporé. Population: 150 (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 430 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: Tupian, Tuparí.
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Tupinikin
[tpk] Espírito Santo state. Population: No known L1 speakers. Extinct by 1960s. Ethnic population: 1,390. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Margaya, Tupinaki, Tupinikim, Tupiniquim, Tupiniquin, Tupiniquín. Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Tupí, Tupí.
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Turiwára
[twt] Pará state: with the Tembé [tqb] language group on Acará-miri river. Population: No known L1 speakers. The Tembé [tqb] seem to have assimilated the closely related Turiwara group (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 30 (1995 SIL). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Turiguara, Turiuara, Turiwara. Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Wayampí, Amanayé.
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Tuxá
[tud] Bahia and Pernambuco states. Population: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died in the 1960s (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 3,930 (Crevels 2012). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Payacú, Rodela, Todela, Tusha, Tushá. Classification: Language isolate.
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Tuxináwa
[tux] Acre state. Population: No known L1 speakers. Extinct by 1970s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Tuchinaua, Tushinawa, Tutxinawa, Tuxinaua, Tuxinawa. Classification: Panoan, Mainline.
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Tuyuca
[tue] Amazonas state: Vaupés region, Terra Indígena Alto Rio Negro and Terra Indígena Apaporis. Population: 800 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 830 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Borá-Tuyuka, Dochkafuara, Doka-Poara, Dokapuara, Doxká-Poárá, Tuiuca, Tuyuka, Utapinõmakãphõná. Dialects: Tsola. Classification: Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Bará-Tuyuka.
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Uamué
[uam] Pernambuco state: Floresta area. Population: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died in the 1960s (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 2,740 (Crevels 2007). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Aticum, Atikum, Huamuê, Wamoé. Classification: Language isolate.
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Ukrainian
[ukr] Paraná state. Population: Ethnic population: 500,000 (2015). Status: 4 (Educational). Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, East.
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Umotína
[umo] Mato Grosso state: along the Paraguay River. Population: No known L1 speakers (Crevels 2012). The last speaker, Julá Paré, died in 2004 (2011 E. Vital). Ethnic population: 450 (Crevels 2012). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Barbados, Omotina, Umutina. Classification: Bororoan.
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Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau
[urz] Rondônia state: upper Cautário, Jaciparaná, and Jamari rivers. Population: 87 (Moore 2006). Crevels (2007) groups the Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau together with Amundava [adw] for a total population of 170 (2003). Ethnic population: 87 (Moore 2006). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Eru-Eu-Wau-Wau, Jupaú, Kagwahiva, Kawahíb, Uru-Eu-Uau-Uau, Uruewawau. Dialects: Mutually intelligible dialect of Amundava [adw]. Reportedly similar to Tenharim [pah]. Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Kawahib.
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Uru-Pa-In
[urp] Rondônia state: Ariquemes municipality. Population: 200 (1995 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Kawahib.
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Urumi
[uru] Rondônia state. Population: No known L1 speakers. Became extinct in latter half of 20th century. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Itanga, Ramarama, Ramarama-Urumí, Urumí. Classification: Tupian, Ramarama.
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Waimaha
[bao] Amazonas state: Terra Indigena Pari Cachoeira, Bittencourt and Iauareté municipalities; Terra Indigena Pari Cachoeira II, Iauareté municipality; Terra Indigena Pari Cachoeira III, Bittencourt municipality, all on upper Tiquié river. Population: 21 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 21 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Barazana, Northern Barasano, Waimajã, Waípinõmakã, “Bará” (pej.). Classification: Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Bará-Tuyuka.
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Waimiri-Atroarí
[atr] Amazonas state: border area with Roraima state on Alalau and Camanau, Jatapu, and Jauaperi rivers. 24 villages. Population: 2,010 (2018 ISA). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Atroahy, Atroahí, Atroarí, Atroaí, Atrowari, Atruahí, Ki’nya, Kinja, Kinja Iara, Kinã. Dialects: Atruahi, Waimirí (Uaimirí, Wahmirí), Jawaperi (Yauaperi). Classification: Cariban, North Amazonian, Yawaperí.
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Waiwai
[waw] Pará and Roraima states. Population: 2,020 in Brazil (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 2,900 (2005 ISA). Total users in all countries: 2,230. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Ouayeone, Tunayana-Waiwai, Uaieue, Wai Wai. Autonym: UaiUai. Dialects: Katawian (Cachuena, Catauian, Catawian, Karahawyana, Katawina, Katuena, Katwena, Parucutu, Parukutu, Tonayana, Tunayana). Voegelin and Voegelin (1977) treat Katawian as a separate language. Classification: Cariban, Waiwai.
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Wajiara
[yui] Amazonas state: Iauarete. Population: No known L1 speakers in Brazil. Last known speakers likely survived into the 2000s (Crevels 2012). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Jurití, Juruti, Juruti-Tapuia, Luruty-Tapuya, Wajiaraye, Yuriti-Tapuia, Yurutí. Classification: Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Tucano.
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Wakoná
[waf] Alagoas state. Population: No known L1 speakers. Last speakers died in the mid-1970s. Ethnic population: 500 (1995 SIL). Status: 9 (Dormant). Classification: Unclassified.
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Wapishana
[wap] Roraima state: 23 indigenous lands. Population: 6,500 in Brazil (2000 ISA). Ethnic population: 7,000 (Crevels 2012). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Aruma, Uapixana, Vapidiana, Wapishiana, Wapisiana, Wapixiana, Wapixiána, Wapixána. Dialects: Amariba, Atorai. Classification: Maipurean, Northern, Maritime, Wapixana.
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Wasu
[wsu] Alagoas state. Population: No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 1,560 (Crevels 2012). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Wassu, Wassú, Waçu. Classification: Unclassified.
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Waurá
[wau] Mato Grosso state: Xingú Park. Population: 320 (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 320 (Moore 2006). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Aura, Uará, Uaura, Waujá, Waurá-Meinaku. Dialects: None known. Partially intelligible of Mehináku [mmh]. Classification: Maipurean, Southern, Central, Waurá, Waurá-Meinaku.
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Wayampi
[oym] Amapá and Pará states: tributaries of upper Amapari river. 8 villages. Population: 910 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 910 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 1,660. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Guaiapi, Guayapi, Oiampí, Oyampí, Oyampík, Oyanpík, Waiampi, Waiãpi, Wajapae, Wajapuku, Wayapae, Wayapi, Wayãpi, Wayãpy, “Oiampipucu” (pej.), “Oyampipuku” (pej.). Autonym: Wajãpi. Dialects: Oiyapoque Wayampi, Amapari Wayampi, Jari. Monolinguals include children under 6, more than half the women, most men over 45, and all of those recently from Brazil. Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Wayampí, Wayampí.
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Wayana
[way] Pará state: Parque Indígena do Tumucumaque, and Terra Indígena Rio Paru D’Este, mainly on Paru de Leste river. Population: 290 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 450 (Moore 2006). Wayana and Aparai are registered as a single group of 420 members (1998). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Alukuyana, Aparaí, Oayana, Oiana, Oyana, Uaiana, Upurui, Waiana, Wayâna. Dialects: Rucuyen (Roucouyenne), Urucuiana (Urucena). Classification: Cariban, Central, Wayana.
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Wayoró
[wyr] Rondônia state: Pororoca post, Guapore river. Population: 8 (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 94 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Ajurú, Ayurú, Uaiora, Wajaru, Wayurú. Classification: Tupian, Tuparí.
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Wiraféd
[wir] Rondônia state. Population: No known L1 speakers. Extinct by 1980s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Bocas Pretas, Cabahyba, Cauaiua, Cauhib, Cawahib, Jauareta-Tapiia, Kawahib, Kawaib, Paranawat, Pawaté-Wirafed, Tupi do rio Machado, Uirafed, Wirafed, Wiroféd. Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Kawahib, Parintintin.
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Xakriabá
[xkr] Minas Gerais state. Population: No known L1 speakers. Became extinct in latter 19th century. Ethnic population: 7,670 (Crevels 2012). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Chakriaba, Chicriaba, Chicriabá, Chikriaba, Shacriaba, Shakriabá, Shicriaba, Shicriabá, Xacriabá, Xikriabá. Classification: Jean, Central.
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Xavánte
[xav] Mato Grosso state: 6 noncontiguous reservations. 80 villages. Population: 19,000 (2010 census). 7,000 monolinguals. Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: A’uwe Uptabi, A’we, Akuên, Akwen, Awen, Chavante, Crisca, Pusciti, Shavante, Tapacua. Autonym: A’uwẽ. Classification: Jean, Central.
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Xerénte
[xer] Tocantins state: between Rio do Sono and Rio Tocantins. Population: 2,570 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 2,570 (Crevels 2012). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Acuen, Akwen, Akwẽ-Xerente, Sherenté. Autonym: Akwẽ. Classification: Jean, Central.
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Xetá
[xet] Paraná state: among Kaingang [kgp]. Population: No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1990s (1986 SIL). Ethnic population: 86 (Crevels 2012). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Aré, Cheta, Curutón, Hetá, Seta, Sheta. Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Guaraní.
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Xipaya
[xiy] Pará state: lower Xingú river. Population: 1 (2011 SIL). Ethnic population: 600 (2002 ISA). The ethnic population probably includes Kuruaya [kyr] as they are sometimes considered a single ethnic group. There were 8 elders of Kuruaya and Xipaya descendance in Altamira reported to speak the native language in 2007 (Crevels 2007). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Shipaja, Shipaya, Xipaia. Classification: Tupian, Juruna.
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Xiriâna
[xir] Amazonas state: Demeni and Rio Negro tributaries, near Venezuela border. Population: No known L1 speakers. There were 200 monolingual speakers in 1960 (Migliazza and Grimes 1961), but the language became dormant by the 2000s. Ethnic population: 900 (2000). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Bahuana, Bahwana, Barauána, Chiriana, Chiriána, Shiriana, Shriana, Xiriana. Classification: Maipurean, Northern, Upper Amazon, Unclassified.
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Xokleng
[xok] Santa Catarina state: Itajaí river tributary. Population: 100 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 890 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Aweikoma, Aweikoma-Kaingang, Botocudos, Bugres, Bugré, Kaingang de Santa Catarina, Laklanô, Shokléng, Xakléng, Xogléng, Xokré, Xokrén, Xokréng. Classification: Jean, Southern.
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Xukurú
[xoo] Bahía state; Pernambuco state: Serra de Urubá (Arobá) near Cimbres city. Population: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died in the 1960s (Meader 1978). Ethnic population: 2,650 (Crevels 2012). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Ichikile, Kirirí, Kirirí-Xokó, Shukuru, Shukurú, Xucuru, Xukuru-Kariri. Classification: Language isolate.
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Yabaâna
[ybn] Amazonas state: Marauia and Cauaboris rivers’ headwaters, tributaries of the left bank of Rio Negro. Population: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker either died or shifted entirely to Portuguese by 1986 (Rodrigues 1986). Ethnic population: 90 (1986 SIL). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Hobacana, Jabaana, Jabâ-ana, Yabarana, Yabaána. Classification: Maipurean, Northern, Upper Amazon, Unclassified.
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Yaminahua
[yaa] Acre state. Population: 600 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 860 (Crevels 2012). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Iauminawa, Jaminawá, Yamanawa, Yamináwa. Classification: Panoan, Mainline, Tri-State.
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Yanomámi
[wca] Amazonas state: Toototobi post; Roraima state: Waicá post, Catrimani and Uraricuera rivers. Population: 6,000 (Moore 2006). 11,700 for all Yanomam groups in Brazil (2000 ISA). Most are monolingual. Ethnic population: 6,000 (Crevels 2012). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Central Waica, Parahuri, Surara, Waicá, Waiká, Xurima, Yanoam, Yanoama, Yanomam, Yanomama, Yanomamé, Yanomamï, Yanomamõ. Dialects: Yanamam (Patimitheri, Waika), Yanomam (Guadema, Naomam, Wadema, Warema), Yanomay (Toototobi), Nanomam (Karime), Jauari (Aica, Joari, Yoari), Xamatari, Kohoroxitari. Classification: Yanomaman.
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Yanomamö
[guu] Amazonas and Roraima states: upper tributaries of Rio Negro, along Venezuela border. Population: 4,000 in Brazil (Moore 2006). 11,700 for all Yanomam groups in Brazil (2000 ISA). Most are monolingual. Ethnic population: 4,000 (Crevels 2012). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Guaharibo, Guaica, Shaathari, Shamatri, Yanomae, Yanomam, Yanomami. Dialects: Eastern Yanomami (Parima), Western Yanomami (Padamo-Orinoco). Classification: Yanomaman.
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Yaroamë
[yro] Roraima. Population: 430 (Ferreira 2011). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Jawari, Yawari. Dialects: None known. Most similar to Ninam [shb]. Classification: Yanomaman.
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Yawalapití
[yaw] Mato Grosso state: Xingú Park. Population: 8 (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 220 (Moore 2006). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Iaualapití, Jaulapiti, Yaulapiti. Classification: Maipurean, Southern, Central, Waurá, Waurá-Meinaku.
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Yawanawa
[ywn] Acre state: Gregório river. Population: 520 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 520 (2006 FUNASA). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Iauanauá, Jawanaua, Yahuanahua, Yauanauá. Classification: Panoan, Mainline, Tri-State.
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Yuhup
[yab] Amazonas state: on the Apapóris, Castanha, Cunuri, Igarapé Samaúma, Ira, and Tiquié rivers. 11 villages. Population: 620 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 620 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 720. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Makú-Yahup, Yahup, Yahup Makú, Yuhupdeh, Yëhup, “Maku” (pej.). Autonym: Yuhup. Dialects: None known. Limited intelligibility of Hupdë [jup]. Ruhlen and others classify it as related to Puinave [pui]. Classification: Puinavean, Hupda.
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Zo’é
[pto] Pará state: Obidos municipality on Cuminapanema river. Population: 180 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 180 (Crevels 2012). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Buré, Jo’é, Poturu, Poturujara, Puturú, Tupí of Cuminapanema. Classification: Tupian.
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[Smaug]

Pomeranian German, Platsdütch and Venetian are also spoken.

[Tooting Carmen]

Pomeranian German, Platsdütch and Venetian are also spoken.

If you look carefully, you'll see they are all listed.

Pomeranian has 300,000 speakers, Platsdütch has 8,000 speakers and Venetian (called Talian here) has 4,000,000 speakers.

[bandeirante]

If you look carefully, you'll see they are all listed.

Pomeranian has 300,000 speakers, Platsdütch has 8,000 speakers and Venetian (called Talian here) has 4,000,000 speakers.

catalan, dutch in brazil? wtf

[Smaug]

If you look carefully, you'll see they are all listed.

Pomeranian has 300,000 speakers, Platsdütch has 8,000 speakers and Venetian (called Talian here) has 4,000,000 speakers.

Well, you accidentally put them within the same group of native languages.

[Tooting Carmen]

catalan, dutch in brazil? wtf

There are many people in Brazil of Spanish and Dutch descent, aren't there?

[Tooting Carmen]

Well, you accidentally put them within the same group of native languages.

I said "indigenous and regional languages". Given their concentrations in Brazil, they are effectively regional languages there.

[Smaug]

I said "indigenous and regional languages". Given their concentrations in Brazil, they are effectively regional languages there.

I do not believe that is the proper way of grouping these languages. Some of the languages you put under the "Immigration Languages" list are as spoken as and have been spoken for as long as languages such as Italian and German. I am referring especially to Japanese and Arabic.