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People from Kellog (Ket village in Krasnoyarsk Krai)
Translated from Russian Wikipedia (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кеты):
According to the 2002 census, the population is 1,494. They live mainly in rural areas of three districts of the Krasnoyarsk Territory (1,189 people): Turukhansky (866 Maduyka in the villages of Kellogg, Turukhansk, Surgutikha, Maduyka, etc.), Evenki (211 Maduyka in the village of Sulomay, etc.) and Yenisei (Sym). In the villages of Kellogg, Sulomai and Maduyka, the Ket population is predominant.
In the 2002 census, these were the only settlements of Krasnoyarsk Krai which were listed as having a Ket population:
(settlement;population;percentage of population listed as Ket)
посёлок Мадуйка;76;72
посёлок Келлог;306;69
деревня Канготово;29;34
село Бакланиха;58;34
деревня Горошиха;129;29
деревня Сургутиха;199;26
I searched VKontakte for users whose current location or hometown was set as Kellog and for users who said they went to the only school in Kellog.
I tried to exclude people who looked white, so I might have accidentally excluded some of the whitest-looking Kets. Some of the people in these photos might still not be Ket, or they could be for example Selkups or Evenks. A few photos also feature persons who look like Russians.
Some of the photos in this thread are probably taken outside the region of Kellog, or even outside the Ket area of Krasnoyarsk Krai.
Excerpts from Flegontov et al. 2016 (Genomic study of the Ket: a Paleo-Eskimo-related ethnic group with significant ancient North Eurasian ancestry):
Moreover, until their forced settlement in 1930s, Kets were considered the last nomadic hunter-gatherers of North Asia outside the Pacific Rim[2].
Ket language, albeit almost extinct, is the only language of the Yeniseian family that survived into the 21st century. Most Yeniseian-speaking tribes (Arin, Assan, Baikot, Kott, Pumpokol, Yarin, Yastin) used to live south of the current Ket settlements. According to toponymic evidence, prior to the 17th century speakers of this language family occupied vast territories of Western and Central Siberia, from northern Mongolia in the south to the middle Yenisei River in the north, and from the Irtysh River in the west to the Angara River in the east[3,4]. The Altai region was suggested as a homeland of the Yeniseian language family[2], and ancestors of the Yeniseian people were tentatively associated[5] with the Karasuk culture (3200-2700 YBP) of the upper Yenisei[6]. Yeniseian linguistic substrate is evident in many contemporary Turkic languages of this region (South Siberia): Altaian, Khakas, Shor, Tubalar, Tuvinian, and in Mongolic Buryat language[2]. As these languages are spoken in river basins with Yeniseian river names[1], the Yeniseian tribes were likely to have mixed with these ethnic groups (and with the Southern Samoyedic groups Kamasins and Mators, now extinct[1]) at different times. We expect to find genetic signatures of these events.
Over the centuries, Kets and other Yeniseian people suffered relocation, extinction and loss of language and culture. First, they were under a constant pressure from the reindeer herders to the north (Enets and Nenets) and east (Evenks) and the Turkic-speaking pastoralists to the south. Second, Russian conquest of Siberia, which started at the end of the 16th century, exposed the natives to new diseases, such as the 17th century smallpox epidemic[7]. Third, in the 20th century USSR resettled the Kets in Russian-style villages, thus interrupting their nomadic lifestyle[2]. Under the pressure of disease and conflict, the Kets have been gradually migrating north along the Yenisei River, and now reside in several villages in the Turukhansk district (Krasnoyarsk region); around 1,200 people in total[8]. Until the 20th century, Kets, being nomadic hunters and fishers in a vast Siberian boreal forest, had little contact with other ethnic groups, which is manifested by the rarity of loanwords in Ket language[2]. However, since the collapse of the inter-Ket exogamous marriage system following the smallpox epidemics in the 17th and 18th centuries, Kets have been marrying Selkups, Uralic-speaking reindeer herders[2,9]. Moreover, during the 20th century, the settled Kets have been increasingly mixing with other native Siberian people and with the Russians, which resulted in irrevocable loss of Ket language, genotype, and culture.
Recently, a tentative link was proposed between the Yeniseian language family and the Na-Dene family of Northwest North America (composed of Tlingit, Eyak, and numerous Athabaskan languages), thus forming a Dene-Yeniseian macrofamily[10,11,12]. The Dene-Yeniseian-linkage is viewed by some as the first relatively reliable trans-Beringian language connection[11] with important implications for timing of the alleged Dene-Yeniseian population split, the direction of the subsequent migration (from or to America), the possible language shifts and population admixture[13,14,15].
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Mal’ta is a ~24,000 YBP old Siberian genome, recently described[21] as a representative of ancient North Eurasians (ANE)2[2,] a previously unknown northeastern branch of the Eurasian Paleolithic population. ANE contributed roughly 30–40% to the gene pool of Native Americans of the first settlement wave[21] and about 50% to the Bronze Age Yamnaya culture in the Pontic-Caspian steppe[6,23,24]. Massive expansion of the Corded Ware culture around 5,000-4,000 YBP, originating from the Yamnaya source, introduced the ANE genetic pool into Central and Western Europe and thus reshaped its genetic landscape[6,23]. During the same period, the Afanasievo and Andronovo cultures, genetically similar to the Yamnaya culture, expanded into the Altai region (South Siberia) and later mixed with Siberian populations, giving rise to the Bronze Age Karasuk culture and later Iron Age cultures6.
A global maximum of ANE ancestry occurs in Native Americans, with lower levels in peoples of more recent Beringian origin, i.e. indigenous populations of Chukotka, Kamchatka, the Aleutian Islands and the American Arctic[21,22,25]. In modern Europe, ANE genetic contribution is the highest in the Baltic region, on the East European Plain and in the North Caucasus[6,22,23]. However, little is known about the distribution of ANE ancestry in its Siberian homeland. According to a single f4 statistic, the Kets had the third highest value of ANE genetic contribution among all Siberian ethnic groups, preceded only by Chukchi and Koryaks[26]. Thus, we suggest that the Kets might represent the peak of ANE ancestry in Siberia; the hypothesis we tested extensively in this study. We also investigated continuity between the modern Kets and Altaians, and the ancient Bronze and Iron Age populations of the Altai region discussed above: the Karasuk culture samples dated to 3531-3261 YBP, and Iron Age samples roughly dated to 2900-1100 YBP6.
The 4,000 YBP genome from Greenland[16] represents the Saqqaq archeological culture (4,500-2,800 YBP). This culture formed a continuum with Dorset and Norton cultures (2,500-1,000 YBP), collectively termed Paleo-Eskimo[25]. Paleo-Eskimos were culturally and genetically distinct from modern Inuits and Eskimos[13,25]. The Saqqaq culture is a part of the wider Arctic Small Tool tradition (ASTt) that had rapidly spread across Beringia and the American Arctic coastal regions (but not the interior) after 4,800 YBP, bringing pottery, bow and arrow to the northern North America[13,15,27]. According to the archaeological data, the likely source of this spread was located in Siberia, namely in the Lena River basin (probably, in the Bel’kachi culture[13]). On genetic grounds, Paleo-Eskimos were also argued to represent a separate migration into America[16,25,28]. ASTt spread coincided with the arrival of mitochondrial haplogroup D2 into America and the spread of haplogroup D2a[29]; the Saqqaq individual bore haplogroup D2a1[30]. The closest modern relatives of Saqqaq occur among Beringian populations (Chukchi, Koryaks, Inuits[25]) and Siberian Nganasans[16]. In addition, Saqqaq has been linked to Na-Dene-speaking Chipewyans (16% contribution to this population modeled with admixture graphs[28]). However, mitochondrial haplogroup data[25,30,31] argues against the proximity of Paleo-Eskimos to contemporary Na-Dene people[13,15], primarily due to the very high frequency of haplogroup A in the latter[32]. Archeological evidence seems to support this argument[13].
There is no archaeological evidence of considerable trans-Beringian population movements between the inundation of the Bering Platform around 13,000-11,000 YBP and 4,800 YBP. Therefore, it is unlikely that the hypothetical Dene-Yeniseian language family has separated prior to 11,000 YBP, according to current concepts of time depth in language evolution[13,15,] and hence ASTt could be the vehicle spreading Dene-Yeniseian languages and genes from Siberia to Alaska and to the American Arctic[13]. However, as argued based on language phylogenetic trees[33] in the framework of the Beringian standstill model[29,34], the Dene-Yeniseian languages have originated in Beringia and spread in both directions. Irrespective of the migration direction and their relationship to contemporary Na-Dene groups, Paleo-Eskimos are the primary target for investigating genetic relationship with the Kets.
In this study, we found that: (1) Kets and Selkups constitute a clade closely related to Nganasans; (2) Nganasans, Kets, Selkups, and Yukaghirs form a cluster of populations most closely related to Paleo-Eskimos in Siberia (not considering indigenous populations of Chukotka and Kamchatka); (3) unlike Nganasans, Kets derive roughly 30–40% of their ancestry from ancient North Eurasians; (4) Kets show genetic continuity with the hypothetical homeland of Yeniseian languages, as they are closely related to the ancient individuals of the Karasuk culture and to the later Iron Age individuals from the Altai.
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We note that proportion of the European component at K = 4 was slightly lower in the published Ket individuals (28% vs. 32% on average).
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At K ≥ 11, ADMIXTURE identified a characteristic component for the Ket population (Suppl. Information Section 5). This component reached its global maximum of nearly 100% in Kets, closely followed by Selkups from this study (up to 81.5% at K = 19), the reference Selkups (up to 48.5%) and the Enets (up to 22.6%). The difference between the Selkups from this study and the reference Selkups[21] can be attributed to a much closer geographic proximity of the former population to the settlements of Kets, with whom they have a long history of cohabitation and mixture[2,10].
The 'Ket' component occurred at high levels (up to ~20%) in four Turkic-speaking populations of the Altai region: Shors, Khakases, Altaians, and Teleuts. Notably, the Altai region was populated by Yeniseian-speaking people before they were forced to retreat north (Suppl. Information, Section 2). Lower levels of the 'Ket' component, from 5% to 15%, were observed in the following geographic regions (in decreasing order): the Volga-Ural region, Central and South Asia, East Siberia and Mongolia, and North Caucasus. The 'Ket' component also occurred at a low level in Russians (up to 7.1%), Finns (up to 5.4%), and, remarkably, in the Saqqaq ancient genome from Greenland (7.2%, see below).
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The proportion of the 'Ket-Uralic' admixture component correlated strongly with the worldwide frequency of mitochondrial haplogroup U4 (Pearson's correlation coefficient up to 0.8 and a corresponding p-value of 7 × 10^−8) and with the frequency of Y-chromosomal haplogroup Q in Eurasian populations (correlation coefficient up to 0.9 and p-value 2 × 10^−7) (Suppl. Information, Section 10).
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Allentoft et al.[6] have shown that in the early Bronze Age the Altai region was inhabited by a genetically West Eurasian population of the Afanasievo archaeological culture, most similar to the Yamnaya culture with about 50% of ANE ancestry[6], and to the modern Avars (Suppl. file S2, Fig. 3, Suppl. Figs. 9.4, 9.5). In the late Bronze Age this population apparently had being gradually admixed with Siberians, giving rise to the Karasuk culture and the later cultures of the Iron Age[6]. The ancient genome 'Iron Age Russia', carbon-dated to 721–889 AD[6], is most closely related to the typical modern Siberians: Nganasans according to the outgroup f3 statistic in the original study6 and Altaians or Koryaks according to the outgroup f3 statistics and their pairwise correlations on our datasets lacking Nganasans (Suppl. file S2). However, according to various analyses, the 'Iron Age Altai' (dated roughly to 2900-1500 YBP) and the Karasuk (carbon-dated to 3531-3261 YBP) populations of two and six genomes, respectively, are most closely related to each other and to Kets (Suppl. files S2, S3, Suppl. Figs. 7.5, 7.6, 8.17A, 9.1). The outgroup f3 statistics (Yoruba; Karasuk, X) on both genome-based datasets selected Kets as the best hit for Karasuk (Suppl. files S2, S3, Suppl. Fig. 7.5), although statistics for Mayans, Greenlanders, Mixe, Saqqaq, Mal'ta, Iron Age Russia, and Aleutian were not significantly different (|Zdiff| score < 3). Similarly, Native American, Beringian populations and Selkups were the best hits for Iron Age Altai and Karasuk according to the outgroup f3 statistics in the original study (Kets were lacking in the dataset, see Allentoft, et al.[6]). Importantly, the Karasuk culture has been tentatively associated with the Yeniseian-speaking people based on the toponymic evidence5, and the Altai region is considered to be the homeland of the Yeniseian language family[2].
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Therefore, ANE ancestry in Kets can be estimated, using various f4-ratios, at 27% to 43% (depending on reference populations and datasets), vs. 25–53% in various Native American groups (Suppl. Table 6, see details in Suppl. Information, Section 8). Given non-significant Zdiff scores and f4 statistics (Fig. 5A) discussed above, it is difficult to identify the exact Eurasian population west of Chukotka and Kamchatka with the highest degree of the Mal’ta ancestry, but Kets are a good candidate. We speculate that ANE component was acquired by ancestors of Kets in the Altai region, where the Bronze Age Okunevo culture was located, with a surprisingly close genetic proximity to Mal’ta[6]. Later, the Yeniseian-speaking people occupied this region until the 16th–18th centuries[3,4].
Article about Kets in The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire: https://www.eki.ee/books/redbook/kets.shtml
Old photos of Kets: http://collection.kunstkamera.ru/ent...ethnos=3507041
Ket researcher Edward Vajda's talk about Dene-Yeniseian languages: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7M0Q...DfVb-O&index=3
Part 1:
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Originally Posted by Pribislav
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