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Thread: Does HIV cause AIDS?

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    Default Does HIV cause AIDS?

    This is a summary of the book "Fear of the Invisible: An investigation of viruses and vaccines, HIV and AIDS" by Janine Roberts (2009).

    Source: http://www.davidpratt.info/roberts.htm.

    I removed images and links. I also converted the text to Markdown, because I hate rich text, and I think that documents written in natural languages should be written in a plain text syntax like Markdown.

    In _Fear of the Invisible_, investigative journalist Janine Roberts describes her 12-year exploration of many fields of 'big medicine'. Beginning as a firm believer in the official theory of harmful viral invaders and the effectiveness of vaccines, she was dismayed by what she discovered, and eventually arrived at a broader and very different perspective on the causes of disease. She writes:

    > We have been taught to greatly fear viruses, yet scientists have long known that these are fundamental parts of life, made by the millions by all healthy cells. I hope this book will help by combating this fear, this damning of the invisible because we do not understand it. Without this fear, hopefully the focus in medical research will shift to the environmental toxins that really do put us, and our world, gravely at risk.

    ## Germ theory of disease

    The prevailing view today is that major illnesses are caused by microbes -- i.e. bacteria and viruses. One of the first advocates of this 'germ theory' was Girolamo Fracastoro of Venice, who in 1546 blamed diseases on minute, rapidly multiplying, infectious organisms. Since the microscope had not yet been invented, his theory could not be substantiated. The microscope was invented in the 17th century and led to the discovery of the cell, and also of bacteria -- singled-celled microorganisms which, since they have no cell nucleus, are classed as prokaryotes.

    The terms 'virus' and 'vaccination' were first used in the 18th century. Cows ('vacca' in Latin, hence 'vaccination') suffer from a mild form of smallpox called cowpox, and a scientist called Edward Jenner heard of a rural belief that people who got cowpox never seemed to be affected by the much more serious smallpox. So he took pus from an open sore on the hand of a milkmaid whose cow had cowpox, and injected it into his gardener's son in the hope that it would protect him against smallpox. He called the pus his 'virus', a Latin word meaning 'poisonous fluid'. He claimed it was pure and uncontaminated, but we now know it would have contained many kinds of microbes and toxins.

    In 1800 a doctor attacked Jenner's method because of its failures, but Jenner claimed that these must be due to contaminated needles being used to inject his cowpox virus. The UK government made his smallpox vaccine compulsory in 1853, but thousands of parents preferred to be fined or imprisoned rather than give it to their children, as it frequently produced illness. Although Jenner is credited with inventing vaccination, he had learned of it from a milkmaid. The Chinese had practised something similar, but somewhat subtler, for 3000 years: they recommended sniffing powdered smallpox scabs to induce immunity to smallpox.

    In the 19th century, Louis Pasteur further developed the germ theory. His description of microorganisms in milk led to the 'pasteurization' process named after him. He was also given credit for developing anthrax, cholera and rabies vaccines, and researched how to reduce the virulence of 'germs' for use in vaccines. Another French scientist, Antoine Béchamp, had actually discovered that airborne microorganisms caused fermentation in wine and milk six years before Pasteur, and accused him of plagiarism. Instead of seeing these microorganisms primarily as our enemies, he stressed their emergence from our own cells and their value to us, regarding them as the consequence of disease and cell death rather than their cause. Pasteur put more emphasis on their role in illnesses and received credit for establishing the germ theory, but he too depicted bacteria primarily as useful.

    The prevailing modern idea of microbes as pathogenic invaders that we must destroy at any cost owes a lot to the Prussian physician Robert Koch, who was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1905 for linking tuberculosis (TB) to a mycobacterium. He formulated the four 'Koch postulates' which are still taught today and embody his belief that there is one microbe per disease: 1. the microbe must be present in every case of the disease; 2. the microbe must be isolated from the host and grown in vitro (i.e. in the laboratory); 3. the disease must be produced when a pure culture of the microbe is inoculated into a healthy susceptible host; 4. the same microbe must be recovered from the experimentally infected host. However, Koch found it difficult to fulfil all four postulates. We now know that nearly everyone has the tuberculosis mycobacterium in them, along with fungi that cause a deadly pneumonia (PCP), and countless other microbes, but they are normally harmless unless our immune system is impaired by other factors.

    Koch rightly criticized Pasteur's description of liquid samples taken from diseased patients as 'isolates' of particular microbes, saying that they could not possibly contain only one kind of pathogen. For instance, he wrote of the Pasteur rabies vaccine: 'Pasteur is content to inoculate with slime taken from the nose of the dead animal, which, exactly like saliva, was certainly contaminated with many other bacteria'. He also noted that different bacteria could cause similar disease symptoms.

    In 1909 Karl Landsteiner and Erwin Popper began their hunt for the cause of polio, in response to major epidemics of paralytic polio in Sweden and the United States. They were unable to find a bacterium to blame so they guessed that there must be minute forms of bacteria able to pass through all available filters. They called them 'mini-bacteria' and 'viruses'. Viruses are about a billionth of the size of a cell, and anything equally small will pass through the filters with them, including DNA and RNA fragments, proteins, prions (infectious agents composed mainly of protein), mycoplasmas (tiny parasitic bacteria lacking a cell wall), and chemical toxins. This problem of isolating or purifying viruses is crucial to the rest of this story. Most viral 'isolates' are little more than filtered cell cultures containing many contaminants, in which a particular virus is presumed present.

    In 1931 the electron microscope was invented. When tiny particles were seen in fluid from sick people, they were called viruses. When they were seen surrounding and entering damaged cells, they were assumed to be infecting the cells and causing the cell damage. We now know that healthy cells communicate with one another by exchanging particles known as exosomes, microvesicles and retroviruses; they carry genetic material which is then absorbed by the recipient cell. Cells under stress try to defend themselves by mutating, and the exchange of viral-like particles is part of this process. This shows the need for caution in interpreting such images. But, as we shall see, scientists have failed to exercize such caution and have built the theory of pathogenic viruses on very flimsy evidence.

    ## Vaccine hazards and toxins

    ### A witches' brew

    The key ingredient in vaccines is the virus or bacterium that is believed to cause the disease in question. The viruses are usually grown in a culture of animal or human cells, which are stimulated with toxic chemicals so that they produce more viruses. The viruses used in vaccines are either 'living' but weakened, or 'dead'. (This terminology is a little odd as viruses are officially not believed to be alive, because they are unable to reproduce by themselves.) 'Dead' viruses have been poisoned with formaldehyde. 'Live' viruses are weakened, or attenuated, by subjecting the cultures in which they are grown to extreme stresses, so that they produce mutated viruses. The purpose of a vaccine is to trick the body into producing antibodies to a particular disease by using a less virulent form of the virus as a trigger. The antibodies are then assumed to provide protection against the virus in question -- even though it is well established that _antibodies are not a measure of immunity_.

    Government health authorities constantly repeat that vaccines are safe and effective. Since vaccine effectiveness is usually determined by their ability to cause antibody production, commonly heard claims of '90% effectiveness' are meaningless. As for vaccine safety, government scientists, health officials and vaccine manufacturers often hold conferences to discuss the potential dangers of vaccines, and what they say behind closed doors bears no resemblance to the message presented in public. Janine Roberts succeeded in gaining access to several of these conferences, and was asked by a senior government doctor not to divulge what she had heard for fear of creating a panic.

    Vaccines contain suspensions from manufacturers' incubation tanks in which viruses are produced from substrates such as mashed bird embryos, minced monkey kidneys and cloned human cells. These suspensions are filtered before use but only to remove particles larger than viruses. Vaccines therefore contain a witches' brew of viruses that should or should not be there, bits of decayed viruses and cells, fragments of DNA and RNA genetic codes, proteins, enzymes, chemicals and perhaps prions. Vaccines are monitored only for the presence of a few well-known pathogens, and are thrown away only if these are found. Top scientists and officials admit that vaccines are 'primitive', 'crude' and highly contaminated, and that there is no easy and economical way to purify them.

    Scientists fear that contaminating DNA might combine to create a mutant viral strain that could easily end up in the individual doses of vaccine. In 1986, the US government told vaccine manufacturers that some of the contaminating DNA could stay. It recommended a weight limit of 100 picograms per dose, but when manufacturers failed to comply, it decided to allow 100 times more contaminating DNA in most vaccines. But even this lower standard could not be met. Most vaccines have not even been checked for residual DNA.

    The World Health Organization (WHO) and national health authorities have quietly permitted vaccines to contain a 'low level' of viral contamination, because manufacturers cannot remove it cheaply. The WHO's acceptable level is 10^6 to 10^7 possible viral particles per millilitre for the substrates on which vaccines are grown. They publicly say that this presents a 'theoretical' safety concern, but the conferences that Roberts attended revealed that they are really very concerned.

    Many laboratories have found simian virus 40 (SV40) in human cancers and it is thought to have invaded humans through polio and adenovirus vaccines produced in mashed-up cells from monkey kidneys or testicles. Between 1955 and 1976 some two million monkeys were slaughtered to make the polio vaccine, and nearly as many died during transportation. SV40 has not been proved to cause cancer; toxins and cellular fragments in the vaccine culture could also cause cell damage. Other monkey viruses known to have contaminated the polio vaccine include simian cytomegalovirus (SCMV).

    The discovery of monkey viruses in vaccines was originally kept secret for fear of sparking public hysteria. The modern Salk polio vaccine, under the brand name IPOL, is grown in a continuous (i.e. cancerous) line of monkey kidney cells (even though kidneys collect toxins), supplemented by newborn calf serum. This is filtered to remove large fragments then spun rapidly. The filtered-off fluid is the vaccine. Roberts was shocked to learn that modern polio vaccines are still contaminated with SV40.

    The mumps and measles viruses used in the MMR (measles, mumps and rubella) vaccine are grown in fertilized chicken eggs, as are the viruses for influenza, yellow fever and smallpox vaccines. The rubella virus for MMR is produced in cells originating from an aborted human fetus. All egg-based vaccines are known to be contaminated, e.g. with avian leukosis virus, which has been linked to leukaemia.

    Vaccines also contain antibiotics and various preserving chemicals, such as hydrolyzed gelatin (porcine), monosodium glutamate and hydrochloric acid. The pork-derived enzyme trypsin is sometimes used to break up monkey cells and other flesh in the vaccine cultures and encourage the production of viruses. In some vaccines, the viruses are poisoned and 'killed' by adding formaldehyde. In the case of the modern polio vaccine, each dose contains up to 0.02% of formaldehyde (200 parts per million). Formaldehyde is recognized as a human carcinogen, and at levels above 0.1 ppm, exposure causes a burning sensation in the eyes, nose and throat; nausea; coughing; chest tightness; wheezing; and skin rashes. Exposure to formaldehyde may increase the risk of developing amyotropic lateral scherosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig's disease -- a fatal progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting the nerve cells of the brain and spinal cord, leading to paralysis.

    Mercury (thimerosal) is added to some vaccines as a preservative, and aluminium is added as an adjuvant to enhance the immune response. Both metals are toxic and mercury is associated with brain diseases. The US Environmental Protection Agency's safety standard for mercury is 0.1 microgram per kilogram of body weight per day, or 7 micrograms for a 70 kg adult. Yet in 2003, it was estimated that fully vaccinated children receive as much as 237.5 micrograms of mercury from vaccines in doses of up to 25 micrograms each. Mercury is now being reduced in or eliminated from vaccines, but is still used in the tetanus and flu vaccines (to save money), and is still present in trace amounts in many vaccines.

    Injected or inhaled metals have long been associated with severe muscle damage. Arsenic and lead seriously damage arm and leg muscles, causing cases previously diagnosed as polio. We now know that aluminium-enhanced vaccines can produce disabling muscle damage. Aluminium is also being found in the brains of people with Alzheimer's. Having many vaccine jabs in the same muscle can cause paralysis in that arm, a disorder known as 'provocation polio'.

    ### Side effects and long-term damage

    WHO reports say that symptomatic local reactions can be expected in about 10% of vaccine recipients, though DTP (diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis) vaccine causes minor local reactions such as pain, swelling from water retention, and inflammation in 40 to 80% of vaccinees. Fever occurs in up to 10% of vaccine recipients, except for DTP where the figure is about 50%. After MMR vaccination, 10% have local pain or swelling, and fever and rashes occur in 5 to 15% up to 10 days after receiving the vaccine, though among children aged 13-18 months, 32% develop moderate or severe fever.

    Febrile (brain) seizures occur in 333 in every million cases. This means that 2664 children were expected to have febrile seizures as a result of the UK's 1994 MR (measles and rubella) vaccination of 8 million children, whereas without the campaign only 170 children were expected to be infected with measles. Moreover, a natural measles virus infection causes permanent brain damage in only 1 in 2000 infected persons.

    The WHO warns that live vaccines should not to be given to individuals who are pregnant, have immune deficiency diseases or are immunosuppressed due to malignant disease, therapy with immunosuppressive agents, or irradiation. But checks that children's immune systems are already in good order are hardly ever made before vaccination. The WHO is currently rushing out vaccines for millions of severely malnourished, immune-system compromised children in poverty stricken regions of the world.

    Janine Roberts began her investigation in response to requests from parents of children who became brain damaged after being vaccinated. In 1992, for example, 13-month-old Robert Fletcher suffered febrile fits after receiving MMR and Hib meningitis vaccines. One lasted 45 minutes, which starved his brain cells of oxygen, causing permanent brain damage. Such effects are a recognized vaccine risk. Robert began to fall ill 10 days later, and soon his speech skills vanished. Today, he is permanently cared for by his parents.

    Before having her 12-year-old son Sam vaccinated with the MR vaccine, an Englishwoman called Karen enquired whether it would be safe, given his mild asthma. She was told not to worry. But four weeks after being vaccinated, Sam started falling down and going blank. Later he was confined to a wheelchair and lost the power of speech, and was expected sooner or later to slip into a coma and eventually die.

    Susan Hamlyn's son Francis came down with juvenile arthritis a month after being immunized. This is a known side effect of the rubella vaccine. He was barely able to walk due to the pain, and was no longer able to play the trombone because he was too weak to lift it. The Secretary of State for Health admitted that there had been several similar reports and they were being investigated.

    Julia Powell of Wales told Roberts that her 5-year-old son, David, became severely arthritic after his rubella vaccination:

    > He would spend endless nights screaming with the pain. He couldn't run. He walked like a crippled old man. He had splints put on his legs to straighten them at night. He wore a plaster on his arm to straighten it. He is now going into remission but the hospital said the arthritis would never leave him. It can return and cripple him at any time.

    Vaccine scientists worry that the contaminants and toxins in vaccines -- including mercury, aluminium and contaminating DNA -- may help to cause autoimmune diseases (including autistic spectrum disorder/ASD, asthma and allergies), brain disorders and cancers in later life. Alongside toxins from intensive vaccination, environmental pollutants may also accumulate in us and cause severe damage. The incidence of ASD in the US rose from 1 in 10,000 children in the early 1980s to 1 in 150 in 2008. In 2007 it was calculated that 1 in 58 boys in the UK were autistic. This explosive increase started after we began to repeatedly vaccinate children. Some scientists have found traces of the measles virus in the gut, blood and even brain of autistic children and in the brains of victims of multiple sclerosis, and this probably means that the various contaminants spread with the measles virus are also present.

    Some scientists believe that the main cause of autism is damage to cells' mitochondria (which provide most of a cell's energy) from toxins accumulating from vaccines or other causes. A meeting of government scientists and the vaccine industry was called in 2000 because a scientist from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) found a statistically significant relationship between mercury in vaccines and several neurological conditions, possibly including autism. The CDC subsequently issued a report claiming that vaccines could not cause autism. However, it was later forced to admit to the US Congress that it had reversed its original finding of a link between thimerosal-containing vaccines and autism by arbitrarily reprocessing the statistics.

    In 2007 a US court and government experts accepted that vaccination played a significant role in making 9-year-old Hannah Poling autistic. This test case opened the door for compensation for many affected by the autism epidemic. She had fallen ill on the same day that she had received nine vaccines. In 2008 the US government further conceded that Hannah's autistic brain disease was caused by vaccine-induced fever and overstimulation of her immune system.

    The hazards of vaccination are undeniable. Roberts writes:

    [V]accines are full of chemicals, toxins and biological particles from different species. These are directly injected into the child's blood and muscles, bypassing most of their immune systems. [Children] are injected with 30 or more vaccines in the first two years of life during a time when their brain is being formed and is particularly vulnerable -- and both autism and attention deficit disorder are brain disorders that begin in early childhood.

    Roberts questions whether children need all these vaccines when they have for centuries gained lifelong immunity to most diseases from natural exposure coupled with good nutrition and clean water. However, with estimated revenue from childhood vaccines in the US now standing at over $2.4 billion a year, resistance to change is likely to be fierce.

    ### Polio: vaccine and causes

    The polio vaccine has proved very dangerous. The Salk vaccine was launched in the US in 1955. Within two weeks of being vaccinated, over 260 children fell ill with polio, of whom nearly 200 were paralyzed and 11 died. The public was told there was nothing to worry about as President Eisenhower's grandson had suffered no ill effects from the vaccine! Reports of polio among the vaccinated continued to come in, and in 9 out of 10 cases the paralysis occurred in the arms in which the vaccine had been injected. Nearly half of all polio cases reported were in vaccinated children.

    By January 1957, 17 US states stopped distributing the polio vaccine. Polio cases rose by 300 to 400% in the five states or cities that made the Salk vaccine compulsory by law. Infantile paralysis cases increased after the introduction of the vaccine by 50% from 1957 to 1958 and by 80% from 1958 to 1959. The Salk vaccine was officially withdrawn in 1961, but a new version (IPOL) was introduced recently. The Sabin polio vaccine was released in 1962; unlike the Salk vaccine, it uses weakened, 'living' poliovirus, and is administered on sugar cubes. The Sabin vaccine is now out of use in the West, as it, too, is blamed for causing some polio cases, but it is considered suitable for third-world children.

    In 1960 the Merck Corporation informed the US surgeon general that both the Sabin and Salk polio vaccines were so contaminated with monkey viruses that it was far too dangerous to manufacture them, but government safety regulators allowed production to continue. In the USA between 1955 and 1963 contaminated polio vaccine was given to 90% of all children and 60% of adults, and has since been given to hundreds of millions more. Vaccine safety experts testified to the US Congress in 1972 that monkey kidneys were 'a veritable storehouse for the most dangerous kinds of contaminating viruses ... the "dirtiest" organs known', and warned that continued use of these contaminated vaccines would lead to unprecedented cancer epidemics -- but their warnings were ignored. Fortunately, the contaminating viruses in vaccines are not as harmful as is commonly believed.

    To make it look like the polio vaccine was being effective, the health authorities rewrote the rules for polio diagnosis. Previously, doctors had diagnosed polio if a patient had paralytic symptoms for 24 hours, but this period was now increased to at least 60 days. It was also decreed that all cases of polio occurring within 30 days of vaccination were to be recorded as 'preexisting' -- rather than as possibly caused by the vaccine. Cases involving muscular weakness and widespread pain but not paralysis were henceforth diagnosed as viral or aseptic meningitis rather than polio -- even if traces of the polio virus were found. Other cases previously diagnosed as polio were reclassified as cerebral palsy, Guillain-Barré syndrome, or muscular dystrophy. The authorities also decided that patients with the classic symptoms of paralytic polio were to be diagnosed as having acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) if no poliovirus could be found in two of their turds. These tests revealed that the virus could not be found in about half the cases. Roberts describes the polio vaccine saga as 'an incredible case of medical fraud', and says that the new rules for polio diagnosis are a perfect way to hide vaccine failure.

    Most scientists ignore the strong evidence linking polio to neurotoxins, which damage or kill neurons). Polio (palsy) has been around for centuries and was long associated with metalworking -- possibly due to lead and arsenic in the metals being processed. During the major US polio epidemics from the 1890s onwards, doctors treating polio victims sometimes blamed the illness on powerful new pesticides, particularly those sprayed on crops and orchards in summer and autumn, when the epidemics struck. Many children went down with polio immediately after eating fresh fruit. The pesticides contained neurotoxins, which killed insects by paralysing them. Lead arsenate was introduced as a summer-sprayed pesticide in the US and parts of Europe at the end of the 19th century, immediately before the polio epidemics started, and was then used intensively for about 50 years. The UK banned apple imports from the US because they were so heavily polluted with lead arsenate. Calcium arsenate was introduced in 1907.

    Some organophosphate chemicals (also found in certain pesticides) can cause death or loss of a portion of a nerve cell, and organophosphates were introduced in the US just before the major polio epidemics of 1950-52. Other pesticides that might cause paralysis include the organochloride DDT, which was introduced in the 1940s and soon replaced lead arsenate as the pesticide of choice. It causes lesions in the spinal cord resembling those in human polio. Both DDT and the more powerful organochloride pesticide DDE penetrate the blood-brain barrier that protects the central nervous system. The greater use of household insecticides by middle-class families could explain why, in contrast to other epidemics, it was mostly middle-class children who got polio. From the early 1950s recognition of the danger of overusing pesticides grew, and less persistent pesticides were introduced. But today thousands of children are still being paralyzed in regions where heavy-metal pesticides are widely used.

    Some doctors reported success in treating polio cases using dimercaprol (which is still used to treat heavy-metal poisoning), ascorbic acid (another anti-toxin), and massive doses of vitamin C. But the public health authorities and the WHO have stubbornly ignored these reports, and claim there is no cure for polio.

    ## Have viruses been isolated?

    Scientists who oppose the official theory that a retrovirus called HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is the cause of AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) fall into two main camps: those (like Peter Duesberg) who say that HIV is a real retrovirus but, like other retroviruses, is harmless and cannot cause AIDS; and those (like Eleni Papadopulos and Val Turner of the Perth Group) who argue that since HIV has never been isolated in pure form, it has not been proved to exist, and the proteins considered to be fragments of HIV are actually produced by our own cells, particularly when under stress from other causes.

    To those who argue that HIV has never been isolated free from cellular contaminants and debris, proponents of the official HIV=AIDS theory put forward an extraordinary argument: _no pathogenic virus has ever been isolated_ in the manner demanded by their opponents, so if HIV doesn't exist, that would mean that the same would apply to the viruses said to cause polio, measles, flu, mumps, etc. When Janine Roberts came across this argument, instead of concluding that since 'everyone knows' that other viruses exist and cause disease therefore HIV must exist and cause AIDS (an argument devoid of logic), she decided to take a closer look at what we really know about other viruses. She was shocked by what she discovered.

    In 1909 Landsteiner and Popper took the spinal cord from a 9-year-old polio victim, minced it up and mixed it with water. Presuming that the resulting suspension contained the poliovirus, they injected a cup of it into two monkeys; one of them was killed immediately and the other was slowly paralyzed. This experiment was hailed as proof that a virus, or 'filterable agent', caused polio -- despite the fact that the liquid injected would also have contained cell debris, blood, DNA, RNA, proteins, enzymes, toxins, and possibly a variety of viruses. The suffering inflicted on the animals involved in such experiments was, and still is, widely considered an acceptable price to pay for 'advancing' human knowledge -- which says a lot about our civilization.

    In 1910 Simon Flexner and Paul Lewis succeeded in apparently passing paralysis from one monkey to another by injecting a suspension of ground-up human backbone from a polio victim into a monkey's brain, then extracting fluid from its brain and injecting this into another monkey's brain, and so on. They, too, did not consider the multitude of other contaminants that could have been in this toxic stew, or ask themselves why the monkeys only became paralyzed if it was injected directly into their brains, thereby bypassing their immune systems. Nor did they consider that since the human material being put into the monkeys was alien to them, this could also be what was poisoning them. Yet this experiment was celebrated as further evidence that polio is caused by an infectious virus.

    In 1948, in another famous experiment, two scientists injected the diluted excrement of polio victims into the brains of suckling mice (3-7 days old), resulting in them becoming paralyzed. Although hailed as the successful 'isolation' of a virus that had been proved to cause polio in humans, this experiment proved only that paralysis could be induced in baby mice by injecting diseased human excrement into their brains. The hunt for the poliovirus began in the 1890s but by the 1950s no virus had been isolated and proved to cause polio: 'What were being experimented with, and named as polio viruses, were fluids from cultures, and filtered extracts from diseased tissues and even from the excrement of sick children'.

    Under the electron microscope, a small ball-like particle, 24-30 nanometres wide, was located in diluted excrement of both healthy and sick humans and called the poliovirus. It was therefore classified as a gut virus (enterovirus), but no one has explained how a virus in the gut can cause polio in backbone and brain nerve tissues. Moreover, the poliovirus was recently reclassified as an enterovirus produced solely by humans (HEV), but since human viruses do not normally cause disease in humans, the 'poliovirus' would have to be highly unusual if it is the real cause of polio.

    The tale of how the measles virus was first discovered and processed to make measles vaccines is equally disturbing. In the 1950s a team of scientists led by John Enders obtained some fluid -- throat washings and blood -- from a boy with measles called David Edmonston. When this was added to human post-natal cells in the lab, the cells became ill. This was taken to mean that a measles virus might be present. When this fluid was added to human cervical cancer cells and human carcinoma cells, the cells became even sicker. Under the microscope, giant multinuclear cells could be seen in the cultures, which was interpreted as a sign that the measles virus had distorted them, not that the cancers might be getting more malignant.

    After the fluid had been 'passaged' 23 times from one culture of human kidney cells to another and then 19 times through cultures of human amnion cells, the cells in the cultures began to assume highly deformed shapes. The team then tested the resulting cell culture fluid on monkeys and some got a mild illness in some respects resembling measles. This was taken as evidence that this toxic mix of mutant cells was a measles virus 'isolate' -- known as the 'Edmonston isolate'. Next, the culture with highly disordered cells was passaged nine times through amnion cells and then added to fertilized eggs. Some of the chick cells took on similar deformed shapes to those observed earlier. This Edmonston strain -- containing mutated particles from poisoned bird cells -- became the basis for some of our major measles vaccines.

    In case anyone thinks that virus isolation procedures have improved since the 1950s, here is the procedure for isolating the measles virus recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prepare a culture of cells from marmoset monkeys by 'immortalizing' them, i.e. making them cancerous. (To save money, measles and MMR vaccine manufacturers use cells from mashed chicken embryos instead.) Wearing rubber gloves and splash goggles, add a toxin called trypsin, which poisons the cells and causes some to fall away. Add nutrients and glucose and leave the cells alone for two or three days.

    Next add to the cell culture a small sample of urine or fluid from the nose or mouth from a measles patient, and place the culture in an incubation chamber. After an hour, inspect the cells under the microscope to see if any are rounded, distorted, or floating free, as they were immediately after trypsin was added. If they _are_, the CDC calls this proof that measles virus is present and is causing this illness. There is apparently no need to see the virus or to isolate it from the rest of the poisoned cell culture. The CDC says that if 50% of the cells are now distorted, the culture can be labelled 'isolated measles-virus stock'. If less than 50% are ill at this stage, two antibiotics are added and if, when viewed a day later under the microscope, there are signs that cells have died or floated free, the culture can then be labelled 'isolated measles-virus stock.'

    This procedure is astounding. The CDC makes no mention of the need to have a control culture, to isolate the measles virus from particles or toxins produced by the poisoned monkey cells, or to observe the virus with an electron microscope. No measles-like symptoms are looked for in the culture. There is no consideration of how the virus may cause cell deformation, let alone the specific symptoms of measles, or of the role played by the toxin added, or the fact that all cells placed under stress readily mutate.

    The fluid filtered off from a culture of this 'isolate' is used as a vaccine. The children vaccinated will produce antibodies against all the numerous contaminants and toxins it contains, not just any measles virus present. So the filth contained in vaccines certainly 'stimulates' the immune system, but it may also overstimulate or overwhelm it. Measles in humans usually does little harm, but some cases are very serious. It is said to kill in the manner of 'HIV', by damaging the immune system so that other diseases linked to bacteria, particularly pneumonia and diarrhoea, make the child seriously ill. But there is no proof as yet that a virus is in any way involved.

    The symptoms of a cold are associated with at least 200 different types of virus and various environmental factors. Rhinovirus is found in about half of colds but this comes in over 100 serotypes, meaning over a hundred antibodies attach to different types of them, so this virus cannot be tested for easily with an antibody test.

    Rhinovirus is preferentially produced in the lab by using human cervical cancer cells (HeLa) -- something inexplicable. How can they say the virus is present and 'isolated' when such cells show extra symptoms of illness? How can they deduce the cells have a cold? All that can be said for certain is that during colds we produce a multitude of different viruses along with the many other elements that travel in the fluids spread by sneezes.

    If viruses (or fragments of them) cannot be found in studies of illnesses blamed on them, they are said to be 'clever at mutating'.

    Virologists rarely attempt the very difficult task of identifying the presence of a whole virus. When they say they have found SV40 in a patient, or the bird flu virus in a dead bird. But it is virtually impossible to prove uniqueness when so many viral species have mutating codes and so many remain to be discovered -- experts say we have studied at most 0.4% of those that exist.

    Even when a genetic segment is reliably proved to be part of the genetic code of a protein belonging to a particular virus, this only indicates the protein's prior presence, not that of the whole virus. It is strange that SV40 genetic code is only found in cancer cells whereas if they really are invading, and not produced locally, they would need to travel through other cells to get there. Sometimes cancer arises without them being present at all. In one experiment all the female rats got breast cancer after being injected with a filtered laboratory culture containing SV40, but no SV40 code was found in those cancers. It is worth remembering that Nixon's 'war on cancer' in the 1970s was based on the theory that viruses cause cancers, but it flopped badly, finding practically no viruses linked to human cancers.

    ### HIV: a grand delusion

    Scientists have said for years that HIV is the necessary and sufficient cause of AIDS. HIV is said to be a retrovirus and to destroy CD4+ T-cells (which play a key role in our immune system), even though retroviruses are generally harmless. Despite spending some $200 billion on AIDS research over the past 25 years, scientists still don't know how HIV destroys T-cells -- all they have is a bunch of competing hypotheses. In 2006 Benigno Rodriguez et al. published a paper in the _Journal of the American Medical Association_ which concluded that HIV cannot be responsible from more than 5-8% of the loss of CD4 immune cells that is necessary to cause AIDS. Since this paper has not been challenged by other AIDS scientists, it drastically alters the mainstream position as it implies that 'HIV' is _not_ sufficient to cause AIDS.

    HIV has never been observed under an electron microscope in the uncultured blood plasma of AIDS patients. Particles claimed to be HIV have only been observed in cell cultures that have been stimulated by certain chemicals or irradiated. The first and only micrographs of 'purified HIV' were published in 1997 by two groups of scientists -- a US team led by Julian Bess and a Franco-German team led by Pablo Gluschankof. They admitted that the vast majority of the material in the images consisted of microvesicles, i.e. cellular fragments, but claimed that some particles looked like retroviruses and were 'HIV'.

    Yet none of these particles had all the morphological characteristics of retroviruses, or even their principal characteristics: a diameter of 100-120 nanometres (officially reduced to 80-100 nm in 2000), and surface spikes and knobs. In the Franco-German study the average 'HIV' diameter was 136 nm and no particles were smaller than 120 nm. In the US study the corresponding dimensions were 236 nm and 160 nm. In other words, the American 'HIV' is about twice the diameter of the European 'HIV'. In addition, of the 12 proteins that allegedly compose HIV, only three were detected by Bess et al., but they were found not only in the material supposedly containing 'HIV' particles but also in the material without it -- only the quantities were different. The Perth Group concludes: 'This is as good an evidence as one can get that nobody has: (1) proven the existence of the "HIV" particles; (2) purified the "HIV" particles; (3) proven the existence of "HIV" proteins and RNA'. HIV differs from all other retroviruses in this respect.

    AIDS scientists say that the reason it is impossible to find whole particles of 'HIV' in patients' blood is because HIV is very 'cunning' and able to disguise itself. What they _do_ find are fragments of genetic code that they claim belong to HIV. These fragments might also be produced by cellular breakdown, caused for example by long-term drug abuse or severe malnutrition. Moreover, the fragments differ from one patient to another, leading scientists to conclude that no two HIV genomes are the same even from the same person. Some have said that in samples taken from any one patient they can find more than 100 million genetically distinct variants of HIV. This is attributed to HIV's ability to protect itself by constantly mutating. Robert Gallo, one of the inventors of the 'AIDS virus', stated in 2007 that HIV's genome is rapidly and constantly mutating into 'so many forms that I cannot keep track of them'. AIDS scientists have a blueprint of HIV in mind to which they try to fit the genetic fragments. When they find bits that don't fit in, they claim that they must have mutated. But as Roberts says, 'this phenomenon can be explained by cellular breakdown within a very ill person, or by accepting retroviruses as basically messenger RNA vesicles that can carry different codes'.

    HIV experts cannot even agree what subfamily or genus of retroviruses HIV belongs to; the confusion is equivalent to not being able to distinguish between a human, a chimpanzee and a gorilla. In many cases of cancer cases, RNA sequences are found that differ from two 'HIV' genes by 10%. HIV experts argue that this figure is so high that it proves that HIV is distinct from the possible cancer-related retrovirus. Yet the same experts have no difficulty believing that 'HIV' genomes can vary by up to 35%. A more sober assessment would be that no one has proved 'HIV' RNA to be a unique molecular entity. Some scientists say they have cloned 'HIV' from genetic code fragments, but given their inability to isolate 'real' HIV, they have no way of backing up their claims.

    For most virologists, 'isolate' does not mean obtaining a pure sample of a virus free of all contaminants. They say that this is an expensive and difficult task that modern technology has made irrelevant. Viruses are 'isolated' by indirectly detecting their presence in a cell culture. A sample of fluid thought to contain a particular virus is added to a suitable cell line and the virus's presence is determined by a variety of methods: by a change in the appearance of the cells, by their death, by the release of a particular protein assumed to be from the virus, or by detecting part of the genetic sequences assumed to be of the virus.

    The minute fragments of genetic code detected are typically less than a thousandth of the entire genome. Their detection is facilitated by multiplying them many millions of times using a technique known as polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Kary Mullis, who received a Nobel Prize for inventing PCR, says that it is being misused in HIV research. It is a method for studying genetic code fragments and matching them to similar fragments, not for identifying viruses as the cause of AIDS or any other illness. He says that humans are full of retroviruses, which have never been shown to kill anybody, and that the mystery of 'HIV' has been generated by the $2 billion a year being spent on it.

    Sometimes scientists look for the genetic codes of the proteins used in the HIV test, wrongly presuming that these have been proved to belong exclusively to HIV. One of the main proteins associated with HIV is p24. Since HIV is believed to be a retrovirus, reverse transcriptase (RT) activity is also seen as a sign of its presence. But both p24 and RT are well known to be normal constituents of healthy cells. Later it was claimed that p24 and RT from HIV have unique genetic code features that make them different from the common kinds, but it is impossible to identify unique features of a virus's proteins and enzymes without first isolating the virus.

    Many virologists equate the ability to grow a virus in a cell culture with the 'isolation' of that virus. To persuade blood cells to produce 'HIV', scientists stimulate them with chemicals such as PHA, which induces cell division and RT activity, and causes red blood cells to clump together. They then add a sample from a patient. Any resulting damage is assumed to be caused by an unseen virus in the sample from the patient, not by PHA. To persuade cells to produce flu viruses, scientists use things like trypsin, an enzyme that breaks down proteins. The established theory is that a virus infects cells and this makes them produce more such viruses. But an important part of the process is exposing the cells to toxic chemicals, with different chemicals being used to produce different viruses. It makes no sense to add a toxin and then blame the resulting illness solely on a virus. Roberts writes:

    > Confirmation that a virus is responsible for an illness is now usually sought through experiments in which cells are exposed to 2-3 milligrams of fluid from a sick patient. If the cells then fall ill, it is often simply assumed this is caused by a virus in the fluid, while other elements that may cause this are not tested for, such as free DNA, proteins, cellular debris, other viruses, mycoplasmas, possibly prions and of course toxins.

    Clearly, 'HIV' is extremely elusive. Like the Perth Group, virologist and evolutionary biologist Stefan Lanka contends that it does not exist. He says that all genuine retroviruses are the body's own creations and are harmless -- and therefore should not really be called viruses. He also says he knows of no evidence for the complete isolation of any pathogenic virus. He interprets the published electronmicrographs of disease viruses as either showing parts of the intra- and intercellular transport system (such as vesicles), or structures that arise from improper preparation of samples for the electron microscope. And even if a virus were to be properly isolated, proving that it is the cause of disease would require controlled experiments far more rigorous than those conducted to date.

    ## HIV/AIDS: a deadly scandal

    The first victims of AIDS in the late 1970s and early 80s were suffering from fungal pneumonia (the main cause of death), thrush and/or skin cancer. Most of them were gay males who participated in the partying scene, were highly promiscuous, and made widespread use of recreational drugs, especially inhalants such as poppers (amyl nitrite), along with crack cocaine, LSD and crystal meth. They were also being prescribed steroids and antibiotics for multiple sexually transmitted diseases. All these drugs are immunosuppressant. Numerous papers were published arguing that AIDS resulted mainly from exposure to toxic drugs, and some doctors reported curing some cases of AIDS by using antitoxins.

    In 1982 the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) announced that the cause of AIDS must be an unknown virus and ordered that all the research they funded on AIDS should be directed towards finding it. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) also redirected its funds, and its research into AIDS-related toxins ceased. In April 1984, Robert Gallo, who worked for the National Cancer Institute (NCI) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), announced that his laboratory had succeeded in proving that a retrovirus was the cause of AIDS.

    ### Gallo's fraud

    In 1982, Gallo announced finding traces of a new retrovirus, which he named HTLV-3, in the blood of AIDS patients. But all his efforts in 1982 and 1983 to prove that HTLV-3 caused AIDS ended in failure. In 1983, Luc Montagnier and his colleagues at the Pasteur Institute in Paris announced that they had found and purified the virus that probably caused AIDS, and named it LAV. The two laboratories were in the habit of exchanging samples, and Gallo declared that _he_ had found the virus first, and that the French scientists' LAV was his own virus. At his request, the French sent him a sample containing their virus, on condition that he did not make commercial use of it.

    Gallo and several of his assistants published four key papers in _Science_ in May 1984, claiming to prove that HTLV-3 was the cause of AIDS. The experiments were conducted by Gallo's assistant, Mikulas Popovic, while Gallo was away in Europe already boasting of their success. The papers were submitted at the end of March, after Gallo's return. He then briefed the Department of Health on his discoveries, and leaked information to the press. This forced the Reagan administration to swiftly lodge the relevant patent papers and make his discovery public before the supporting scientific papers could be peer-reviewed and published. The press ignored the Health Secretary's caution at a press conference on 23 April that Gallo had only found the 'probable' cause of AIDS. Three days later the leading science journal _Nature_ ran the headline: 'Causation of AIDS revealed'.

    The French immediately began legal action, claiming that Gallo and Popovic had illegally used the loaned French-discovered virus LAV. After three years of wrangling, the two sides agreed to rename their virus HIV and share the patent; Gallo, Popovic and Montagnier would each receive $100,000 a year in royalties. But in 1989 journalist John Crewdson published a lengthy article detailing how Gallo had purloined the French virus for his vital 1984 experiments after failing with his own virus. The French threatened further legal action and as a result several high-level investigations, lasting until 1995, were carried into possible fraud in Gallo's HIV research. Despite efforts to water down the findings, they were still damning -- yet they have been quietly buried and forgotten.

    Among the documents the investigations unearthed, Janine Roberts found the draft of the key _Science_ paper, whose lead author was Popovic, which supposedly proved that HIV caused AIDS by killing T-cells. It had been typed by Popovic, and Gallo was given the draft on his return from Europe, a few days before the papers went to the publisher. But Gallo extensively rewrote the paper in his own hand before submitting it. For instance, he changed the title of the paper, to claim that they had isolated the virus, even though the paper described no experiments to isolate it. He deleted a statement that they had knowingly used the French virus. He also deleted the following sentence: 'Despite intensive research efforts, the causative agent of AIDS has not yet been identified', and replaced it with a statement that their findings suggested that their HTLV retrovirus caused AIDS. Yet even the published paper presents no evidence proving that HIV kills T-cells.

    > [T]he paper simply stated that proteins thought to be from a virus were found in serum samples from less than half of the AIDS patients tested. This was not just weak evidence. It established no causal relationship at all.

    In 1994 Gallo admitted that they not found HIV DNA in T-cells. This meant his team had not provably found a single HIV-infected T-cell. Popovic and Gallo assumed, without any justification, that the reverse transcriptase (RT) activity and p24 protein they detected in their patients' blood indicated the presence of their retrovirus. Yet RT is part of all our cells as well as of all retroviruses and of some viruses, and p24 is present in all human cells and is released into the blood when cells die. The _Science_ papers argue that 'HIV proteins' are proved to be from HIV because antibodies proved to be against HIV attack them, and that these antibodies are proved to be against HIV because they attack these proteins -- a circular argument.

    Gallo sent Matthew Gonda, another NCI employee, some samples he believed to contain HIV and asked him to make electron microscope images of the virus for use in his 1984 articles. One of the _Science_ articles contains four micrographs credited to Gonda, and Gallo declares that all the particles are of the right shape and size to be HTLV-3. Yet in his reply to Gallo, received a few days before the articles were submitted, Gonda himself said that the particles thought to be HIV were at least 50% smaller than they should be if they were retroviruses, and were simply cellular debris.

    Given the weakness of Gallo's arguments, it is easier to understand his subsequent behaviour:

    > [A]gainst all scientific norms, he afterwards refused samples of his culture and virus to scientists whom he suspected might want to verify his conclusions and imposed on others an outrageous agreement that they would not use them to attempt to repeat these experiments. It may also explain why Gallo documented their experiments so badly, according to the ORI [Office of Research Integrity] ten years later, that it had proved impossible to repeat them, leaving scientists, and all of us, having to rely on trust that he got things right.

    In 1991, an 18-month investigation by the NIH into Gallo's 1984 article reporting the isolation of the AIDS virus concluded that it was 'riddled with fabrication, falsification, misleading statements and errors'. Yet the same article is cited today as establishing for all time that HIV causes AIDS.

    In 1993, the Office of Research Integrity (ORI) drew up a devastating indictment against Gallo, saying that he 'repeatedly misrepresents, distorts and suppresses data in such a way as to enhance his own claim to priority and primacy in AIDS research', that the key _Science_ paper 'contains numerous falsifications', and that he had 'impeded scientists wanting to follow up on his research'. The adjudication panel, which consisted of lawyers, accepted that Popovic had published careless, inaccurate and deceptive research but still deemed him innocent because 'intent to deceive' had not been proved. As a result, ORI felt it had no choice but to drop its attempt to find Gallo guilty of scientific misconduct as it could not prove intent.

    A congressional subcommittee headed by John Dingell then heard evidence from the US Secret Service. The latter had been asked to examine for fraud the laboratory documents Gallo had submitted as legal evidence, and discovered that many had been altered and 'fixed' before being presented. This evidence of criminal fraud was presented to the state attorney general in January 1994, but he ruled it was 'out of time', as more than five years had passed since the alleged fraud had taken place. Gallo therefore escaped prosecution on a technicality.

    The Dingell Inquiry never reached a formal conclusion because when the Republican Party took control of Congress in 1994, it promptly killed the investigation of the Reagan-endorsed Gallo. However, Dingell's staff published an unofficial report. It rejected Gallo's claims to have isolated HIV in dozens of AIDS patients in 1982 and 1983 by detecting antibodies specific to it, because it is impossible to prove an antibody targets the AIDS virus before proving what virus causes AIDS. Gallo admitted under interrogation that he had only detected the enzyme RT, not the virus. The report also referred to Gallo's systematic rewriting of the key _Science_ paper. It concluded that his behaviour had led to 'a corpus of scientific papers polluted with systematic exaggerations and outright falsehoods of unprecedented proportions'. But the _Science_ papers were never withdrawn or even corrected. Few AIDS scientists today know that these seminal papers -- among the most cited in the world -- were thoroughly discredited by eminent scientists. As Roberts says, this is 'totally amazing, almost unbelievable'.

    The upshot was that the US gave the French millions in profit from the AIDS test patent. Gallo was forced to leave the National Cancer Institute, and proceeded to set up his own Institute of Human Virology. He often repeats the discredited claims made in the _Science_ papers. And today the White House, the Bill Gates Foundation and the US Defense Department generously fund his Institute, which advises African governments on AIDS and develops new HIV tests and treatments.

    Luc Montagnier's claim that his team had purified 'HIV' in 1983 is equally false. It was based on the fact that their patients' serum contained antibodies that reacted with the p24 protein and also showed signs of reverse transcriptase activity. In 1997 he admitted that they had not found any particles with the morphology typical of retroviruses in the serum, let alone a specific retrovirus; 'I repeat, we did not purify', he said. In 2005 one of Montagnier's coauthors said that the reason they did not publish any electronmicrographs of purified HIV was because they never saw any virus particles in the 'purified virus' -- only cellular debris. Yet in 2008 Montagnier was awarded a Nobel Prize for discovering HIV in 1983.

    ### AIDS and sex

    AIDS was immediately assumed to be caused by a sexually transmitted virus due to the high level of promiscuity among the gay males who first succumbed to it. It was therefore predicted that AIDS would soon affect heterosexuals to the same degree as homosexuals. In 1985 the CDC created panic by announcing that over 1.5 million American heterosexuals were already infected and would die within two years. Needless to say, nothing of the kind ever happened. In the West it is still mostly gay men who are getting AIDS -- accounting for 84% of AIDS patients in the UK. The sexual transmission of the 'AIDS virus' is also contradicted by the fact that increases in infections with sexually transmitted diseases do not correlate with increased HIV infection and by the absence of HIV among female sex workers who do not use intravenous drugs.

    The largest ever scientific study of the risk of HIV infection through heterosexual sex was conducted by Nancy Padian in 1997. For several years she monitored a large number of couples, of which one partner was HIV-positive at the start of the study. But despite a quarter not using condoms consistently, not a single case of HIV transmission was found. Neither failure to use a condom, total number of sexual partners, nor lifetime number of sexually transmitted diseases was correlated with infection. By making the unwarranted assumption that the couples she had excluded from her study because both partners were already HIV-positive must have previously infected each other through sex, she estimated that an HIV-positive man would pass on HIV once in 1000 acts of unprotected intercourse and an HIV-positive woman would infect a man once in 8000 unprotected acts.

    This poses a major problem: in Africa, females are infected by HIV to at least the same degree as men and this is attributed mainly to heterosexual transmission, but this would require a monumental amount of sex. Despite there being no evidence that Africans are far more promiscuous than westerners, HIV=AIDS proponents still tend to believe that black people are sex-crazed.

    ### AIDS redefined

    Unlike other viruses, HIV is not believed to cause a specific disease of its own (strictly speaking, AIDS is a syndrome, not a disease); instead, it is said to attack the immune system, making people more susceptible to a large number of existing diseases. In 1981-82 AIDS was mainly characterized by three illnesses: fungal pneumonia (PCP), thrush (Candida), and skin cancer (Kaposi's sarcoma). After HIV had been declared the cause of AIDS in 1984, the presence of the virus became the major AIDS-defining condition; since HIV itself could not be detected in patients, finding antibodies to 'HIV proteins' was considered sufficient. If antibodies were found, people were told they would be dead within 10 years.

    In 1987 the CDC instructed doctors to diagnose AIDS even in HIV-negative people if they suffered from any of the AIDS-indicating illnesses on its list and had a CD4 T-cell count below 400 per microlitre. To the original three illnesses on the list, the CDC now added a further 14. A person who tested HIV-positive could also be diagnosed with AIDS if they had just one of the illnesses on a long and different list, which included septicaemia, pneumonia, meningitis, bone or joint infection, or a bacterial abscess in an internal organ. Finally, a person could be diagnosed with AIDS if they were HIV-negative and had an opportunistic disease not on the AIDS list (including bronchitis and a persistent herpes ulcer) but had been exposed to other people with AIDS. The new definition caused AIDS cases in the US to shoot up by 280% -- which was excellent news for the AIDS industry.

    The last major redefinition of AIDS took place in 1993, and again more than doubled the size of the epidemic. This time the CDC allowed AIDS to be diagnosed in people who had none of the AIDS-indicating illnesses, and even no symptoms of illness at all, if they had a CD4 count of below 200 per microlitre (in the UK a person was required to be both HIV-positive and have a CD4 count below 300). In addition, three diseases were added to the list of 23 AIDS-indicating illnesses: TB, bacterial pneumonia, and invasive cervical cancer. The addition of TB greatly swelled the numbers of the poor diagnosed with AIDS. The number of women said to have AIDS went up by 300% in the US.

    There is no clear connection between severity of illness and the number of T-cells. One study found that the number of T-cells in a healthy person can range from 237 to 1817. Factors that can reduce the number of T-cells include chronic drug addiction, severe malnutrition, chronic fatigue syndrome, and the stress of being told you are HIV-positive and are going to die.

    ### AIDS tests

    HIV tests look for antibodies to 'HIV proteins'. As Roberts says, 'there is something very odd about using an antibody test to identify the presence of a virus -- for antibodies are said to remove viruses -- and to persist in the blood, giving us continued protection, long after the virus is defeated and removed'. Antibodies do not always stop us getting a disease, but to conclude from their presence that we're doomed is certainly rather peculiar.

    It is estimated that humans naturally produce some 10 billion different antibodies. Antibodies are molecules created by certain white blood cells (B-cells) to mark foreign molecules for destruction by sticking onto particular surface features of them. For the HIV antibody tests to be accurate, the antibodies must react solely with HIV proteins (or antigens, i.e. substances provoking an immune response). It is now well established that antibodies can react with multiple antigens -- a fact generally ignored by AIDS scientists. Even the manufacturers of HIV tests admit that the tests are unreliable. The following medical conditions may give a false-positive result: multiple pregnancies, blood transfusions, vaccination against flu/tetanus/hepatitis/HIV, malaria, kidney failure, liver failure, rheumatoid arthritis, herpes, hepatitis, tuberculosis, fungal infestations, leprosy and autoimmune diseases.

    The main HIV test is the ELISA blood test. It involves exposing the patient's blood to the 'HIV proteins' provided in the test kit. If enough antibodies in the blood adhere to these proteins, this produces a colour change that indicates a positive result. First, however, the blood sample is diluted 400 times -- a highly unusual requirement. This is because without dilution so many people would test positive for HIV that the results would not be credible. 'HIV proteins' may simply be a natural signal of cellular death but barely detectable in a healthy person.

    If blood gives a positive result in the ELISA test, further tests are performed. In the US the Western Blot test is used, which again looks for antibodies. The sample is separately exposed to several HIV proteins, giving a separate reading for each one. For a positive result, some countries require that two proteins test positive, while others demand three or four. So whether somebody is HIV-positive or -negative may depend on what country they're in. In the UK the Western Blot is viewed with suspicion, so two other tests are usually performed. The p24 test can be one of them though nowadays it tends to be incorporated in the blood test. As already noted, p24 is a normal part of healthy cells and plays a key role in the creation of the vesicles our cells use as transports. In one experiment p24 was detected in 70% of healthy and HIV-negative people, while in another it was found in only 24% of HIV-positive people.

    The 'viral load' test is used to monitor the progress of HIV infection and the response to antiretroviral treatment. It uses the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique to search a sample of blood for tiny fragments of genetic code said to come from HIV. However, there is no clear correlation between a high viral load and ill health. Each of our cells contains about five feet of DNA, much of it coming from retroviruses, and when our cells naturally die, a vast amount of this genetic code is fragmented out into our blood. Many events, including vaccinations, may sharply increase the numbers of relevant genetic code fragments in our blood.

    Although hundreds of billions of dollars have been spent on AIDS research, no cure or vaccine has been found. In 2007 the Merck anti-HIV vaccine trials were abandoned when it was found that those who had been vaccinated were more likely to get immunodeficiency disorders than those who had not.

    ### Africa's epidemic

    It is common knowledge that AIDS is rampant in Africa and affects males and females alike. But few are aware that AIDS is diagnosed entirely differently in most of Africa. Under the WHO's Bangui definition, Africans are diagnosed with AIDS if they score at least 12 points based on a list of symptoms which includes: over 10% weight loss (4 points), protracted weakness (4), prolonged fevers for a month or more (3), prolonged diarrhoea (3), thrush (4), persistent cutaneous herpes (4), shingles (4), persistent itching (4), and a cough (2). Such symptoms are of course common to many diseases ultimately caused by poverty, malnutrition, unclean water supplies and lack of sanitation.

    Despite the artificial 'AIDS epidemic', the WHO says that there are more cases of TB and malaria every year in Africa than the total number of African AIDS cases reported since 1982. But less than a hundredth of the money spent on chasing the AIDS virus is currently spent on fighting TB or malaria (which can both give false-positive results on the HIV test). African governments are under enormous pressure to divert resources to pay for expensive antiretroviral medicines. And doctors are tempted to use the lax standards of the Bangui definition to declare that their patients have AIDS in order to secure desperately needed funds.

    Only in South Africa is an HIV test now compulsory. The WHO calculates its AIDS epidemic statistics for South Africa from the presence of 'HIV antibodies' in blood tests done on a few thousand pregnant women attending clinics -- despite research showing that healthy human placentas often contain retroviruses that give a false-positive result.

    WHO field reports show that around 70,000 Africans a year test HIV-positive, but its annual estimate for AIDS in Africa is calculated by multiplying these reported cases by a large 'error factor' to account for 'underreporting'. In 1996 it multiplied the number of registered AIDS cases by 12, and in 1997 by 17. Something similar happens in Asia. In the Philippines, the health minister initially multiplied the 50 detected HIV/AIDS cases by 1000 to obtain an estimate of 50,000. Reported AIDS cases in most developing countries are therefore unreliable.

    ### Antiretroviral drugs

    Antiretrovirals are not designed to specifically target HIV but instead to destroy all retroviruses, most of which are native to us. The drugs fall into three categories: nucleoside RT inhibitors, non-nucleoside RT inhibitors, and protease inhibitors.

    Nucleoside RT inhibitors target the bone marrow cells that make our red blood cells and hinder their ability to use reverse transcriptase (RT), which is vital to our cells' ability to make new cells; these drugs are also known as 'DNA chain terminators'. They inhibit mitochondrial DNA synthesis, resulting in severe lack of energy, chronic body wasting, and greater susceptibility to infections -- all symptoms of AIDS. These drugs include AZT, which is marketed today as Retrovir or Zidovudine. When first developed as chemotherapy against leukaemia, AZT was rejected as too dangerous because it killed the blood cells it was meant to save. With the emergence of AIDS, the US health authorities gave it a three-month safety trial but this went seriously wrong when patients in the placebo group insisted on moving to the group taking AZT. The need for a drug against HIV was judged to be so urgent that it was still released. Within two years, one third of the patients given AZT in the trial were dead. Today the dose of AZT has been sharply cut, but many patients still develop serious anaemia and require blood transfusions. In May 2000, the inventor of AZT, Richard Beltz, wrote to Anthony Brink, who campaigns against the use of antiretrovirals in South Africa, to wish him success in stopping the use of AZT, due to its toxicity and devastating side effects.

    Non-nucleoside RT inhibitors attach drug particles to RT within cells to prevent it from working, thus helping to stop cells from making retroviruses. One of these drugs is Nevirapine. The CDC warns that it can produce liver damage severe enough to require liver transplants and has caused death. The US has banned its use for pregnant American women, but the drug is still prescribed for pregnant mothers and others in Africa, with strong support from pro-antiretroviral activists and international agencies.

    Protease inhibitors target the protease (an enzyme that digests proteins) used by our cells to enable the creation of more cells. One study found that levels of blood lipids high enough to cause cardiovascular morbidity occurred in 74% of patients on these drugs.

    Nowadays, patients are usually given a cocktail of three antiretroviral drugs as part of highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART). The value of the antiretroviral drug market is expected to rise from $9.3 billion in 2007 to $15.1 billion in 2017.

    Antiretrovirals are designed not to cure but to extend the life of those with AIDS. Yet the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires all ARV manufacturers to supply a package insert stating that the drugs are not proved to increase survival. The insert for Glaxo's Ziagen drug says: 'At this time there is no evidence that Ziagen will help you live longer or have fewer of the medical problems associated with HIV or AIDS.' Merck's protease inhibitor insert states: 'It is not yet known whether Crixivan will extend your life or reduce your chances of getting other illnesses associated with HIV.' The disclaimer for Boehringer Ingelheim's Nevirapine reads: 'At present, there are no results from controlled clinical trials evaluating the effects [on] the incidence of opportunistic infections or survival'.

    In 2008, pharmaceutical companies were conducting 15 antiretroviral drug trials using HIV-positive children from Incarnation, a Christian home for orphans based in New York. In some cases the drugs are forcibly administered through surgically inserted stomach tubes. One experiment evaluates the effect of drugs on children from one month old who at the start had no symptoms of AIDS. In another, children from four years old are given cocktails of seven antiretroviral drugs in higher-than-usual doses as a 'salvage therapy' for advanced AIDS patients. An earlier trial in the USA, in which AZT was given to HIV-positive pregnant women, was halted when their children started to be born with too many fingers and toes.

    Antiretroviral drugs have often been released without long-term safety studies and placebo trials mandatory for other drugs, on the grounds that AIDS is a medical emergency. But there is no denying that the side effects of these drugs are difficult to distinguish from the symptoms of AIDS itself. GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) bluntly warns: 'Prolonged use of Retrovir [AZT] has been associated with systematic myopathy [body wasting] similar to that produced by human immunodeficiency virus.' A medical study in 2003 found that 'opportunistic infections, AIDS-associated malignant conditions and other non-infectious diseases ... often appeared shortly after the introduction of HAART'.

    In an attempt to hide the fact that antiretroviral drugs help bring about AIDS, the illnesses caused by these drugs have now been made an illness in their own right, known as immune reconstitution syndrome (IRS) or immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). It has many of the same associated illnesses as AIDS, including Kaposi's sarcoma, mycobacterium avium complex disease (MAC), tuberculosis (TB), Cryptococcus, Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), Cytomegalovirus, Histoplasmosis, herpes, leukoencephalopathy, leprosy, meningitis, and lymphoma.

    Today liver disease has become the leading cause of death among HIV patients on antiviral medicines in the US. Liver disease is not listed as an AIDS disease, but it is often related to exposure to toxins. One AIDS researcher called this the 'dark side' of antiretroviral drugs. Other major side effects are cancers and heart disease -- again major killers in AIDS cases. A study in 2000 concluded: 'There is growing concern about the long-term toxicity and adverse effects of therapy, including liver damage and mitochondrial toxicity caused by nucleosides, the most studied anti-HIV drugs'.

    In the early days, ARV drugs killed patients quickly, but this is no longer the case. Some patients on antiretrovirals report health improvements, at least in the short term. The main reason why some patients on antiretrovirals may live longer is that in western countries more and more _healthy_ people are being given the drugs. In the 1980s, most patients were only diagnosed with AIDS after coming down with deadly fungal pneumonia. But by 1997 (the last time the CDC published this statistic), 61% of all new AIDS patients in the US had no symptoms of any of the AIDS-defining illnesses. In the UK, although some 70,000 people have been found HIV-positive since 1984, less than 800 have been diagnosed with AIDS. Yet 38,000 of these HIV-positives have now been prescribed HAART. In Africa, on the other hand, people normally need to have symptoms of illness to be diagnosed as 'HIV-infected', so they survive for much less time on these drugs.

    Other important factors in patients' response to antiretroviral drugs include the following: the drug doses have been lowered and their compositions are now constantly changed to reduce toxicity; they can act as powerful antibiotic and antioxidant agents (e.g. against Candida and PCP); our cells initially produce extra CD4 cells as a defence against the toxins, until they become overwhelmed; antifungal and antimycobacterial medicines are commonly prescribed for HIV patients alongside antiretrovirals, and are even given priority over antiretrovirals on the grounds that antiretrovirals interfere with the former's effectiveness.

    Numerous HIV-positive people who have refused antiretroviral treatment remain in good health; they are known as 'long-term non-progressors' or 'elite controllers'. However, those whose immune systems are already beyond repair will die. The UK government's Health Agency reported in 2007 that those who refused antiretroviral treatment account for 4.7% of deaths among the HIV-infected. Or to put it another way: 95.3% of those who died were on antiretrovirals.

    ### What causes AIDS?

    A host of factors can impair our immune system and ultimately cause 'AIDS'. The role of immunosuppressant recreational and prescribed drugs in a large proportion of western AIDS cases is well established. Statistics reveal an 80 to 90% correlation between the use of nitrite inhalants (poppers) in the early AIDS cases in the USA and UK, and a 60% correlation with crack cocaine. This contrasts with a 10 to 15% exposure to injected drugs. Yet today only injected drugs are officially listed as a risk factor for AIDS.

    AIDS was originally called gay-related immune deficiency (GRID). Many gays lobbied hard against the illness being linked to their lifestyle and hoped a virus would be found to be its cause. Charges of homophobia were levelled at toxicologists who continued to blame drugs, while others in the gay community began an active campaign against poppers (which were used to intensify orgasm and facilitate anal sex by relaxing the sphincter). However, the campaign was undermined when the CDC stupidly declared poppers 'safe'.

    Many scientists openly disagreed with the CDC's declaration in 1984 that a virus caused AIDS. Some FDA scientists accused the CDC of inventing a viral epidemic to give jobs to its virologists. The CDC and its parallel institution, the NIH, ended the investigation of poppers, even rejecting the cures toxicologists had suggested and tested for AIDS, on the grounds that antitoxins could not work against a virus.

    In the 1980s a significant number of people tested HIV-positive who were not taking any recreational drugs, particularly among haemophiliacs. Blood supplies also tested positive to an extent that could not be explained by drug addiction. And Africans were testing positive who did not take such drugs. But testing positive does not mean that one must be infected with 'HIV', since many medical conditions can give a positive result, including fungal and mycobacterial infections.

    The Perth Group argues convincingly that no one has ever isolated pure 'HIV', and that all the proteins that the orthodox AIDS theory interprets as components of HIV or of antibodies to 'HIV' can be expressed by the DNA of any cell in the human body subjected to a sufficiently high level of oxidizing damage, caused for example by chemicals (including recreational and prescribed drugs) or by malnutrition and unclean water supplies. Even Luc Montagnier -- even though he still believes in the 'AIDS virus' which he helped to invent and which has made him so rich and famous -- now says that the major killer of the cells in AIDS patients is oxidative stress.

    Janine Roberts relates how some of her contacts and associates became very hostile and emotional when they learned that her research had forced her to question the orthodox HIV=AIDS theory; they dismissed her as a 'denialist' and treated her like a heretic. Roberts comments, 'it is now fashionable among the great and good, among journalists and NGOs, to wear the HIV/AIDS theory as if it is a Bob Geldof endorsed fashion accessory that puts one among the saints'. Yet the theory is untenable and has done untold harm. For many people, unfortunately, it is extremely lucrative.

    ## Cells, viruses and health

    A virus is approximately a billion times smaller than a cell. All viruses are produced by cells, whether from humans, animals, plants, fungi, or bacteria. There are said to be millions of different types, of which 5000 have been described in detail. They are made up of short segments of genetic material -- DNA or RNA -- surrounded by a protein coat, sometimes protected by an outer spiky layer called a lipid envelope. Unlike bacteria, viruses have no metabolism; they are inert and unable to reproduce outside cells, but reproduce within cells through self-assembly. They are officially labelled 'dead', though that does not stop virologists from describing them as cunning invaders that hijack cells, force them to serve their needs, and trigger unknown cellular processes that result in cell damage or death. There is no convincing evidence that once a virus has been absorbed by a cell, it remains independently alive and is more the parent of viruses subsequently produced by that cell than is the cell itself.

    Cells naturally produce viral-like particles without being invaded, both when healthy and sick. Janine Roberts explains:

    > Scientists like Barbara McClintock, who won a Nobel Prize for finding that cells operate with intelligence and seek to repair themselves, have given us a very different understanding of the particles they make. We now know that our cells create multitudes of tiny transport particles (vesicles) to carry the proteins and genetic codes needed within and between cells. The ones that travel between cells, those our cells use to communicate with each other -- are puzzlingly just like those that we have long blamed for illnesses.
    >
    > It now seems that we may have misconceived the virus; that most of them could well be simply inert messages in envelopes carried from cell to cell. In the last ten years scientists have begun to call them 'exosomes', 'particles that leave the body' of the cell, removing the inference that the word 'virus' carries, of them being dangerous by nature. Distinguishing the healthy particle from the pathogenic is now an enormous problem for the virologist, for it has been discovered that our cells make them all in the same way, in the very same place. It also seems we cannot stop this process without risking severely damaging our cells.
    >
    > So, perhaps we need to halt the juggernaut of virology with its virus hunt, and look to see if there is another way of helping us keep healthy. We need to know how we can strengthen the malnourished cell, rather than use the many medicines that try to prevent it from making particles by interfering with its essential processes. We need to know if a poisoned cell may produce unhealthy messengers or viruses. We need to learn far more about cells -- for only now are we starting to understand how they communicate and the very important role played in this by the particles we had totally demonised as viruses.

    An adult human contains about 100 trillion cells, and for us to survive, these must work together, communicate with one another, and learn from each other. Cells produce hollow particles known as transport vesicles to carry cellular material both within a cell and to other cells. Within a cell, they carry their cargo (protein, enzymes and DNA) along intricate road systems of microtubules (hollow cylinders), linked to a finer network of actin threads or nanotubes. Both networks constantly carry thousands of moving particles, supplying materials for some 100,000 chemical reactions per second. There are also nanotube bridges slung from cell to cell, carrying vesicles, proteins, organelles and possibly retroviruses.

    Transposons are mobile genetic elements that manipulate and transport DNA sequences to new places within a cell's genome. A retrotransposon uses RNA rather than DNA. It translates a segment of the cell's DNA into RNA, manipulates it, changes it back into DNA and reinserts it into the cell's genome in a new position -- a process called transposition. Transposons and retrotransposons therefore enable cells to adjust their genetic codes to fight off toxins and meet environmental challenges. By appending an additional piece of code, a cell can transform its retrotransposons, give them the ability to travel between cells with their variable load of genetic codes, or make them into retroviruses.

    All viruses cease to exist within a few hours or days after they enter a cell, which immediately takes them to pieces. In the case of retroviruses, their genetic code is absorbed into the cell's own DNA. The genetic codes of other viruses go elsewhere, often to the cell's cytoplasm. The reason retroviruses were initially discovered near tumour cells may be that they were helping cells fight pathogens and repair themselves. This might also explain why they are found entering and leaving T-cells, a phenomenon long associated with 'HIV infection'.

    Many biologists today are no longer automatically naming all travelling elements viruses. Many are now called exosomes -- a generic term for cellular vesicles containing DNA and RNA that are released into extracellular space and absorbed by other cells. Several scientists have recently placed the retroviral family, including 'HIV', among the exosomes.

    Our cells use massive amounts of information with great computational skill, having in their DNA a massive 'read-write' memory. We can think of viruses, exosomes and retroviruses as the natural flash memory sticks used by cells to share encoded information with each other. By using a base of four -- the four nucleotides of DNA or RNA -- to encode information, rather than the base of two used by computers, our cells can pack an incredible amount of information into extremely small spaces. DNA has a data density of over half a million gigabits per square centimetre -- about 100,000 times greater than a hard drive.

    Cells communicate not only by means of exosomes or 'viruses' but also by movement, electric currents, chemical emissions (smells), magnetic fields, and almost instantaneous light signals. Water within the cell, rich in salts, preserves information and, as it flows, it generates the electric currents needed for signals sent through the nerves. When exposed to radiation or other causes of DNA damage, cells can produce the specialist p53 protein, which vibrates when it detects DNA damage.

    Other molecules apparently vibrate to help regulate genes, almost as if they are talking. P53 molecules play an important role in regulating the production of exosomes and retroviruses -- and thus also help to move information between cells.

    Barbara McClintock's discovery that cells intelligently respond to the environment contradicts the darwinian theory, which is based on the idea that cells make random decisions. James A. Shapiro says: 'We have progressed from the Constant Genome, subject only to random, localized changes at a more or less constant mutation rate, to the Fluid Genome, subject to episodic, massive and non-random reorganizations capable of producing new functional architectures.' This is a far cry from the reductionist, mechanical view of life. An instinctive intelligence exists at the cellular level in all parts of our bodies; from a theosophical perspective, this intelligence arises mainly from the more ethereal aspects of each physical cell or organ rather than from their physical constituents. After giving examples of 'self-organization' in nature, Roberts suggests that life and consciousness 'are woven into the very fabric of our universe'. The theosophic tradition would endorse this, adding that our physical world is merely the outer shell of inner, subtler, interpenetrating planes of consciousness-substance.

    ### Bacteria, viruses and disease

    Nine out of every 10 cells in our body are bacteria. They can make toxins to kill pathogens, change their DNA, and make viruses that carry messages to other bacteria. Using the enzyme RT, they can change the proteins making up their 'skin' so that it is harder for enemies to recognize them. They can also take on specialized functions to serve the collective good of their colony. The smallest bacteria are called mycoplasmas, which are true parasites capable of living inside cells without harming them. For instance, we all have the tuberculosis mycoplasma within us. But only when our resistance weakens for one reason or another do we succumb to one or more of the pathogens living within us.

    Bacteria sometimes take on the role of scavengers. They can multiply within us when cells die during a severe illness. As soon as they have completed this scavenging work, the bacterial numbers will naturally decline.

    However, when human cells are severe diseased, bacterial cells may multiply out of control and produce toxic by-products, as in severe TB. Bacteria are intelligent cells that might well prefer to cooperate, but they might put their own survival first when necessary. They also bond with other bacterial cells to form self-protective 'biofilms' that are often hazardous to us. The NIH states that '80% of chronic infections are biofilm related' (and thus not viral).

    Viruses are commonly blamed for illnesses that seem to be easily passed from one person to another. They are unaffected by antibiotics; our only medical weapons against them are said to be vaccination and powerful chemotherapy-type drugs designed to stop cells from making viruses rather than to attack the virus itself. Roberts argues that viruses have been wrongly blamed for many diseases, including polio, flu, and AIDS. The devastating 1918 flu epidemic, for example, turned out to be primarily due to the victims being infected with bacteria, rather than a flu virus. Although flu is commonly assumed to be spread by coughing, experiments to see whether people infected with a rhinovirus transmit it to people sitting opposite at a table proved unsuccessful. Equally unsuccessful was the transmission of influenza from one spouse to the other. What _is_ certain is that our resistance to infections heavily depends on our living conditions, lifestyle, diet, and state of mind. For instance, living in crowded, unventilated and overheated rooms weakens our defences, as do stress, depression, grief, etc.

    Research indicates that cellular stress, illness or malnourishment often precedes the production of viruses rather than the reverse. For example, a deficiency in selenium, a metal our cells use as an antioxidant, can precede the symptoms of colds, flu and even AIDS_._ Selenium deficiency makes cells ill with oxidative stress without any need for a viral illness, and these cells could produce viral-like particles as waste or for repair purposes. It has also been found that when cells are suffering from oxidative DNA damage (such as from chemotherapy), they are more likely to get hepatitis -- which is then blamed on infection by hepatitis C virus (HCV).

    President Nixon declared a 'war on cancer' in 1971, predicting victory within five years. But the hunt for the viruses responsible for cancer ended in almost total failure. It was soon recognized that the major causes of cancers are toxins such as asbestos, tar and tobacco smoke, or damaging radiation. Many illnesses, including cancer, heart disease and different kinds of inflammation, are linked to disturbances in the DNA transcription process that is vital to cellular communications.

    Janine Roberts does not exclude the possibility that there _are_ pathogenic viruses, but she argues that this has not yet been established convincingly. Distressed cells might sometimes wrongly encode the viruses they send out, which then misinform other cells, or they might misinterpret the viruses or messenger vesicles they receive. As we have seen, no virus has ever been isolated directly from a sick patient's cells. Since 'scientists have long known that the guaranteed way to make cells produce viruses in the laboratory, including flu and measles virus, is not primarily by getting them infected, but by exposing them to stress and toxins', more research ought to be carried out into the role of toxins in causing measles, mumps, flu, colds, etc. Similar viruses may be associated with similar diseases because cells respond in a similar way to specific challenges. Vitamin A deficiency is also implicated in measles. Beriberi and pellagra are examples of other diseases caused by nutritional deficiencies, but which were once blamed on bacteria.

    If vaccines containing viruses are sometimes effective wouldn't this prove that the viral theory on which they are based is correct? First, as mentioned earlier, vaccine 'effectiveness' is measured by their ability to trigger antibody production -- but antibodies do not guarantee immunity. Second, the presence of specific viruses in vaccines is assumed -- not proved by observing the virus in question. Third, vaccines, even if they do contain a particular virus, also contain a wide range of other contaminants and toxins, and each of these will trigger an antibody response. So there is no doubt that the shock of vaccination stimulates antibody production. But it also entails many risks, especially since this toxic stew is usually injected directly into our muscles or bloodstream. A significant minority of vaccinees suffer adverse effects, and those whose immune systems are already impaired or stressed or who have particular susceptibilities to certain vaccine ingredients can suffer serious side effects, permanent disabilities, or even death.

    A far safer way of strengthening our immune system is homeopathy. Like vaccines, homeopathic remedies often contain toxic substances, but these are diluted ('potentized') again and again and again until _no physical molecules_ remain; they act on an inner, subtler level of our constitution. Vaccination can be regarded as a crude, dirty and grossly materialistic form of homeopathy.

    Most of the great epidemics of the past were successfully fought with clean water and improved nutrition and sanitation before most of the common vaccines were invented. Westerners have now moved into an age of degenerative and man-made diseases and away from infectious diseases, with the major causes being toxins and stress. But it is still 'viral dangers' that hog our medical research funds. Toxins from pesticides, drugs and other pollutants steadily accumulate and weaken our resistance, eventually wrecking our cells' protective abilities. Weaknesses in our character -- which, from a theosophical perspective, is the product of multiple incarnations -- may also predispose us to certain illnesses.

    In his introduction to _Fear of the Invisible_, Dr Roberto Giraldo writes:

    > Our positive and negative emotions stimulate biochemical processes that can either heal or harm many of the body's tissues, organs and systems, especially the immune system. Therefore, the power of the mind and of our consciousness has a great capacity for good as well as for ill. ...
    >
    > We are born with a gift from God: our inner physician and our inner pharmacy. Hippocrates (460-337 B.C.) said that 'the power of the patient's self-healing is essential and we must stimulate it.' The father of homeopathy, Samuel Hahnemann (1755-1843) said 'the homeopathic remedies work by stimulating the patient's defence mechanisms.' Dr. Albert Schweitzer (1875-1965) explained: 'In the interior of each patient there is a physician and we accomplish our mission when we help our patients stay in contact with their inner physician.'

    Our bodies are the natural home for vast herds of bacteria and viruses. The vast majority of our cells are bacteria, which normally live in harmony with us and even process our food for us. Janine Roberts writes:

    > As long as the whole exists in harmony, we basically stay healthy. They will serve us and not hurt us. Nearly all the so-called dangerous germs, such as TB bacteria, are inseparable and normally harmless companions that are only dangerous when other factors seriously weaken our cells. ...
    >
    > [W]e are made from cells capable of independent life that co-ordinate activity between themselves to sustain us! We are multi-species cities in which communications between inhabitants are absolutely vital to our continued communal health. ...
    >
    > Surely it is time to leave behind this ugly obsession with unseen dangers -- particularly from what are nothing more or less than cellular messengers -- and to turn our attention to caring for the utterly marvellous cells of which we are made; that protect us well, that will make healthy viruses or exosomes when they are well nourished and not poisoned. Then we could appreciate the wonder we all are. We synthesize the intelligence of our cells. We are the natural masters of the life enjoyed by billions of cells and part of the greater dance that weaves our universe together.
    >
    > Health of planet and body are preserved in the same way. Keep both unpolluted and unstressed. Enjoy having such inner and outer worlds to explore -- and to nurture.
    >
    > And don't let anyone use fear to manipulate you.

    Here's an interview of the author of the book:



    Another talk by Peter Duesberg:


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    http://www.whale.to/a/lanka4.html:

    Title: Interview Stefan Lanka - Challenging BOTH Mainstream and Alternative AIDS Views
    Author: Mark Gabrish Conlan
    Publication: Zenger's December 1998
    Source: http://www.virusmyth.com/aids/hiv/mcinterviewsl.htm

    While most people in the U.S. and Western Europe go right on believing that the so-called Human Immunodeficiency Virus is the sole cause of AIDS, debate rages even within the alternative AIDS community over whether HIV exists at all. Though Peter Duesberg, Ph.D. - virtually the only alternative AIDS theorist with any significant public reputation - continues to insist that HIV exists but is harmless, other alternative AIDS researchers and activists are coming to the conclusion that the virus _doesn't_ exist. The main proponents of this view are Australian researcher Eleni Papadopulos-Eleopulos and her colleagues, who argue that HIV has never been isolated according to the Pasteur Institute criteria of 1973, and therefore it's probably what's called an "endogenous retrovirus" - a creation of the body's own genetic material that looks and functions partly like a virus, but is not an infection because it comes from the body's own cells.

    Stefan Lanka, Ph.D. takes the challenge to HIV's existence even further. A German researcher, Dr. Lanka is usually referred to as a virologist. But that hardly begins to describe his wide-ranging fields of study. Based on experiences in marine biology, biochemistry, evolutionary biology and virology, he's worked out a whole new view of HIV and AIDS. He believes that _all_ so-called retroviruses are actually the body's own creations; that hepatitis is an autoimmune disorder (a disease in which the body is attacked by components of its own immune system) rather than a viral disease; that AIDS has _nothing_ to do with immune suppression; and that it should really be called Acquired _Energy_ Deficiency Syndrome - AEDS - because its true cause is a breakdown in the delivery of oxygen to the blood and/or body tissues. Dr. Lanka did a West Coast tour in October and spoke to H.E.A.L. - San Diego on October 20. _Zenger's_ interviewed him hours before that event.

    _Zenger's:_ I'd like a little about your background, what your training is, when you studied, what you specialized in, and essentially how you came to these ideas about AIDS.

    _Stefan Lanka, Ph.D.:_ I started studying molecular biology in 1984, and I soon got bored because I learned that all that you have to learn in order to pass the exams is already old, out-of-date dogmatic thinking. So I went into ecology because I realized, while being abroad in different countries, that you can carry out very important research without big machines or big money. I was looking for an opportunity to do molecular genetics in the field of biology, so I chose to move into marine biology and did a lot of electron microscopic studies.

    A marine biology professor was willing to let me work for him, and while doing this I found a stable virus-host relationship by accident. In that very moment, I knew that was it. The best way to do meaningful genetic research is to have a stable virus-host relationship, in which a virus is produced in the host but does not kill the host. So you can really study how they interact, how the genetic material of the virus is produced and how it interacts with the host, without manipulating it. That's still the _only_ stable virus-host relationship in virology, other than in bacteria.

    I was glad to be able to carry out this study, but first I had to convince my professor so he would agree to finance my new studies. He said he was a classical biologist and he could not sponsor me as a researcher in virology. I needed to find another professor who was willing to guide me, and the very day I found one I got a lab of my own. I could buy all the tools and big machines on my own overtime, so I had the best conditions to start my studies. After one year, I had isolated a virus and characterized it.

    When I started doing viral research, it was already 1986, 1987, just when the public in Germany and Europe was starting to become aware of AIDS. Because AIDS was supposedly caused by a virus, I was automatically considered a specialist in the AIDS field. In the beginning, this was a nice feeling. I was telling people what I heard from the mass media and the TV, and I was not checking the evidence because everybody was convinced AIDS was a viral disease. Then I heard about the things that Robert Gallo was doing wrong, and that he was misleading the public about his first retrovirus [HTLV-I, which Gallo claimed to be the cause of AIDS in 1982, _before_ his alleged discovery of HIV] and he had stolen the virus from Montagnier, and all this kind of gossip.

    I already had a somewhat critical attitude when I started studying molecular genetics, so I went to the library to look up the literature on HIV. To my big surprise, I found that when they are speaking about HIV they are _not_ speaking about a virus. They are speaking about cellular characteristics and activities of cells under very special conditions. I was so deeply shocked. I was thinking, "Well, I'm not experienced enough. I have overlooked something. On the other side, those people are absolutely sure." Then I was afraid that speaking about this with my friends, or even my family, they would think is absolutely mad and crazy. So for a long time I studied virology, from the end to the beginning, from the beginning to the end, to be absolutely sure that there was no such thing as HIV. And it was easy for me to be sure about this because I realized that the whole group of viruses to which HIV is said to belong, the retroviruses - as well as other viruses which are claimed to be very dangerous - in fact do not exist at all.

    _Zenger's:_ So it was just on the basis of this reading that you concluded that what is called HIV, what is considered to be the "HIV virus" and is supposed to be infectious like other viruses that are acknowledged pathogens, really represented a phenomenon within the body. How did you figure that out, and why are you so sure about it?

    _Dr. Lanka:_ I was wondering what viruses are for in evolution, because they didn't seem to have any function other than to be very dangerous and killing other cells. So I went into evolutionary biology and found that the first genetic molecule of life was RNA, and only later in evolution did DNA come into existence. Every one of our genomes, and that of higher plants and animals, is the product of so-called reverse transcription: RNA transcribed into DNA.

    But I had already realized already by then that the thinking about molecular genetics was very dogmatic. In the early 1960's they came up with the central dogma of molecular genetics, which try to uphold even today, and which is ridiculous. The dogma says that DNA behaves in a static way; DNA makes RNA; RNA _cannot_ be transcribed back into DNA; RNA comes into existence _only_ on the basis of DNA. That was and is the basis, of the central dogma of molecular genetics.

    I found that this kind of thought came from research funded by the seed-producing industry of the United States, and that a whole body of existing knowledge - namely, that of cytogenetics, before World War II - was just suppressed or even slandered as "lazy science" because it had been carried out mostly in Europe. This kind of science well established that the genetic material is _not_ stable. It is subject to change, and this means the genetic material _is_ reverse-transcribed. It goes in _both_ directions.

    This earlier research also established that inside the cell we have a huge amount of genetic material _other_ than that of the nucleus. But because molecular genetics and molecular biology were actually founded by physicists, who thought they could explain the whole structure of the atom just by focusing on the nucleus, when they went into biology they carried over that same mistake. They focused _only_ on the nucleus of the cell and claimed it was responsible for _all_ of how life comes into existence, how it's controlled, etc. This is ridiculous, because they have overlooked the essential of life: the production of energy.

    While studying the evolutionary aspects of biology, I quickly realized that reverse transcription is common to _all_ forms of life, and in fact is the basis of all higher living. Later I learned that reverse transcription is a repair mechanism for chromosomal DNA. But the mainstream of molecular genetics is still committed to the central dogma: "There is no such thing as reverse transcription from RNA to DNA." In 1970, when they detected biochemically that there _is_ a reverse flow of genetic material, they didn't give up the dogma or even try to change it. Instead, they called it an _exception_ to the central dogma of molecular genetics, and explained it by postulating the existence of retroviruses.

    _Zenger's:_ Excuse me, but I thought that the field of retrovirology had started as far back as 1911, with Peyton Rous and his experiments with chickens. [Rous surgically removed cancerous tumors from chickens in his lab, ground up the tumors, fed them to healthy chickens and observed that the healthy chickens who ate ground-up tumors grew tumors themselves. He concluded that the tumors may have been caused by an infectious agent being transmitted from the sick chickens to the healthy ones.]

    _Dr. Lanka:_ No, it was only in retrospect that he was cited as the one who was dealing with retroviruses. What Peyton Rous actually did was he inbred his animals so heavily that the genetic material from the different strains he used to breed became more and more similar. When the animals' genetic materials become too similar to each other, then even more genetic material is interchanged between the chromosomes than happens normally. Often, in inbred animals or plants, on two places of the chromosomes genetic material in between got lost. Then you will see the characteristic chromosomal damages in inbred animals, plants or human beings, resulting in disabilities which are well studied. So, because Rous's chickens were so heavily inbred, they had a high rate of spontaneous cancer induction.

    The results from this research were not cited for more than 20 years. Later, some people tried to speculate about them. In the late 1960's and early 1970's they started to think about this because molecular biology took over modern medicine, and argued - _against_ the existing body of knowledge, of facts - that cancer is caused by infectious entities: by viruses, or mutations, or viruses causing mutations. They ignored the fact that cancer has something to do with oxygen deficiencies, which had already been established by Otto Warburg's research. Warburg had received his first Nobel Prize demonstrating how a cell is able to produce much more energy than in the process of fermentation, using oxidative respiration. And he had received his second Nobel for proving that cancer is characterized by the process of fermentation; that oxidative respiration is not taking place in cancer. And this has been just ignored.

    So in 1970, when they proved that reverse transcription _does_ happen and they discovered the enzyme, reverse transcriptase, which does it, they wouldn't give up the dogma. They changed it slightly and said there is an exception; and that it was associated with the existence of a new class of viruses called retroviruses, which they _cannot_ prove exist in other ways.

    When I was _absolutely_ sure about everything I've told you so far, I went public. I was invited to a lot of conferences on marine biology and biology, and at every conference I presented my own data. I used every opportunity to speak out against HIV, and I quickly learned that because I was taking away HIV as an explanation for AIDS and was not able to replace it with something else, and not being able to explain what's going on under the label "HIV," it forced me to watch out and find those people who were able to explain what's going on.

    In the beginning, of course, some of the publications of Peter Duesberg helped me a lot, because he was an authority who questioned a lot of things, and that helped me. I translated some of this articles into German and published them in a small publishing house. But then, with time, I learned about other specialists, among them Heinrich Kremer, the well-known German medical doctor, former medical director of the Federal German Drug Abuser Clinics, who helped me to understand what was really going on.

    Because he was in charge of the introduction of hepatitis B vaccine into Germany, and used it in his patients, Dr. Kremer checked out the hepatitis B vaccines on the market. He found that the American vaccine, hepatitis B vaccine, was produced with the sera donated by men in the gay scene in New York City between 1978 and 1980. So, as he knew, there was a lot of sex going on in a minority of these men, and therefore they had had a lot of sexually transmitted diseases. So he was afraid of using this vaccine, and instead he used the French vaccine, which was produced from blood donations by the general population in France.

    But in 1983 the German government forced him _not_ to use this vaccine anymore. They said the French vaccine is poisoned by the "AIDS virus" - at the time when _nobody_ was positively speaking about an "AIDS virus" - but the American vaccine was ok. He knew, or he was warned, that this had nothing to do with the science, but it had to do with the fact that the German medical system, in parts of Germany, is virtually a colony of the American system.

    Soon after, in 1984, he was told to deliver frozen blood samples of his patients to Berlin, to the newly founded AIDS Center, to be tested for the "AIDS virus." Before he let his blood out, he checked what's the evidence for the accuracy and reliability of the HIV antibody test, and he realized that this test is _not_ able to detect the virus. It is not able to say yes or no, you are or are not infected. It is only able to say that you have a higher or lower amount of antibodies. That's how the HIV antibody test was and is designed.

    _Zenger's:_ It's my understanding that when you have an antibody test that is actually useful, like the antibody test for syphilis, you get a high or a low antibody reaction, and it's a certain multiple of how many times you dilute the original sample and still have the reaction. Therefore you know not only that the infection is present, but also how well the immune system is responding to it.

    _Dr. Lanka:_ I'm absolutely sure that _no_ antibody test in medicine has any absolute meaning. Especially in HIV antibody testing, it is clear that the antibodies that are detected in the test are present in everybody. Some people have them in higher concentrations, and some in lower concentrations, but only when you reach a very high level of antibodies - much higher than in _any_ other antibody testing - are you considered to be "positive." This is a contradiction in terms because in other antibody tests, the _lower_ your level of antibodies, the higher your risk for a symptomatic infection. But with HIV they say you are "positive" _only_ when you have reached a very _high_ level of antibodies. _Below_ this level, you are said to be negative.

    _Zenger's:_ So _this_ is what Dr. Roberto Giraldo was talking about when he spoke to H.E.A.L. in San Diego. He said that when they do the HIV antibody test they dilute the sample to 1/400 of its original strength, and if they didn't do that _all_ the samples would test positive.

    _Dr. Lanka:_ That's it. How ridiculous. Dr. Kremer knew this already by 1984. He was very worried about the fate of his patients, because in 1984 the politicians asked him to put these already stigmatized "HIV-positive" patients into quarantine, which means to separate them from the other ones. He said no, because there's no infectious entity out there. He knew everybody who went through chronic active hepatitis or had the hepatitis B vaccine would test "HIV-positive." So he knew that there is no infection in his hospital.

    He informed the mass media, who went to his hospital to inform themselves, in great detail. He told them _all_ the evidence. And the very same journalists, in talk shows, in _Der Spiegel_ for example, published just the contrary. So he knew that it was intentional from the very beginning. They played war. They all _wanted_ to have a blood and sex plague, contrary to the evidence which he presented to them. So he knew that AIDS was built up on misconceptions. He was dealing at the top political level. They told him, off the record, that they knew, they didn't care, it was about how to deal with the drug problem and with the homosexuals.

    They even tried to kill him, and this didn't succeed. He had a good intuition and got out of his car before the tire blew out. Then he learned from a minister who had a deep respect for him, because of his work with prisoners and drug abusers, that the German government was carrying out a secret psychological investigation, trying to prove that he was mentally ill and being kept in his job only because they considered him in danger of committing suicide. So when he learned this, he left his very highly-ranked position because he was not able to be silent on this. That would not fit his ethics.

    I also met Professor Alfred Hässig of Switzerland. He founded Swiss blood-donation system and was one of the first to take out products from the blood in order to make plasma to treat chronic disease. By becoming a colleague and a very close friend of his by now, I learned a great deal about the whole blood-producing industry and the criminal energy behind it. In March of 1996 in Bern, Hässig, Kremer and I met for the first time.

    It became clear, also, what's happening in the field of hepatitis. They are _not_ dealing with a virus. Of course, there's a possibility to enrich certain kinds of proteins in blood products, which then cause severe autoimmune reactions, but _only_ in very stressed-out people, never in non-stressed people. When they learned to take out these proteins from the blood products, or dilute them, there are not hepatic problems anymore. I learned this through him.

    _Zenger's:_ Are you saying that _all_ forms of hepatitis are non- infectious, or just some of them?

    _Dr. Lanka:_ No, there's no such thing as infectious hepatitis.

    _Zenger's:_ So there are no hepatitis viruses, either.

    _Dr. Lanka:_ Yes. Hässig was always fighting to make sure that blood products were produced _only_ on the basis of a small pool of donors who were young and healthy. The industry started to produce blood products on the basis of commercial blood donations, using a huge amount of blood samples, pooling them all together in a large pool, because then it was much cheaper to get out all the various kinds of products.

    _Zenger's:_ In this country, it gets even worse because blood donations are one of the principal ways homeless people have of staying alive. As a result, we're taking a lot of our blood supply from people in society who have the _least_ healthy lifestyles.

    _Dr. Lanka:_ I know all the details. This what I'm going to tell you. Professor Hässig once met the person responsible for the industry to produce industrial blood products, and once, when this person was drunk while visiting the Fiji Islands after a conference in Australia, this person told Professor Hässig that soon they are going to smash the state-owned blood producing units, based on voluntary blood donations, because they're much cheaper producing their blood products because they go into the Third World countries, and they are already there in all the prisons of the dictators in South America and elsewhere.

    When Hässig heard about this, he rang some of his friends - and, of course, Hässig was _the_ leading person in the blood business - and at this time there were some non-corrupted people in the WHO (World Health Organization). So, in an emergency meeting, on short notice so the industry had not time to corrupt the members who decided on these issues, they decided that the position of the WHO would be that it isn't allowed to produce plasma in the Third World, because they would bleed them out.

    Now they are bleeding out the poorest of the poor, and they are going to Mexico, near where we are sitting right now. In order to help the commercial blood products industry, the FDA has approved that a single person may give up to 50 units of plasma a year. That means he may drop in two times a week to give blood and liver plasma. And an elephant wouldn't possibly survive that, right? So that's the background, and what they did when all that was in place was they changed the way they were treating hemophiliacs. It started in California.

    Up to the year 1969 it was forbidden to give the clotting factors to hemophiliacs unless they had internal bleeding. If they would give them prophylactically, antibodies would be produced because these blood products are _highly_ contaminated. In 1969 the industry started to convince some medical doctors - and the first one was a woman doctor in California - to treat hemophiliac patients prophylactically with those clotting factors, and this is how the industry made a lot of money. And, of course, the bodies of these hemophiliacs made a lot of antibodies against those products, which had been foreseen. They've had to use higher doses of clotting factors ever since, in order to compete with those antibodies, so that those clotting factors actually work. They gradually have to increase the amount they are injecting.

    This has been the biggest business in the blood industry ever since. Nobody's speaking about this, but that's why almost _all_ hemophiliacs have come down with hepatitis. If you inject such a high amount of foreign proteins, and all the contaminants, then of course the liver, as the central metabolic organ, is stressed out, resulting in hepatic inflammations. A lot of hemophiliacs died from hepatitis, and it was blames on nonexistent viruses.

    _Zenger's:_ One of the issues that's raised in groups whenever we're talking about the theories that HIV doesn't exist, or that retroviruses don't exist, or that this or that disease isn't infectious at all, is we often get people saying they're having a hard enough time just trying to get people to think that HIV might be _harmless._ It would be _way_ too much to try to convince them that it doesn't exist at all, and even more difficult to try to convince them that - if I understand what you're saying correctly - ever since the end of World War II virtually every scientist working in this field has been absolutely committed to a totally wrong theory and that _all_ of that research is nonsense and has to be thrown out.

    _Dr. Lanka:_ That's not true. _Before_ AIDS, there were a lot of discussions and papers about the role of viruses in evolution. Evolutionary biologists were already arguing about the central dogma of molecular genetics. But this was all silenced, because they all experienced how rapidly that idea came into existence, and how powerful it was. Even when some of my colleagues at the university and everybody I reached was absolutely sure and clear and convinced about what I was saying, they were silent. I never got support from a lot of professors at my university. Some of them, of course, liked me a lot and they tried to warn me when it was too much, when I was in danger of being expelled from the university, etc. But none of them went public on their own.

    _Zenger's:_ When would you date the beginnings of this mistake, what you call the dogma? How long has it been the dominant paradigm?

    _Dr. Lanka:_ I think it really started in the 1960's, when the retrovirologists were being supported by President Nixon in the "War on Cancer." This was the first time incredible amounts of money were poured into this kind of research. These elite schools of thought came into existence, dominating everything, and of course they had success with the mass media because they were dealing with cancer. When they claimed that retroviruses were the cause of cancer, of course they developed chemotherapy against it. But soon they had to give up the idea of cancer being caused by viruses because they saws that reverse transcriptase and reverse transcription occur _everywhere_ they're look for it. They found it's a common characteristic of _all_ forms of life, especially for cancer cells, and in fact it's a repair mechanism.

    So silently, slowly but surely, they stopped speaking about those cancer-causing viruses anymore, but came up with a completely _new_ idea of what is causing cancer, saying it's a weak immune system. When immunology, as its own biological discipline with is own faculty came into existence, people claimed that they were able to measure the strength of the immune system by measuring lymphocytes in the bloodstream. Of course, thousands of studies had been carried out in the '70's saying that the white blood cell count _never_ correlated with any disease or with any age.

    But, even so, they claimed that cancers come to existence by accidental mutations _everywhere_ in the body, and the immune system is suppressing cancer. And when the T4 cells are out of order with something else in the immune system, the immune system cannot suppress cancer anymore. And this was the immune surveillance theory of cancer, which was wrong already at the moment they announced it; because they _knew_ already by then that cancer cells have no specific markers on their surface. They have the same protein markers on their surface as embryonic cells.

    _Zenger's:_ One wouldn't expect the immune system to recognize a cancer cell because it's self.

    _Dr. Lanka:_ That's it. We have a lot of embryonic cells in our body all over. Those are the stem cells. When the nerve cells have got broken, new nerve cells may regenerate out of the embryonic cells, because those cells cannot be regenerated. So we have embryonic tissues everywhere, and here comes evolutionary biology.

    Now I have to tell you the basis of our lives. The fermentation process was not producing enough energy to form multicellular organisms or to enable the cell to differentiate. Bacterial cells are not differentiated, not able to build multicellular organisms because they don't have enough energy. Only the invention of photosynthesis - using the energy of the sun to split down matter in order to get electrons - allowed life to go on. Life is driven by the force of electrons, and with photosynthesis the electrons came out of the splitting of the water, and the base product was oxygen.

    This photosynthesis was so successful that it polluted the whole planet. The water, and eventually the atmosphere, became saturated with oxygen. Only when bacteria began to learn to use oxygen to produce much more energy out of organic material, out of a sugar molecule, did we have the next step in evolution. Life dealt with the oxygen catastrophe, and since then we have had a perfect equilibrium of oxygen-producing bacteria and oxygen-using bacteria, so that they keep the atmosphere at a constant level of 20 percent oxygen. This is _exactly_ the level at which life is able to persist. At a lower level, or a higher level, it is impossible. We are living in the equilibrium. That's the principle of Gaia, by the way.

    Those bacteria which learned to _use_ oxygen were able to produce 20 to 30 times more energy per sugar molecule, because the oxygen at the end was sucking so many electrons that many more electrons could be taken out of the sugar, to produce much more energy than was possible _without_ the potent oxidative substance at the end of the energy-producing chain. This revolution in energy formation was the basis for all higher cells and all higher organisms. Of course, with this excess of energy, cells could eventually differentiate and form multicellular organisms. And these bacteria, which sere using the oxygen, are part of every one of our cells, called mitochondria. So very higher cell is a product of the fusion of several different kinds of bacteria: the spirochetes, which brought mobility into life; and the mitochondria, which produced much more energy than before.

    This excess energy is the basis of all higher life, and if you violate it - if you don't let the oxygen come into the organism; if the blood is oxidized by poppers [nitrites] or sulfinamides [including sulfa drugs like Bactrim and Septra]; or if the transit way between the blood and the cells is poisoned by heavy metals, or the lack of essential fatty acids; or when the mitochondria are destroyed in the cells, due to the lack of nutrition, or antibiotics - the oxygen cannot be transported from the blood to the cells. Then the cell is not able to produce enough energy. It either may die, resulting in inflammation; or when it's possible for a cell to survive, it will become cancerous. When the cell is producing only fermentation, then that's cancer, as Otto Warburg already detected in the 1940's.

    They knew from the very beginning that cancer cells have only _embryonic_ markers on their surface. From a biological, evolutionary point of view it makes sense that a cancer cell is a reduction to an embryonic stage. It _de_-differentiates due to the lack of energy, and it waits until the lack of energy is over in order to differentiate again. Of course, if the lack of energy persists, it loses genetic material; and these were the old criteria to define cancer, when cells lost a lot of genetic material, because then they lost the ability to differentiate again.

    _Zenger's:_ In other words, cancer occurs when the cell is programmed to behave like a cell very early in fetal development and just divide like crazy.

    _Dr. Lanka:_ That's it. An embryonic cell goes into a unicellular state. It behaves like a unicellular organism, like a bacterium. It loses the ability to _stop_ replication when coming into contact with other cells. So knowing about evolutionary biology, you are able to explain everything.

    In order to explain failure to find a retrovirus that directly caused cancer, they claimed to be able to measure the immune system. But this is ridiculous. In the Journal of the American Medical Association, August 28, 1981, it was published that it makes _no_ sense to measure lymphocytes in the blood because only a few of them are in the blood. The immune system is carried out, not in the blood, but in the tissues. Only rarely and accidentally do we see some of them in the blood. We've already carried out thousands of studies which have proven _no_ correlation between disease or health, in old or young, in T-cells; and even less, of course, in T-cell subsets.

    But, even though they _knew_ that these T-cell tests had not meaning, they were selling them to the market. Beginning in 1977, starting in the United States, it was possible to patent biological entities or biological techniques, so people started to make money out of biological ideas.

    This is the definite turning point when modern medicine and modern biology lost their 'Unschuld', their innocence. That's it. The immune surveillance theory of cancer - the belief that if you measure the strength of the immune system, then you could see when you are going to develop cancer - was the basis of AIDS, the thinking about AIDS. They said if your immune functions are weak, you are going to develop _all_ viral forms of opportunistic infections and _all_ forms of cancer. And this never happened, as a matter of fact. In AIDS we never have seen opportunistic infections. We have never seen all viral forms of cancer; only _one_ form of cancer, KS [Kaposi's sarcoma].

    _Zenger's:_ When you say, "In AIDS we have never seen any opportunistic infections," what do you mean by that? Because virtually everything associated with AIDS is considered an "opportunistic infection."

    _Dr. Lanka:_ That's not true. An opportunistic infection is a bacterial infection which takes over when the immune functions are down, when you have an immune defect or an immune deficiency. This was and is the definition of an immune defect, and an immune deficiency: when _bacterial_ infections are taking over in your body, _generalized_ bacterial infections.

    This is the case in those children born with an immune defect, who have to live under a plastic tent; or those people in the intensive- care units, patients dying now like flies because they are having immune deficiency after an operation, accident, transfusion or transplantation, when immune functions are _artificially_ suppressed. Bacterial infections go everywhere in the body, and due to the resistance catastrophe, which is the medical background of why "AIDS" has been invented, definitely, they are dying like flies. But all these _internalized_ bacterial infections _never_ have been part of the definition of AIDS.

    _Zenger's:_ I remember that was a question the AIDS experts got asked at some of the very early meetings, in the early 1980's: "Well, if it's a breakdown of the immune system, why don't you get colds all the time? Why don't you get flus all the time? Why don't you get these common infectious diseases all the time? Why is it just these really esoteric things like PCP and KS and CMV and MAI and whatever?

    _Dr. Lanka:_ That's it. The only diseases seen in people with AIDS are the ones tropical disease specialists have specialized in. Those are unicellular organisms which came into existence in evolutionary times when there was not as much oxygen in the atmosphere as there is today. So they can only grow in people who are depleted of oxygen. And that's it, why they show up there, even when the immune functions are absolutely perfect.

    Especially in the case of fungi, their immunology, their immunity is not known. They _think_ they have the same immunity as bacterial cells. But evolutionary biology answers these questions as well. Fungi came into existence _after_ animal beings. The fungi invented enzymes which are even able to produce energy out of oxidizing. They feed on dead organic matter, and that's their task in evolution, in biology: to recycle. Without fungi, no plants would grow on earth, outside the water.

    _Zenger's:_ Which is why, if you're growing mushrooms, you put them in a warm, dark place and fill them full of pieces of wood and bits of plants.

    _Dr. Lanka:_ That's it. It was already known by 1965, definitely, that PCP is a fungus. And this was and is the most important AIDS-defining disease. If you look at who comes down with this disease, you see people who are using poppers. What are poppers? Nitrites. And check every dictionary in the bookstore, or the People's Medical Dictionary: what do nitrites do in the body? They oxidize the blood. That means the blood itself is not able to transport oxygen. So, of course, the first cells to suffer are cells in the lung.

    Nitrites are transformed immediately into nitric oxide in the smallest capillaries of the body. Nitric oxide is produced by the body in very low concentrations in order to control blood pressure, in order to control development. It has to be detoxified by the body immediately, because in higher concentrations it acts very aggressively, destroying everything. This is why the "eating cells" of the immune system, the macrophages, are releasing nitric oxide in high quantities in inflammation reactions: to destroy and digest the bacterial cells.

    So if you take up nitrites regularly, or from time to time - which means huge, excessive amounts of nitric oxide are produced - it means you start the self-destroying process in your own body, especially in the lungs. You are destroying your lung tissue, and fungal infections are growing on this dead organic matter. Even so, immune functions are perfect, because these patients _do_ suppress bacterial infections. All those 60 different kinds of lung disease we know by now, all caused by bacterial infections, do not appear because the immune functions are still well.

    So we have a direct toxic effect, which may happen even when your detoxification system is not working on a cellular level, because you will suffer malnutrition. PCP can also happen in people who suffer extreme malnutrition, like we've had in Africa. This is the reason why PCP is not part of the AIDS definition in Africa, because we have it in the children who suffer starvation because the detoxification system of the cells is very weak in children. This is why, in the Middle Ages, when the wells had been poisoned by feces or meat from the civil wars or wars, it was the children who suffered, turning blue - this was called "the disease of the blues" - when they drank water, because there were a lot of nitrites and nitrates inside, produced by nitrifying bacteria when the wells had been poisoned, because the detoxification systems of children are very low. This is why the children starving heavily in Africa come down with PCP ever since.

    I can foresee, here and now, that people regularly using Viagra will be coming down with KS in two to three years because Viagra acts by blocking the neutralization of nitric oxide. When you take Viagra, nitric oxide accumulates, relaxing the smooth muscles, that blood is flowing in, the penis is being erected, and our muscles are relaxed. Poppers act by the same mode, because the nitrites are transformed into nitric oxide in the smallest vessels, and so the smallest vessels become relaxed. But whereas poppers _directly_ produce nitric oxide, Viagra works by preventing the neutralization of nitric oxide which comes into existence normally in the process of blood pressure regulation. It constantly persists at a very low level, but if it accumulates, you are in a very big danger.

    So, if the blood has oxidized itself and the lining of the smallest vessels, the capillars (i.e. capillaries, F.C.] , is destroyed by nitric oxide, what's going to happen? Those cells will turn into cancer cells. There's a lack of oxygen, and the first cells to suffer this oxygen deficiency are the lining of the epithelium, the smallest vessels, where the nitrites are transformed into nitric oxide. And this is, as a matter of fact, the definition of Kaposi' Sarcoma: when the lining - the interior of the smallest vessels - develops into cancerous form, growing bigger and multiplying. This is hyperplasia, no a form of sarcoma, but a real form of cancer, and this is defined as KS. It can also come into existence even if you are _not_ swallowing poppers, but when your cellular detoxification system is not working anymore.

    _Zenger's:_ So that's your bottom-line answer to the question, "What is AIDS?"

    _Dr. Lanka:_ Yes. AIDS is an _energy_ deficiency problem. The "AIDS" term is absolutely misleading because it has _nothing_ to do with an immune defect or immune deficiency. It is clear that se are dealing with an _energy_ deficiency. So the term "AIDS" has to be replaced by the term "AEDS," "Acquired _Energy_ Deficiency Syndrome," and we would keep up the term "AIDS" only in the form of acquired _intelligence_ deficiency syndrome. AEDS has a rational basis, and it is treatable. There are very potent treatment options available to reverse those damages caused by intoxification or lack of oxygen, on all various levels.

    Here, also, evolutionary biology helps. Animal beings are not able to produce three major classes of substances, because when they came into existence in the water, these substances were available. This is another aspect of evolution, because they have grown up or developed in a constant milieu where all the essential molecules have been available. Animal beings didn't bother to build up three important groups of molecules on their own, so they have the advantage to use their energy, and in order to develop even more or quicker.

    Among these substances animals cannot produce on their own are the _polyphenols,_ which are vitamins. We are aware of 5,000 different kinds of polyphenols produced in herbs - in all plants, but especially in herbs. The higher they grow, the higher they produce polyphenols. You can detect plants in front of radiation. These polyphenols are nature's own protease inhibitors, by the way. Animals are also not able to produce the long-chain sugar molecules which make up the basic tissues that form up to 80 percent of our body weight. These tissues produce the constant milieu for the cells in the body - and if you don't have them you are going automatically into disease.

    Every cell is surrounded by these basic tissues, long-chain sugar molecules with proteins attached. All nerve cells end there, activating and deactivating. All immunological reactions are carried out there. These basic tissues have a quasi-crystalline structure and they work by breaking, oscillating, very quickly, several thousand times a second, with the speed all biochemical reactions are triggered, etc. etc. If you don't know how life is working on the cellular level, you're not able to understand cancer. If you don't know how life is organized on the tissue level, you cannot understand life either, right?

    So if the cell lacks these substances, it cannot maintain its milieu. The surfaces of the cells especially need those long-chain sugar molecules in order to prevent calcium from flowing inside the cell. If those products are not there, calcium is formed inside the cells, killing the cells, resulting in controlled cell death, apoptosis: that means inflammation. Normally you get these substances from plants. In emergency cases, if you are depleted, you get them from bovine cartilage or agar agar, two spoonfuls every morning, With this you can stop all forms of arthritis, by the way, And those molecules are potent protease inhibitors as well.

    In any case of inflammation, or catabolic situation - when you lose more cells than the body's able to reproduce - you go in with this and it's going to help you. The artificial protease inhibitors only help you for short periods. Then they intoxify the cells, because the artificial protease inhibitors cannot be digested. The body cannot get rid of them. They form crystals, and eventually they intoxify the whole cell and the whole organism on all levels, because they prevent the digestion of all the proteins.

    We have reached the end, with the treatments, because not only are we deconstructing AIDS and offering another term, which everybody's able to handle and be happy with, especially cancer specialists. We are also offering very potent treatment options to replace these very dangerous protease inhibitors. I think that completes the picture of what so-called "AIDS" really is and what you can do about it.

    Here's also an article by Stefan Lanka from 2015 titled "Dismantling the virus theory - the "measles virus" as an example". I again converted the text of the article to a Markdown-like format. I also converted smart quotes to straight quotes, and I fixed a few formatting errors.

    Title: Dismantling the virus theory - the "measles virus" as an example
    Subhead: Why should we doubt the existence of viruses? What are viruses and what are they not? How are viruses being scientifically demonstrated to exist?
    Author: Dr. Stefan Lanka
    Date: 2015-06
    Publication: Wissenschafftplus - Das Magazin 6/2015
    Source: https://wissenschafftplus.de/uploads...rus-Theory.pdf

    ## The origins of the idea

    The present notion of a virus is based on the ancient ideas that all diseases were caused by poisons ("toxins") and that people would regain their health by producing "antitoxins" as an "antidote". Indeed, a few diseases are caused by poisons. The subsequent idea, that the body can restore its health by producing or being given "antidotes", was born when it was observed that people survived bigger amounts of poison (such as alcohol) when their body was trained by consuming slowly increasing amounts of that poison. However, in reality there are no antidotes, instead the body produces enzymes, which neutralize and eliminate the poisons (alcohol).

    In 1858, Rudof Virchow, the founder of modern medicine, plagiarized the findings of other scientists, suppressed their essential discoveries and thus a false view on the cause of diseases was born and imposed as a dogma, which is in fact still in effect to date. According to this dogma, all diseases supposedly originate inside the cells.[1] Virchow's cellular pathology re-introduced into medicine the ancient and refuted the humoral doctrine and claimed that diseases develop from pathogenic poisons (in Latin: virus).

    The search for these pathogenic poisons remains to date fruitless, however, when bacteria were discovered, it was assumed that they were producing the pathogenic poisons. This supposition, called "the germ theory", was immediately accepted and remains very successful up to the present time. This theory is so successful that the majority of the people are still not aware of the fact that the so-called bacterial toxins are actually normal enzymes, which either cannot appear in a human being, or, if they do, they never appear in such an amount as to make them dangerous.

    Then it was discovered that, when they slowly begin to die, bacteria create tiny, apparently lifeless forms of survival, the so-called spores. It was then suspected that these spores were toxic and that they were the so-called pathogenic poisons. This was then refuted, since the spores are rapidly developing into bacteria when their vital resources are being restored. When scientists in the laboratory observed that the weak, highly inbred bacteria perished very quickly while turning into much smaller structures than the spores, it was first believed that the bacteria were being killed by the alleged pathogenic poisons, called viruses, and that the viruses were thereby replicating.

    Due to the belief that these - at the time of their discovery still invisible structures were killing the bacteria, they were called phages/bacteriophages, "eaters of bacteria". Only later it was determined that merely highly inbred and therefore almost non-viable bacteria can be made to turn into phages, or bacteria which are being destroyed so fast that they do not have time to form spores.

    The introduction of the electron microscopy led to the discovery of the structures resulting from the transformation of bacteria when these were suddenly dying or when the metabolism of the highly inbred germs was overwhelmed by processes triggered by the adding of "phages". It was also discovered that there are hundreds of types of different-looking "phages". The discovery of phages, the so-called bacterial "viruses", reinforced the wrong assumption and the belief that there were human and animal viruses that looked the same and had the same structure. This is not and cannot be the case, for several different reasons.

    After introducing chemical examination techniques in biology, it was discovered that there are thousands of types of phages and that phages of one type always have the same structure. They consist of a particular molecule, made of nucleic acid, which is covered in a shell of proteins of a given number and composition. It was only later discovered that merely the bacteria which had been highly inbred in the test tube could turn into phages themselves, by contact with phages, but this never applied to natural bacteria or bacteria which had just been isolated from their natural environment. In this process, it was discovered that these "bacterial viruses" actually serve to provide other bacteria with important molecules and proteins, and that the bacteria themselves emerged from such structures.

    Before it could be established that the "bacterial viruses" cannot kill natural bacteria, but they are instead helping them to live and that bacteria themselves emerge from such structures, these "phages" were already used as models for the alleged human and animal viruses. It was assumed that the human and animal viruses looked like the "phages", were allegedly killing cells and thereby causing diseases, while at the same time producing new disease poisons and in this way transmitting the diseases. To date, many new or apparently new diseases have been attributed to viruses if their origin is unknown or not acknowledged. This reflex found an apparent confirmation in the discovery of the "bacterial viruses".

    It is important to note that the theories of fight and infection were accepted and highly praised by a majority of the specialists only if and when the countries or regions where they lived were also suffering from war and adversity. In times of peace, other concepts dominated the world of science.[2] It is very important to note that the theory of infection - starting from Germany - has only been globalized through the third Reich, when the Jewish researchers, most of which had opposed and refuted the politically exploited theories of infection, were removed from their positions.[3]

    ## On the detection of phages

    The existence of phages can be proved rapidly. First step: their presence is confirmed through an effect, namely the transformation of bacteria into phages, and also through an electron micrograph of those phages. The control experiments show that phages do not appear if bacteria do not change or if bacteria randomly start decomposing due to extrinsic sudden annihilation, without forming phages.

    Second step: the liquid containing the phages is concentrated and applied on another liquid, which has a high concentration at the bottom of the test tube and a low concentration at the top of the test tube. The test tube with the phages is then powerfully spun (centrifuged) and all the particles gather according to their mass and weight to the place of their own density. The density is the ratio of weight (mass) per unit of volume, expressed as kg/l or g/mg, respectively. That is why this concentration and purification step for particles with the same density is called density gradient centrifugation.

    The layer where many particles of the same density gather becomes "cloudy", which is called a "band". This step is being documented, then the particles concentrated, purified and sedimented in a "band" are removed with a syringe needle. The extracted concentrated amount of particles is called an isolate. A fast and simple electron micrograph will confirm the presence of phages in the isolate, which at the same time is an indication for the purity of the isolate, if the micrograph shows no other particles but the phages. The appearance and the diameter of the phages will also be established with the help of this micrograph. The control experiment performed for this step consists in treating and centrifuging the liquid from bacteria which did not form any phages, where no phages appear at the end of the procedure.

    After the step of successfully isolating the phages, the decisive biochemical characterization of the phages follows. The biochemical characterization of their composition is essential for identifying the specific type of phage, since different types of phages often appear to be similar. The isolate obtained through the density gradient centrifugation is now divided in two parts. One part is used to determine the size, type and composition of the nucleic acid; in a separate procedure, the other part is used to determine the amount, size and morphology of the proteins of the phages. Since the 1970s, these tests have been simple standard techniques that are learned by every biology student in his first semesters.

    These tests represent the biochemical characterization of the phages. In almost every case, these results have been and are being published in only one publication, since a phage has a very simple structure which is very easy to analyse. The control experiments for these tests use liquid from bacteria which do not form phages and thus cannot present any biochemical proof. The existence of approximately two thousand different types of phages was scientifically demonstrated this way.

    ## About the alleged proof of pathogenic viruses

    The "bacteriophages", correctly defined as incomplete mini spores and building blocks of the bacteria, have been scientifically isolated, while the supposed pathogenic viruses have never been observed in humans or animals or in their body fluids and have never been isolated and subsequently biochemically analysed. To date, none of the researchers involved in this kind of work seems to have realised this.

    The use of the electron microscope and the biochemistry were very slowly returning to normal after 1945 and no one had realised that not one pathogenic virus had ever been isolated in humans or animals; thus, as of 1949 researchers started applying the same idea used for the (bacterio) phages, in order to replicate the human and animal "viruses". John Franklin Enders, born in 1897 in the family of a rich financier, was active in various fraternities after having finished his studies, then he worked as a real estate agent and studied foreign languages for four years before turning to bacterial virology, which fascinated him.

    He then simply transferred the ideas and concepts that he learned in this area of research to the supposed pathogenic viruses in humans. With his unscientific experiments and interpretations that he had never confirmed through negative controls, Enders brought the entire "viral" infectious medicine to a dead end. It is important to note at this point that Enders, like many infectious diseases specialists, worked for the U.S. military, which had always been and remains to date a huge victim of the fear of contagion. It was mainly the U.S. military which spread its erroneous belief that besides chemical weapons there were also biological weapons in the form of bacteria and viruses.

    In 1949, Enders announced that he had managed to cultivate and grow the alleged polio virus in vitro on various tissues. The American expert opinion believed everything immediately. What Enders did was to add fluids from patients with poliomyelitis to tissue cultures which he claimed to have had sterilized, then he alleged that the cells were dying because of the virus, that the virus was replicating in this way and that a vaccine could be harvested from the respective culture. At that time, summer polio epidemics (polio = flaccid paralysis) were very frequent during summer and they were believed to be caused by polio viruses. A vaccine was to help eradicate the alleged virus. After the polio vaccine was introduced, the symptoms were then re-diagnosed among other things as multiple sclerosis, flaccid acute paralysis, aseptic meningitis etc. and later polio was claimed to have been eradicated.

    During his experiments, Enders et al. sterilised the tissue cultures in order to exclude the possibility of bacteria killing the cells. What he didn't take into consideration was that the sterilisation and the treatment of the cell culture when preparing it for the alleged infection was exactly what was killing the cells. Instead, he interpreted the cytopathic effects as the existence and the action of polio viruses, without ever having isolated a single virus and described its biochemistry. The necessary negative control experiments, which would have shown that the sterilisation and the treatment of the cells prior to the "infection" in the test tube was killing the cells, have never been performed. However, for this "performance" Enders received the Nobel prize in 1954.

    1954 is also the year in which Enders applied and introduced the same technique in order to allegedly replicate the measles virus. As he had been awarded the Nobel prize for the alleged polio virus the same year, all researchers believed his technique to be scientifically valid. Thus, to date, the entire concept of measles has been based upon this technique. Thus, the measles vaccines do not contain viruses, but particles of dead monkey kidney tissue or human cancer cells.

    To date, no negative control experiments have been done with respect to the so-called measles virus either, which would have shown that it is the laboratory procedures that lead to the cytopathic effects on the cells. Additionally, all claims and experiments made by Enders et al. and the subsequent researchers lead to the only objective conclusion that in fact they were observing and analyzing dying cellular particles and the activity thereof in the test tube, misinterpreting these as particles and characteristics of the alleged measles virus.

    ## The measles virus as an example

    The following explanations apply to all the socalled (human or animal) "pathogenic viruses".

    The six papers provided by Dr Bardens in the course of the "measles trial" as proof for the existence of the measles virus describe in a didactically ideal way the various steps of the chain of misinterpretations up to the belief in the existence of a measles virus.

    The first paper was published in 1954 by Enders et al.: "Propagation in tissue cultures of cytopathogenic agents from patients with measles" (Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1954 Jun; 86 (2): 277-286). This publication can be found on the internet, like all the other publications presented at the measles trial.

    In that experiment, Enders et al. cut down dramatically on the nutrient solution and added cell-destroying antibiotics to the cell culture before introducing the allegedly infected fluid. The subsequent dying of the cells was then misinterpreted as presence and also isolation of the measles virus. No control experiments were performed to exclude the possibility that it was the deprivation of nutrients as well as the antibiotics which led to the cytopathic effects. Enders' and his colleagues' blindness can be explained by the fact that he truly wanted to help people, while the virus hysteria was intensifying after the war and during the cold war. It can also be explained by the fact that Enders and many of his colleagues had no idea about medicine and they were competing with the Soviet Union for the development of the first measles vaccine.

    Such a pressure for success can also explain why Enders and his colleagues ignored their own reservations and cautions expressed in 1954, when they had observed and noted that many cells also died after being treated normally (i.e. without being "infected"), which they thought to have been caused by unknown viruses and factors. All these facts and cautions were subsequently disregarded.

    The second paper presented by the claimant in the measles trial was published in 1959[4] and, for the reasons presented above, the authors concluded that the technique introduced by Enders was not appropriate for the isolation of a virus. This rebuttal is not only NOT being discussed by all the other researchers, but it is being ignored.

    In the third paper[5], the authors photographed typical cellular particles inside the cells and misinterpreted these as measles virus. They did not isolate any virus. For unexplained reasons, they failed to determine and describe the biochemical structure of what they were presenting as a virus in a separate experiment. In the short description of the methods used, one can read that the authors did not apply the standard isolation technique for viruses, i.e. the density gradient centrifugation. They simply centrifuged fragments of dead cells at the bottom of a test tube and then, without describing their biochemical structure, they misinterpreted the cellular debris as viruses. From the way the experiments were performed, one can only conclude that cellular particles were misinterpreted as viruses. We find the same situation in the fourth[6] and the sixth[7] publication put forward by the claimant as proof of the existence of a measles virus.

    The fifth publication[8] is a review describing the consensus process as to which nucleic acid molecules from the dead cells would represent the so-called genome of the measles virus. The result is that dozens of researchers teams work with short pieces of cell-specific molecules, after which - following a given model - they put all the pieces together on paper. However, this jigsaw puzzle made of so many pieces was never scientifically proven to exist as a whole and was never isolated from a virus, for a measles virus has never been seen, neither in humans nor in a test tube.

    Referring to this publication, the court-appointed expert stated that it described the gold standard, i.e. the entire virus genome. It is obvious that the expert did not read this paper, whose authors stated that the exact molecular composition and functions of the measles virus genome will have to be the object of further research, which is why they had to rely on other virus models in order to achieve a consensus on the structure and functions of the measles virus genome.

    The easiest thing for anyone to notice is that in all these publications, as well as in all other publications on the "measles virus" and other pathogenic viruses, no control experiments were ever performed. No researchers used the density gradient centrifugation technique; instead, they only centrifuged cellular debris at the bottom of a test tube. This technique, used to collect all the particles from a fluid, is called pelletising. From a logical and scientific perspective, it can be said that in all publications on so-called "pathogenic viruses", the researchers demonstrated in fact only particles and characteristics of cells.

    In our next issue of WissenschafftPlus, we will publish the scientific rebuttal of the claim that the measles virus exists, which applies to all so-called pathogenic viruses.

    We would also like to point out another article, in which we described the so-called giant viruses[9], i.e. an enwrapped nucleic acid that can be found everywhere in the sea and in basic organisms. Like all bacterial phages, not only they are harmless, but they have beneficial functions. They can be also isolated by using the density gradient centrifugation, which proves their existence (see the graphics above).

    We also recommend Prof Lüdtke's relevant review (1999).[10] He noted that at the early beginnings of virology, the majority of virologists always concluded that the structures they had mistaken for viruses turned out to be components of the cells and thus, they were only the result of the experiment and not the cause of the changes observed. After the discovery and characterization of the phages and after introducing the dogma that the nucleic acid was the genome of all cells and viruses, the consensus was born, according to which such viruses must exist in humans and animals as well.

    In 1992, the dogma stating that the nucleic acid is the genotype of all cells was retracted in the scientific community. In 2008, it was also retracted for a part of the German public community.[11] The dogma of pathogenic viruses, however, is still being promoted.

    The Australian Perth Group (led by Eleni Papadopulos-Eleopulos, Val Turner and John Papadimitriou)[12] proved with scientific arguments that HIV has not been demonstrated to exist. It was Eleni Papadopulos-Eleopulos who as early as in 1992 encouraged and offered me scientific support to accept the reality about HIV, to study the facts and share the knowledge that there are no pathogenic viruses.

    I am very thankful to her and her team.

    ## References

    1 Siehe Ausführungen zu Virchows Leben und Wirkung in WissenschafftPlus Nr. 5/2015 und Nr. 6/2015.
    2 Anticontagionism between 1821 and 1867. Aufsatz von Erwin H. Ackerknecht in der Zeitschrift Bulletin of the History of Medicine, Volume XXII, The Johns Hopkins Press, 1948.
    3 Das Robert Koch-Insitut im Nationalsozialismus. Buch von Annette Hinz-Wessels, 192 Seiten, 2008. Kulturverlag Kadmos Berlin.
    4 Bech V, Magnus Pv. Studies on measles virus in monkey kidney tissue cultures. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand. 1959; 42 (1): 75-85.
    5 Nakai M, Imagawa DT. Electron microscopy of measels virus replication. J. Virol. 1969 Feb; 3v (2): 187-97.
    6 Lund GA, Tyrell, DL, Bradley RD, Scraba DG. The molecular length of measles virus RNA and the structural organization of measles nucleocapsids. J. Gen. Virol. 1984 Sep;65 (Pt 9): 1535-42.
    7 Daikoku E, Morita C, Kohno T, Sano K. Analysis of Morphology and Infectivity of Measles Virus Particles. Bulletin of the Osaka Medical College. 2007; 53 (2): 107-14.
    8 Horikami SM, Moyer SA. Structure, Transcription, and Replication of Measles Virus. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 1995; 191: 35-50.
    9 Siehe WissenschafftPlus Nr. 1/2014.
    10 Zur Geschichte der frühen Virusforschung. Übersichtsarbeit von Prof. Karlheinz Lüdtke. Reprint 125 des MAX-PLANCK-INSTITUT FÜR WISSENSCHAFTSGESCHICHTE, 89 Seiten, 1999.
    11 Erbgut in Auflösung. Die ZEIT vom 16.6.2008. Siehe zu diesem Thema die Beiträge in WissenschafftPlus seit 2003.
    12 http://www.theperthgroup.com

    This documentary by the Perth Group shows in detail how the HIV virus has not been isolated (or proven to exist):

    Last edited by Ymyyakhtakh; 04-03-2020 at 10:16 AM.

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    Interview of Kary Mullis, who won the Nobel Prize for inventing PCR:



    In 1998, Mullis published the book "Dancing Naked in the Mind Field", which featured an essay titled "The Medical Establishment vs. the Truth" (http://aidswiki.net/index.php?title=...hment_vs_Truth):

    When I first heard in 1984 that Luc Montagnier of France's Pasteur Institute and Robert Gallo of America's National Institutes of Health had independently discovered that the retrovirus HIV – human immunodeficiency virus – caused AIDS, I accepted it as just another scientific fact. It was a little out of my field of biochemistry, and these men were specialists in retroviruses.

    Four years later I was working as a consultant at Specialty Labs in Santa Monica. Specialty was trying to develop a means of using PCR to detect retroviruses in the thousands of blood donations received per day by the Red Cross. I was writing a report on our progress for the project sponsor, and I began by stating, "HIV is the probable cause of AIDS."

    I asked a virologist at Specialty where I could find the reference for HIV being the cause of AIDS.

    "You don't need a reference," he told me. "Everybody knows it."

    "I'd like to quote a reference." I felt a little funny about not knowing the source of such an important discovery. Everyone else seemed to.

    "Why don't you cite the CDC report?" he suggested, giving me a copy of the Centers for Disease Control's periodic report on morbidity and mortality. I read it. It wasn't a scientific article. It simply said that an organism had been identified – it did not say how. It requested that doctors report any patients showing certain symptoms and test them for antibodies to this organism. The report did not identify the original scientific work, but that didn't surprise me. It was intended for physicians, who didn't need to know the source of the information. Physicians assumed that if the CDC was convinced, there must exist real proof somewhere that HIV was the cause of AIDS.

    A proper scientific reference is usually a published article in a reliable scientific magazine. These days the magazines are on slick glossy paper with pictures on the front and lots of advertisements, a lot of editorial material by people who are professional journalists, and a few pictures of girls selling you things you might want to buy for your lab. The advertisers are the companies that make things for scientists to buy and the companies that make drugs for doctors to sell. Therefore there are no major journals without corporate connections.

    Scientists submit the articles in order to report their work. Preparing articles describing their work and having them published is crucial to a scientist's career, and without articles in major journals they will lose their rank. The articles may not be submitted until experiments supporting the conclusions drawn are finished and analyzed. In primary journals, every single experimental detail has to be there either directly or by reference, so that somebody else can repeat exactly what was done and find out whether it comes out the same way in their hands. If it doesn't, somebody will report that, and the conflict eventually has to be resolved so that when we go on from here we know where "here" is. The most reliable primary journals are refereed. After you send in your article, the editors send copies of it to several of your colleagues for review. They become the referees. The editors are paid for their work on the journal; the colleagues are not. But what they do gives them power, which most of them like.

    I did computer searches. Neither Montagnier, Gallo, nor anyone else had published papers describing experiments which led to the conclusion that HIV probably caused AIDS. I read the papers in Science for which they had become well known as AIDS doctors, but all they had said there was that they had found evidence of a past infection by something which was probably HIV in some AIDS patients. They found antibodies. Antibodies to viruses had always been considered evidence of past disease, not present disease. Antibodies signaled that the virus had been defeated. The patient had saved himself. There was no indication in these papers that this virus caused a disease. They didn't show that everybody with the antibodies had the disease. In fact they found some healthy people with antibodies.

    If Montagnier and Gallo hadn't really found this evidence, why was their work published, and why had they been fighting so hard to get credit for the discovery? There had been an international incident wherein Robert Gallo of the NIH had claimed that his own lab had not been able to grow the virus from the sample sent to him by Luc Montagnier in Paris. The virus he was able to grow, he said, came from samples collected at his end from putatuive AIDS patients. Gallo had patented the AIDS test based on these samples, and the Pasteur Institute had sued. The Pasteur eventually won, but back in 1989 it was a standoff, and they were sharing the profits.

    I was hesitant to write "HIV is the probable cause of AIDS" until I found published evidence that would support it. Mine was the most minimal statement possible. In my progress report I wasn't trying to say that it absolutely did cause AIDS, I was just trying to say that it was likely to cause it for some known reasons. Tens of thousands of scientists and researchers were spending billions of dollars a year doing research based on this idea. The reason had to be there somewhere; otherwise these people would not have allowed their research to settle into one narrow channel of investigation.

    I lectured about PCR at innumerable meetings. Always there were people there talking about HIV. I asked them how it was that we knew HIV was the cause of AIDS. Everyone said something. Everyone had the answer at home, in the office, in some drawer. They all knew, and they would send me the papers as soon as they got back. But I never got any papers. Nobody ever sent me the news about how AIDS was caused by HIV.

    I finally had the opportunity to ask Dr. Montagnier about the reference when he lectured in San Diego at the grand opening of the UCSD AIDS Research Center, which is still run by Bob Gallo's former consort, Dr. Flossie Wong-Staal. This would be the last time I would ask my question without showing anger. In response Dr. Montagnier suggested, "Why don't you reference the CDC report?"

    "I read it," I said. "That doesn't really address the issue of whether or not HIV is the probable cause of AIDS, does it?"

    He agreed with me. It was damned irritating. If Montagnier didn't know the answer, who the hell did?

    One night I was driving from Berkeley to La Jolla, and I heard an interview on National Public Radio with Peter Duesberg, a prominent virologist at Berkeley. I finally understood why I was having so much trouble finding the references that linked HIV to AIDS. There weren't any, Duesberg said. No one had ever proved that HIV causes AIDS. The interview lasted about an hour. I pulled over so as not to miss any of it.

    I had known of Peter when I was a graduate student at Berkeley. He had been described as a truly brilliant scientist who had mapped a particular mutation to a single nucleotide in what was to become known eventually as an oncogene. In the 1960s that was a real feat. Peter went on to develop the theory that oncogenes might be introduced by viruses into humans and cause cancer. The idea caught on and became a serious theoretical driving force behind the research that was funded under the unfortunate name "War on Cancer." Peter was named California Scientist of the Year.

    Not satisfied resting on his laurels, Peter torched them. He found flaws in his own theory and announced to his surprised colleagues who were working on demonstrating it that it was highly unlikely. If they wanted to cure cancer, their research should be directed elsewhere. Whether it was because they were more interested in curing their own poverty than cancer or that they just couldn't come to grips with their mistake, they continued to work fruitlessly on the viral-oncogene hypothesis for ten years. And they didn't seem to notice the irony: The more frustrated they got, the more they chastised Peter Duesberg for questioning his own theory and their folly. Most of them had been trained to obtain grants from the government, hire people to do research, and write papers that usually ended with the notion that further research should be done along these same lines – preferably by them and paid for by someone else. One of them was Bob Gallo.

    Gallo had been a friend of Peter's. They had worked in the same department at the National Cancer Institute. Of the thousands of scientists who had worked fruitlessly to assign a causal role in cancer to a virus, Bob was the only one who had been overzealous enough to announce that he had. No one paid any attention because all he had demonstrated was an anecdotal and very weak correlation between antibodies to a harmless retrovirus, which he called HTLV-I, and an unusual type of cancer found mainly on two of the southern islands of Japan.

    In spite of his lack of luster as a scientist, Gallo worked his way up in the power structure. Peter Duesberg, despite his brilliance, worked his way down. By the time AIDS came along, it was Bob Gallo whom Margaret Heckler approached when President Reagan decided that enough homosexuals picketing the White House was enough. Margaret was the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, and thereby the top dog at the NIH. Bob Gallo had a sample of a virus that Luc Montagnier had found in the lymph node of a gay decorator in Paris with AIDS. Montagnier had sent it to Gallo for evaluation, and Bob had appropriated it in the pursuit of his own career.

    Margaret called a press conference and introduced Dr. Robert Gallo, who suavely pulled off his wraparound sunglasses and announced to the world press, "Gentlemen, we have found the cause of AIDS!" And that was it. Gallo and Heckler predicted that a vaccine and a cure would be available within a couple of years. That was 1984.

    All the old virus hunters from the National Cancer Institute put new signs on their doors and became AIDS researchers. Reagan sent up about a billion dollars just for starters, and suddenly everybody who could claim to be any kind of medical scientist and who hadn't had anything much to do lately was fully employed. They still are.

    It was named human immunodeficiency virus by an international committee in an attempt to settle the ownership dispute between Gallo and Montagnier, who had given it different names. To call it HIV was a shortsighted mistake that preempted any thought of investigation into the causal relationship between acquired-immune-deficiency syndrome and the human immunodeficiency virus.

    Duesberg pointed out wisely from the sidelines in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences that there was no good evidence implicating the new virus. He was ignored. Editors rejected his manuscripts, and committees of his colleagues began to question his need for having his research funds continued. Finally, in what must rank as one of the great acts of arrogant disregard for scientific propriety, a committee including Flossie Wong-Staal, who was feuding openly with Duesberg, voted not to renew Peter's Distinguished Investigator Award. He was cut off from research funds. Thus disarmed, he was less of a threat to the growing AIDS establishment. He would not be invited back to speak at meetings of his former colleagues.

    We live with an uncountable number of retroviruses. They're everywhere – and they probably have been here as long as the human race. We have them in our genome. We get some of them from our mothers in the form of new viruses – infectious viral particles that can move from mother to fetus. We get others from both parents along with our genes. We have resident sequences in our genome that are retroviral. That means that we can and do make our own retroviral particles some of the time. Some of them may look like HIV. No one has shown that they've ever killed anyone before.

    There's got to be a purpose for them; a sizable fraction of our genome is comprised of human endogenous retroviral sequences. There are those who claim that we carry useless DNA, but they're wrong. If there is something in our genes, there's a reason for it. We don't let things grow on us. I have tried to put irrelevant gene sequences into things as simple as bacteria. If it doesn't serve some purpose, the bacteria get rid of it right away. I assume that my body is at least as smart as bacteria when it comes to things like DNA.

    HIV didn't suddenly pop out of the rain forest or Haiti. It just popped into Bob Gallo's hands at a time when he needed a new career. It has been here all along. Once you stop looking for it only on the streets of big cities, you notice that it is thinly distributed everywhere.

    If HIV has been here all along and it can be passed from mother to child, wouldn't it make sense to test for the antibodies in the mothers of anyone who is positive for HIV, especially if that individual is not showing any signs of disease?

    Picture a kid in the heartland of America. His lifelong goal has been to join the Air Force when he graduates and become a jet pilot. He's never used drugs and he's had the same sweet girlfriend, whom he plans to marry, all through high school. Unbeknownst to him, or anyone else, he also has antibodies to HIV, which he inherited from his mother, who is still alive, when he was in her womb. He's a healthy kid, it doesn't bother him in any way, but when he is routinely tested for HIV by the Air Force, his hopes and dreams are destroyed. Not only is he barred from the Air Force, but he has a death sentence over his head.

    The CDC has defined AIDS as one of more than 30 diseases accompanied by a positive result on a test that detects antibodies to HIV. But those same diseases are not defined as AIDS cases when the antibodies are not detected. If an HIV-positive woman develops uterine cancer, for example, she is considered to have AIDS. If she is not HIV-positive, she simply has uterine cancer. An HIV-positive man with tuberculosis has AIDS; if he tests negative he simply has tuberculosis. If he lives in Kenya or Colombia, where the test for HIV antibodies is too expensive, he is simply presumed to have the antibodies and therefore AIDS, and therefore he can be treated in the World Health Organization's clinic. It's the only medical help available in some places. And it's free, because the countries that support WHO are worried about AIDS. From the point of view of spreading medical facilities into areas where poor people live, AIDS has been a boon. We don't poison them with AZT like we do our own people because it's too expensive. We supply dressing for the machete cut on their left knee and call it AIDS.

    The CDC continues to add new diseases to the grand AIDS definition. The CDC has virtually doctored the books to make it appear as if the disease continues to spread. In 1993, for example, the CDC enormously broadened its AIDS definition. This was happily accepted by county health authorities, who receive $2,500 from the feds per year under the Ryan White Act for every reported AIDS case.

    [...]

    In the 1970s we had a significant number of highly mobile, promiscuous men sharing bodily fluids and fast lifestyles and drugs. It was probable that a metropolitan homosexual would be exposed to damn near every infectious organism that has lived on humans. In fact if you had to devise a strategy to collect every infectious agent on the planet, you would build bathhouses and encourage very gregarious people to populate them. The immune system will fight, but the numbers will wear it down.

    The scientific issue gets tangled up with morality. What I'm describing has nothing at all to do with morality. This is not "God's wrath" or any other absurdity. A segment of our society was experimenting with a lifestyle, and it didn't work. They got sick. Another segment of our pluralistic society, call them doctor/scientist refugees from the failed War on Cancer, or just call them professional jackals, discovered that it did work. It worked for them. They are still making payments on their new BMWs out of your pocket.

    [...]
    Last edited by Ymyyakhtakh; 04-04-2020 at 08:16 AM.

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    Here's more videos from the YouTube channel of the documentary "House of Numbers".

    I recommend listening to the videos at 2x or 1.75x speed. You can change the playback speed from the gear menu. (And at least in macOS, Chrome uses a better algorithm for changing audio speed than Safari, so I listen to videos for spoken audio using Chrome.)




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    AIDS is just a set of symptoms of late stage HIV caused by irreparable damage to the immune system.

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    Quote Originally Posted by PaleoEuropean View Post
    AIDS is just a set of symptoms of late stage HIV caused by irreparable damage to the immune system.
    Most scientific research is government-funded, with the result that "scientific" conclusions are often skewed or suppressed for political purposes. The case of the politically-useful "threat" of global warming has recently been documented; the case of the air-conditioning refrigerant freon -- whose DuPont patents recently expired -- having a "significant impact" in causing the "ozone hole" (which is probably a perfectly natural phenomenon) has been widely debunked; and the case of the politically-correct AIDS "disease" -- cobbled together from some 30 different diseases, and not even satisfying the Koch postulates -- has been shown to be a complete hoax (see Brian Ellison's Why We Will Never Win the War on AIDS or Peter Duesberg's book Inventing the AIDS Virus). Examples of the governmental Midas touch which have had less than sterling results could easily be multiplied beyond necessity.

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    Quote Originally Posted by JamesBond007 View Post
    Most scientific research is government-funded, with the result that "scientific" conclusions are often skewed or suppressed for political purposes. The case of the politically-useful "threat" of global warming has recently been documented; the case of the air-conditioning refrigerant freon -- whose DuPont patents recently expired -- having a "significant impact" in causing the "ozone hole" (which is probably a perfectly natural phenomenon) has been widely debunked; and the case of the politically-correct AIDS "disease" -- cobbled together from some 30 different diseases, and not even satisfying the Koch postulates -- has been shown to be a complete hoax (see Brian Ellison's Why We Will Never Win the War on AIDS or Peter Duesberg's book Inventing the AIDS Virus). Examples of the governmental Midas touch which have had less than sterling results could easily be multiplied beyond necessity.
    AIDS is not a virus it's a syndrome. It's a disease of caused by the HIV virus. The fact that the person called it a virus in their book title only shows their ignorance of basic knowledge.
    Last edited by PaleoEuropean; 04-08-2020 at 09:09 AM.

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    Quote Originally Posted by Ymyyakhtakh View Post
    Interview of Kary Mullis, who won the Nobel Prize for inventing PCR:



    In 1998, Mullis published the book "Dancing Naked in the Mind Field", which featured an essay titled "The Medical Establishment vs. the Truth" (http://aidswiki.net/index.php?title=...hment_vs_Truth):

    When I first heard in 1984 that Luc Montagnier of France's Pasteur Institute and Robert Gallo of America's National Institutes of Health had independently discovered that the retrovirus HIV – human immunodeficiency virus – caused AIDS, I accepted it as just another scientific fact. It was a little out of my field of biochemistry, and these men were specialists in retroviruses.

    Four years later I was working as a consultant at Specialty Labs in Santa Monica. Specialty was trying to develop a means of using PCR to detect retroviruses in the thousands of blood donations received per day by the Red Cross. I was writing a report on our progress for the project sponsor, and I began by stating, "HIV is the probable cause of AIDS."

    I asked a virologist at Specialty where I could find the reference for HIV being the cause of AIDS.

    "You don't need a reference," he told me. "Everybody knows it."

    "I'd like to quote a reference." I felt a little funny about not knowing the source of such an important discovery. Everyone else seemed to.

    "Why don't you cite the CDC report?" he suggested, giving me a copy of the Centers for Disease Control's periodic report on morbidity and mortality. I read it. It wasn't a scientific article. It simply said that an organism had been identified – it did not say how. It requested that doctors report any patients showing certain symptoms and test them for antibodies to this organism. The report did not identify the original scientific work, but that didn't surprise me. It was intended for physicians, who didn't need to know the source of the information. Physicians assumed that if the CDC was convinced, there must exist real proof somewhere that HIV was the cause of AIDS.

    A proper scientific reference is usually a published article in a reliable scientific magazine. These days the magazines are on slick glossy paper with pictures on the front and lots of advertisements, a lot of editorial material by people who are professional journalists, and a few pictures of girls selling you things you might want to buy for your lab. The advertisers are the companies that make things for scientists to buy and the companies that make drugs for doctors to sell. Therefore there are no major journals without corporate connections.

    Scientists submit the articles in order to report their work. Preparing articles describing their work and having them published is crucial to a scientist's career, and without articles in major journals they will lose their rank. The articles may not be submitted until experiments supporting the conclusions drawn are finished and analyzed. In primary journals, every single experimental detail has to be there either directly or by reference, so that somebody else can repeat exactly what was done and find out whether it comes out the same way in their hands. If it doesn't, somebody will report that, and the conflict eventually has to be resolved so that when we go on from here we know where "here" is. The most reliable primary journals are refereed. After you send in your article, the editors send copies of it to several of your colleagues for review. They become the referees. The editors are paid for their work on the journal; the colleagues are not. But what they do gives them power, which most of them like.

    I did computer searches. Neither Montagnier, Gallo, nor anyone else had published papers describing experiments which led to the conclusion that HIV probably caused AIDS. I read the papers in Science for which they had become well known as AIDS doctors, but all they had said there was that they had found evidence of a past infection by something which was probably HIV in some AIDS patients. They found antibodies. Antibodies to viruses had always been considered evidence of past disease, not present disease. Antibodies signaled that the virus had been defeated. The patient had saved himself. There was no indication in these papers that this virus caused a disease. They didn't show that everybody with the antibodies had the disease. In fact they found some healthy people with antibodies.

    If Montagnier and Gallo hadn't really found this evidence, why was their work published, and why had they been fighting so hard to get credit for the discovery? There had been an international incident wherein Robert Gallo of the NIH had claimed that his own lab had not been able to grow the virus from the sample sent to him by Luc Montagnier in Paris. The virus he was able to grow, he said, came from samples collected at his end from putatuive AIDS patients. Gallo had patented the AIDS test based on these samples, and the Pasteur Institute had sued. The Pasteur eventually won, but back in 1989 it was a standoff, and they were sharing the profits.

    I was hesitant to write "HIV is the probable cause of AIDS" until I found published evidence that would support it. Mine was the most minimal statement possible. In my progress report I wasn't trying to say that it absolutely did cause AIDS, I was just trying to say that it was likely to cause it for some known reasons. Tens of thousands of scientists and researchers were spending billions of dollars a year doing research based on this idea. The reason had to be there somewhere; otherwise these people would not have allowed their research to settle into one narrow channel of investigation.

    I lectured about PCR at innumerable meetings. Always there were people there talking about HIV. I asked them how it was that we knew HIV was the cause of AIDS. Everyone said something. Everyone had the answer at home, in the office, in some drawer. They all knew, and they would send me the papers as soon as they got back. But I never got any papers. Nobody ever sent me the news about how AIDS was caused by HIV.

    I finally had the opportunity to ask Dr. Montagnier about the reference when he lectured in San Diego at the grand opening of the UCSD AIDS Research Center, which is still run by Bob Gallo's former consort, Dr. Flossie Wong-Staal. This would be the last time I would ask my question without showing anger. In response Dr. Montagnier suggested, "Why don't you reference the CDC report?"

    "I read it," I said. "That doesn't really address the issue of whether or not HIV is the probable cause of AIDS, does it?"

    He agreed with me. It was damned irritating. If Montagnier didn't know the answer, who the hell did?

    One night I was driving from Berkeley to La Jolla, and I heard an interview on National Public Radio with Peter Duesberg, a prominent virologist at Berkeley. I finally understood why I was having so much trouble finding the references that linked HIV to AIDS. There weren't any, Duesberg said. No one had ever proved that HIV causes AIDS. The interview lasted about an hour. I pulled over so as not to miss any of it.

    I had known of Peter when I was a graduate student at Berkeley. He had been described as a truly brilliant scientist who had mapped a particular mutation to a single nucleotide in what was to become known eventually as an oncogene. In the 1960s that was a real feat. Peter went on to develop the theory that oncogenes might be introduced by viruses into humans and cause cancer. The idea caught on and became a serious theoretical driving force behind the research that was funded under the unfortunate name "War on Cancer." Peter was named California Scientist of the Year.

    Not satisfied resting on his laurels, Peter torched them. He found flaws in his own theory and announced to his surprised colleagues who were working on demonstrating it that it was highly unlikely. If they wanted to cure cancer, their research should be directed elsewhere. Whether it was because they were more interested in curing their own poverty than cancer or that they just couldn't come to grips with their mistake, they continued to work fruitlessly on the viral-oncogene hypothesis for ten years. And they didn't seem to notice the irony: The more frustrated they got, the more they chastised Peter Duesberg for questioning his own theory and their folly. Most of them had been trained to obtain grants from the government, hire people to do research, and write papers that usually ended with the notion that further research should be done along these same lines – preferably by them and paid for by someone else. One of them was Bob Gallo.

    Gallo had been a friend of Peter's. They had worked in the same department at the National Cancer Institute. Of the thousands of scientists who had worked fruitlessly to assign a causal role in cancer to a virus, Bob was the only one who had been overzealous enough to announce that he had. No one paid any attention because all he had demonstrated was an anecdotal and very weak correlation between antibodies to a harmless retrovirus, which he called HTLV-I, and an unusual type of cancer found mainly on two of the southern islands of Japan.

    In spite of his lack of luster as a scientist, Gallo worked his way up in the power structure. Peter Duesberg, despite his brilliance, worked his way down. By the time AIDS came along, it was Bob Gallo whom Margaret Heckler approached when President Reagan decided that enough homosexuals picketing the White House was enough. Margaret was the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, and thereby the top dog at the NIH. Bob Gallo had a sample of a virus that Luc Montagnier had found in the lymph node of a gay decorator in Paris with AIDS. Montagnier had sent it to Gallo for evaluation, and Bob had appropriated it in the pursuit of his own career.

    Margaret called a press conference and introduced Dr. Robert Gallo, who suavely pulled off his wraparound sunglasses and announced to the world press, "Gentlemen, we have found the cause of AIDS!" And that was it. Gallo and Heckler predicted that a vaccine and a cure would be available within a couple of years. That was 1984.

    All the old virus hunters from the National Cancer Institute put new signs on their doors and became AIDS researchers. Reagan sent up about a billion dollars just for starters, and suddenly everybody who could claim to be any kind of medical scientist and who hadn't had anything much to do lately was fully employed. They still are.

    It was named human immunodeficiency virus by an international committee in an attempt to settle the ownership dispute between Gallo and Montagnier, who had given it different names. To call it HIV was a shortsighted mistake that preempted any thought of investigation into the causal relationship between acquired-immune-deficiency syndrome and the human immunodeficiency virus.

    Duesberg pointed out wisely from the sidelines in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences that there was no good evidence implicating the new virus. He was ignored. Editors rejected his manuscripts, and committees of his colleagues began to question his need for having his research funds continued. Finally, in what must rank as one of the great acts of arrogant disregard for scientific propriety, a committee including Flossie Wong-Staal, who was feuding openly with Duesberg, voted not to renew Peter's Distinguished Investigator Award. He was cut off from research funds. Thus disarmed, he was less of a threat to the growing AIDS establishment. He would not be invited back to speak at meetings of his former colleagues.

    We live with an uncountable number of retroviruses. They're everywhere – and they probably have been here as long as the human race. We have them in our genome. We get some of them from our mothers in the form of new viruses – infectious viral particles that can move from mother to fetus. We get others from both parents along with our genes. We have resident sequences in our genome that are retroviral. That means that we can and do make our own retroviral particles some of the time. Some of them may look like HIV. No one has shown that they've ever killed anyone before.

    There's got to be a purpose for them; a sizable fraction of our genome is comprised of human endogenous retroviral sequences. There are those who claim that we carry useless DNA, but they're wrong. If there is something in our genes, there's a reason for it. We don't let things grow on us. I have tried to put irrelevant gene sequences into things as simple as bacteria. If it doesn't serve some purpose, the bacteria get rid of it right away. I assume that my body is at least as smart as bacteria when it comes to things like DNA.

    HIV didn't suddenly pop out of the rain forest or Haiti. It just popped into Bob Gallo's hands at a time when he needed a new career. It has been here all along. Once you stop looking for it only on the streets of big cities, you notice that it is thinly distributed everywhere.

    If HIV has been here all along and it can be passed from mother to child, wouldn't it make sense to test for the antibodies in the mothers of anyone who is positive for HIV, especially if that individual is not showing any signs of disease?

    Picture a kid in the heartland of America. His lifelong goal has been to join the Air Force when he graduates and become a jet pilot. He's never used drugs and he's had the same sweet girlfriend, whom he plans to marry, all through high school. Unbeknownst to him, or anyone else, he also has antibodies to HIV, which he inherited from his mother, who is still alive, when he was in her womb. He's a healthy kid, it doesn't bother him in any way, but when he is routinely tested for HIV by the Air Force, his hopes and dreams are destroyed. Not only is he barred from the Air Force, but he has a death sentence over his head.

    The CDC has defined AIDS as one of more than 30 diseases accompanied by a positive result on a test that detects antibodies to HIV. But those same diseases are not defined as AIDS cases when the antibodies are not detected. If an HIV-positive woman develops uterine cancer, for example, she is considered to have AIDS. If she is not HIV-positive, she simply has uterine cancer. An HIV-positive man with tuberculosis has AIDS; if he tests negative he simply has tuberculosis. If he lives in Kenya or Colombia, where the test for HIV antibodies is too expensive, he is simply presumed to have the antibodies and therefore AIDS, and therefore he can be treated in the World Health Organization's clinic. It's the only medical help available in some places. And it's free, because the countries that support WHO are worried about AIDS. From the point of view of spreading medical facilities into areas where poor people live, AIDS has been a boon. We don't poison them with AZT like we do our own people because it's too expensive. We supply dressing for the machete cut on their left knee and call it AIDS.

    The CDC continues to add new diseases to the grand AIDS definition. The CDC has virtually doctored the books to make it appear as if the disease continues to spread. In 1993, for example, the CDC enormously broadened its AIDS definition. This was happily accepted by county health authorities, who receive $2,500 from the feds per year under the Ryan White Act for every reported AIDS case.

    [...]

    In the 1970s we had a significant number of highly mobile, promiscuous men sharing bodily fluids and fast lifestyles and drugs. It was probable that a metropolitan homosexual would be exposed to damn near every infectious organism that has lived on humans. In fact if you had to devise a strategy to collect every infectious agent on the planet, you would build bathhouses and encourage very gregarious people to populate them. The immune system will fight, but the numbers will wear it down.

    The scientific issue gets tangled up with morality. What I'm describing has nothing at all to do with morality. This is not "God's wrath" or any other absurdity. A segment of our society was experimenting with a lifestyle, and it didn't work. They got sick. Another segment of our pluralistic society, call them doctor/scientist refugees from the failed War on Cancer, or just call them professional jackals, discovered that it did work. It worked for them. They are still making payments on their new BMWs out of your pocket.

    [...]
    Aids=too many destroyed T-Cells which leaves people susceptible to cancers, bacterias and virus's. Anyone who denies AIDS is a product of HIV is simply uneducated about the Virus. That is like saying that the flu isn't a cause of reactionary arthritis

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    Bat soup causes AIDS.

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