Which European country/countries after the Big 4 have contributed most in the last Millennium?

[Creoda]

Which countries/nations after the Big 4 of France, Britain, Germany and Italy have contributed the most in the fields of Culture/Arts/Literature, Science, Technology and whatever else in the last 1000 years, in your opinion? Rank them or provide one answer if you wish.

[Nurzat]

Russia and the Russian/Soviet space for sure, in all those fields, in the last two centuries! maybe it should even be listed together with the 4 for the last century and a half.

Hungary and Romania had interesting contributions for small nations as well (in the 20th century).

[Finnish Swede]

Liechtenstein?

[Laag]

Based on the number of Nobel laureates Sweden and Russia.

[Creoda]

Russia and the Russian/Soviet space for sure, in all those fields, in the last two centuries! maybe it should even be listed together with the 4 for the last century and a half.

Hungary and Romania had interesting contributions for small nations as well (in the 20th century).

In the last 200 years Russia would certainly be in the top 4.

[Ford]

United States and Russia seem like nobrainers, but I'd say Sweden has been exceptional in science and technology. Also, a Swede greatly contributed to modern warfare. Maybe not as influential in culture and arts, but far from irrelevant.

[Samnium]

My guess : Russia, Switzerland and Benelux states.

[sean]

[lameduck]

Easily switzerland, sweden , netherlands etc they are lagging behind just becuase of there small size in absolute terms , in terms of per capita quality they are on par e.g per paper citation of swiss publications is higher than that of USA/German/UK/Japan and much higher than China.



Russia in communism as paralell ideology , space and military engineering.
spain as Cristiano viejo

[Jana]

Scotland. I know it's part of UK but for small country with small population it gave lot of contributions.