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Thread: Peoples of North Caucasus

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    Default Peoples of North Caucasus

    Caucasus is a name which first attested by Aeschylus in his tragedy Prometheus Bound. That Greek name is derived from Scythian Croucasim (noted by Pliny in his Natural History with meaning "ice-shining" from Eastern Iranic χrohu "ice" and käsi "shine").
    North Caucasus is inhabited by many different ethnicities each of whom have their own languages. By geographical, anthropological and cultural differences Caucasus can be divided into three categories:
    - Eastern Caucasus (Daghestan).
    - Central Caucasus (Chechen republic, Ingushetia, North Ossetia-Alania, Kabarda-Balkaria and Karachay-Circassian republic).
    - Western Caucasus (Kuban region and Adygeya).

    Daghestan (from Azeri-Turkic Dagh "mountain" and Persian stan "country") is located in Northern Caucasus. Was created in 1864 as Daghestan oblast of Russian empire out from various native principalities, most prominent of whom were Avar, Qaitag, Kumukh and Tarki. After Revolution and Civil war Daghestan became in 1921 an autonomous republic of RSFSR with Makhachkala as capital. Majority of Daghestani population consist is from different ethnicities who belongs to two language families (Nakh-Daghestani and Turkic) and confessed Sunni Islam of Shafi madhhab:
    Kumyks speak a Kipchak-Turkic language and racially are mixed group whose main types are Turanid (South-Siberian - descendants of Khazars and Kipchaks), Taurid (Kavkasion - assimilated mountaineers of Chechen, Avar and Darghin descent) and Iranid (Caspian - descendants of Turcoman and Tati immigrants from Azerbaijan). Major Y-DNA haplogroups - J1-M267 (25%), J2-M67 (20%), R1b-L23 (20%) and G2a-P15 (15%).
    Images of Kumyks:





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    Caucasus is an interesting place, generally and for my people(s). Its fantastic how some of their villages look high in the mountains.

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    Mountains of Daghestan were historically inhabited by Nakh-Daghestan peoples. Nowadays many descendants of mountaineers live in plain and form compact communities or assimilate with Kumyks.
    Avars are collection of ethnic communities inhabiting Western Daghestan. The main and numerous group are Avars proper. Next come Andi (Botlikh, Akhwakh etc) and Dido(Tsez) people. Majority of Avars belongs to J1-M267 (71 %). Other haplogroups (G2-P303, L2) are in minority. Racially Avars belong to Taurid/Mtebid type. Images of Avars:





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    Taurid race divided into three types.




    Armenid. Kavkazid. Anatolid. Caspid

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    Dargins. Language of Nakh-Daghestan family. Taurid/Mtebid type with Iranid (Caspian) admix. Majority of Darghins (80 %) belonged to haplogroup J1-M267. Sub-groups of Darghins:
    - Kubachins
    - Qaytag (Khaydaq)
    - Akusha-Tsudakhar
    - Myurego
    - Chirag
    Images of Darghins:





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    Laks. Language of Nakh-Daghestan family (of same group as Darghin). Taurid/Mtebid type. They are relatively homogenous compared to Avars and Darghins. Their main centre is a Kumukh who was once a stronghold of Islamic preaching. Haplogroups J1-M267 (43%), J2-M67 (15%) and I2 (14%). Images of Laks:





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    Lezgins is a very diverse group of Nakh-Daghestani peoples inhabiting South Daghestan and Northern Azerbaijan. They are consisted from Lezghins propes, Tabasaran-Aghul, Rutul-Tsakhur, Kryz-Budukh, Khinalug and Udin peoples. Most numerous are Lezghins proper. All these groups (except Udins, who are descendants of Caucasian Albanians) are traditionally Sunni Muslim. Udins are belongs to Armenian church. Racially they are mix between Taurid and Iranid types. Most common haplogroups among Lezghins proper are J1-M267 (43 %) and J2-M67 (39 %) while for Tabasaran people have following composition: J1-M267 (50 %) and R1b-L23 (40%). Images of Lezghins:





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    We finished our journey through Eastern Caucasus and then we go to Central part of Caucasus mountain region. That part of Caucasus is very diverse and is inhabited by four different sets of people:
    - Vaynakhs (Chechens/Ingush)
    - Ossetes (whose language is heir of Scythian-Sarmatian languages and member of Eastern Iranic branch of Indo-European family)
    - Mountain Turkics (Karachay-Balkar)
    - Circassians (Kabarda).

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    Vaynakhs speak mutually intelligible languages of Nakh branch of Nakh-Daghestani family. They are overwhelmingly belongs to Taurid/Mtebid racial type. Most common haplogroups of Chechens - J2-M67 (55.2%) and J1-M267 (20.9%) while majority of Ingush belongs to haplogroup J2-M67 (89 %).
    Images of Chechens:





    Images of Ingush people:





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    Ossetes are regarded by academic science as direct descendants of Alans - a nomad people who speak Eastern-Iranic language. Anthropologically Ossetes aren't different from aboriginals of Caucasus , being part of Taurid/Mtebid racial type. They are divided into two groups with their own dialects: Iron (from Eastern Iranic wir "man" attested in Sogdian and Khotan-Saka languages) and Digor (of unknown etymology). Majority of Ossetes have a G2a-P15 haplogroup (77 %).
    Images of Ossetes:





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