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Korean ethnogenesis
Haplogroups that exist today in Korean population include O-M176, O-M122, C-M217, D-M174, N-M231, O-M119, Q-M242, P-P295, C-RPS4Y etc. On the mtdna side D4, B, A, Y, N9b, F, G, N9, D5, M7, M8, M9, M10, M11, R11, C, Z etc.
O-L682 and C-CTS2657 are mostly unique among the Korean ethnic group, but they are also found in China and Japan and siberian ethnic groups, whereas the rest could be from historical immigration but also from native extraction.
O-L682 is the main Korean haplogroup, belonging to O-M176, with a frequency greater than 20% in all Korea and lesser frequency in neighbouring north-east China, western Japan and Tungusic peoples like Nanai. It could be therefore connected to the dispersal of Korean languages. Alternatively, it could be connected with the Japonic substratum particularly in south Korea, uncovered by linguists.
Y-DNA O.png
C-CTS2657 is also most prominent among Koreans in Korea and from Koreans from north-east China, belonging to C-F1067, with a frequency 7-15%. Its subclade C-M407 is frequent as well among various mongolic groups like Buryats and kazakh groups like Qongyrat, whose names are reminiscent of old Korean names like Buyeo and Koguryeo. It is also found about 10% in Kalmyks. Therefore, it is also quite likely that CTS2657 is connected with the dispersal of Korean languages.
Distribution of east asian lineages
Quite possible, C-M407 was also the y-dna haplogroup of the Yuan dynasty, since some tested descendants belong to this sucbclade. Yuan dynasty was established by Kublai khan, grandson of Chingis Khan so it possible that he also belonged to that subclade.
O-M176 is found with an overall frequency of ~24%, additionally including O-CTS10687, which is found in south-central Korea, but even in western China and Afghanistan and one case is that it could be related to Gaya language. Also O-CTS713/47z, which is more common in Japanese, O-F940 which is common among Manchus and an ancestral type O-R144 which has survived in south-west Korea and Jeju island.
C-F1067 is found with an overall frequency of 19-27%, additionally including C-F845, with a moderate frequency in Korea but more frequent in south-east China, north Vietnam and generally Indochina. Also C-F3880, which is more common among Han Chinese.
O-M122 is found with an overall frequency of ~40% in Koreans, coming from historical Chinese and other Sino-Tibetan immigration, but also being of native extraction. Specifically, all Sino-Tibetan subclades should be under O-M117, while the rest should be of different origin.
D-M174 is found with a frequency 1-3%. There are two types in Korea, D-M15 which is of native extraction and also found with a moderate frequency in China and Indochina and D-M64.1/M55, which is more commong in Japan and connected with the Ainu languages, but some of it could be also from native extraction.
Q-M120 is found with a moderate frequency of ~2% especially in North Korea. Q-M120 belongs to Q-NWT01 and it is probably connected to an Eskimo-Aleutic language substratum.
N-M231 is found with a frequency of ~4% and should be of native extraction and it should be connected to Uralic languages.
C-M105 is found with a frequency of ~2% and it is more common in Japanese. Actually, the branching point is after C-P121. Its subclade CTS9336 is found in Korea and Japan, whereas Z45460 was found in Liaoning, China. CTS9336 further breaks into CTS6678, found in South Korean, Japan and Z1356 found only in Japan.
O-M119 is found with a frequency of 2% and is more common in east China and Austronesian peoples.
C-F1756, C-M48 and C-M504 are found with a very low frequency in north-west North Korea, therefore a substantial Xianbei, Manchu or Mongol presence cannot be justified.
Roughly, the array of east Asian C, O, D haplogroups and paleo-siberian Q, N, R define Korean population as well. C-F1067 is the main type of C among East Asians in general rather than the altaic C-L1373. O-M176 is the main type of O among Manchu, Koreans, Japanese and Siberian groups of north-east China and Russia, while O-M122 generally among mainland East Asians. D-M15 is the main type of D among East Asians, Tibetans, Chinese, Koreans, Indochina, Qiang, Hmong. D-M55/M64.1 is more common in Japanese archipelago and Siberian, Altaic groups. D-P47 is the more common type in Tibetans.
Immunoglobulin markers include ag, axg, ab3st, afb1b3, also denoting a northern rather than southern origin for the Korean population. ab3st is found 14% in south Korea and 18% in Koreans in north-east China, equaling 14% and 18% of C-F1067 respectively in these areas. afb1b3 is also found with 14% in Korea and should have come with O haplogroups. ag is found with 50% and axg is found with 20% and they are of older extraction.
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@AraKaya pie maps
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Originally Posted by Dr_Maul
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