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Thread: A Genetic Compendium of an Island: Documenting Continuity and Change across Irish Human Prehistory

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    Quote Originally Posted by Peterski View Post
    "Byrne et al. (submitted)" - which study is that?



    This is what I was telling long ago, that Irish (and British in general) Neolithic was more like Iberian Neolithic than like Italian Neolithic.
    Haha but you haven't read the paper or noted the quotes above. The Irish and British Neolithic's homeland is mostly Northeastern France with a secondary flow from Brittany. Irish Neolithic lacks the Spanish HG ancestry that is in Spain and in their Farmer population. So as the paper says "this, together with the clear lack of Spanish HG ancestry in the Irish Neolithic (though again potential outliers, such as MillinBay6 exist) argues against any large-scale direct contribution from Iberian populations to the island, via the Atlantic."

    But all Western Farmer populations are similar to Sardinians.

    I'm reading now about the Bell Beakers and R1b which appeared in both Ireland and Britain in the late Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age while R1b did not start appearing in the Iberian Peninsula until the Late Bronze Age. Also Ireland and Britain L21. So again no direct population movement from Iberia.

    I'll add anything else that I find interesting later on.

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    Quote Originally Posted by Peterski View Post
    "Byrne et al. (submitted)" - which study is that?

    Not published yet. Woohoo something else for me to look forward to.

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    Just to add to what I said earlier about the earlier Bell Beaker arrival in Britain and Ireland.

    The majority of R1b-M269 lineages seen in Bell Beaker and Bronze Age populations from France, the Netherlands, Britain and Ireland belong to P312, which shows a modern distribution focused west of the Rhine Basin (Myres et al. 2011). The relatively late (post-Beaker) appearance of this marker in Iberia, in comparison to Ireland and Britain, suggests the arrival of R1b haplogroups to the islands was not catalysed by direct population movement from Iberia, but instead via a more northern Beaker group.
    Notably, while absent in contemporaneous individuals from Iberia, R1b-P312 lineages are observed in Beaker samples from southern France and northern Italy (dating to circa 2,500-1,900 BC), indicating the haplogroup was not just restricted to the very north of Europe, but also areas associated with Mediterranean Beaker networks.

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    The paper noted that only the subclade of R1b L21 is only observed in British and Irish samples and also commented on the continuity from this time to the present day Irish population. Britain does not show the same level of continuity with non-P312 subclades of R1b and the only male Anglo-Saxon sample available being I1 widespread in Nordic countries today.

    And now M222.

    Within Ireland a large diversity in R1b-DF13 subclades is seen in both the Bronze and Iron Ages, with an expectedly higher number of downstream mutations observed for Iron Age samples (See Electronic Data Table S5). Notably, all northwestern Irish Iron Age individuals sampled (Ballyglass44, Derrynamanagh08 and Derrynamanagh09) were seen to belong to the R1b-M222 subclade or a lineage leading directly to it. This haplogroup peaks in northwestern Ireland today and has been previously associated with the early Medieval Uí Néill dynasty of the region (Moore et al. 2006). Intriguingly, the two southern Iron Age individuals sampled, Courtmacsherry37 and Ballybunnion54, also both share a subclade, R1b-CTS3087. Given the known emphasis placed on patrilineal descent in Gaelic Ireland, denser surveys of Iron Age Y chromosomal variation on the island may contribute greatly to the understanding of territorial boundaries and patronymic surname distributions that were recorded during the early historical period.

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    These paragraphs about mtdna are interesting. The Eastern HG mtdna brought to Ireland obviously were brought in by Bell Beaker females.


    Most noticeably, in northwestern and central Europe, Ireland included, a small increase in Mesolithic U lineages is seen between the Neolithic and Bronze Age, including previously unobserved U5a1, U2e and U4 haplogroups, common in Latvian, Ukrainian and Russian HG individuals, as well as later steppe cultures (Figs. 2.1 and 4.3). In Iberia, an increase in U lineages is also seen across the transition, although these do not show any particular eastern affiliations. Remarkably, no U lineages are observed in Late Neolithic and Bronze Age samples from Scandinavia, nor have they been yet observed in individuals (n=6) from the preceding Neolithic TRB culture of Sweden (Skoglund et al. 2014; Mittnik et al. 2017), despite their prevalence in Mesolithic and Neolithic hunter-gatherer groups of the region.
    Increased frequencies of mtDNA haplogroup I are also seen in several post-Neolithic populations from northern and central Europe, including Bronze Age individuals from Britain, Ireland, Denmark and Germany. Interestingly, high incidences of the lineage are seen in Hungarian Bell Beaker samples,although in other Bell Beaker populations the haplogroup is absent or extremely rare. The heterogenous nature of Bell Beaker culture is also seen in the distribution of haplogroup X, present in Atlantic Beaker populations, but absent in groups further east, and haplogroup H, seen at substantial frequencies in all Beaker groups with the exception of the British cohort. In this respect, the British Beaker population also displays remarkable discontinuity with the preceding Neolithic and succeeding Bronze Age of the island.

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    Measuring the amount of Steppe ancestry

    This method gives a range of 78-85% steppe-derived ancestry in the Corded Ware population, close to the value of 75%, reported in Haak et al. 2015. The majority of Irish Chalcolithic and Bronze Age samples fall between the range 48% and 64%, with highest values (>58%), observed for a number of northern (Rathlin1, Rathlin3, Pollnagollum90, Grange10) and eastern samples (Keenoge3, Blackhill32). This pattern can be visualised in Fig. 4.4D and will be discussed further in the following section. Similar ranges were observed for Únětice (53-65%) and Bell Beaker (42-56%) groups, again matching previously published estimates (Haak et al. 2015). This suggests Ireland, despite its peripheral position, did not receive a diluted level of steppe ancestry relative to populations within the Corded Ware contact zone, again emphasising the extensive nature of the migrations that occurred into the island at this horizon. In contrast, the lowest levels of steppe ancestry were calculated for another peripheral Atlantic population, the Portuguese Bronze Age (Martiniano et al. 2016), where it featured at a proportion of only 14-16% (Fig. 1.2C).
    Reduced Steppe ancestry was seen in several southwestern individuals. for whom substantially reduced steppe ancestry was estimated (24% in Labbacallee212 and 36-39% in RoughanHill468, Killuragh1 and Poulnabrone01), a phenomenon that is apparent in both ADMIXTURE (Figs. 1.2C and 4.4D) and PCA (Fig. 1.3D) plots.

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    The overall suggestion in the paper seems to be that there's overwhelming continuity in Ireland between the Early Bronze Age and Present, although it's a little light on details or answers about the levels or potential sources of post-Bronze Age admixture.

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    Quote Originally Posted by Grace O'Malley View Post
    (...)
    I haven't read the paper yet, I was relying on your post ("Irish Neolithic indistinguishable from Iberian").

    Is Irish Neolithic distinguishable from Italian or Swedish Neolithic? I guess it is if they mentioned Iberian.

    ====

    It looks like a sort of Atlantic Neolithic that was a similar population from British Isles - France - Iberia.

    Later, it was replaced by Steppe ancestry to a larger degree in the north and to a lesser in the south.

    Quote Originally Posted by Grace O'Malley View Post
    Reduced Steppe ancestry was seen in several southwestern individuals. for whom substantially reduced steppe ancestry was estimated (24% in Labbacallee212 and 36-39% in RoughanHill468, Killuragh1 and Poulnabrone01), a phenomenon that is apparent in both ADMIXTURE (Figs. 1.2C and 4.4D) and PCA (Fig. 1.3D) plots.
    So these Bronze Age "reduced Steppe outliers" have as much as 61-76% (!) Neolithic Irish ancestry?

    They are going to score like modern Spanish people, or even more southern, in G25 and GEDmatch.

    ====

    Edit:

    Wait, this is about % of Steppe, not % of Bell Beaker. OK, they will probably score like modern French people.

    Is there an estimate showing what % of Bell Beaker + what % of Irish Neolithic these 4 outliers samples had?

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    Yes there does seem to be continuity in the Irish. Bolded bit is intriguing.

    Irish Iron Age samples extend the entire range of Irish variation on PC2, suggesting substantial continuity with the modern population. Irish Early Bronze Age samples show a more constricted distribution closer to the center of the plot, but still exhibit a systemic shift towards Irish Iron Age and modern populations, particularly those from individualised burials. The most parsimonious explanation for such observations is direct continuity between the Chalcolithic/Early Bronze Age and modern period in Ireland, with much of the haplotypic variation explained by PC2 forming in the intervening millennia, in a similar manner as suggested for Wales in PC3. While migration may be partially responsible for this structure, it is worth noting that the Irish Iron Age and modern population typically extends away, rather than towards, any potential external sources of variation in the dataset, including a contemporary Iron Age population from Britain, the most likely source of migration into Ireland between the Bronze Age and Early Christian periods. However, several exceptional Irish Iron Age samples exist, returned to in later sections.

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    Quote Originally Posted by Peterski View Post
    So these Bronze Age "reduced Steppe outliers" have as much as 61-76% (!) Neolithic Irish ancestry?

    They are going to score like modern Spanish people, or even more southern, in G25 and GEDmatch.

    ====

    Edit:

    Wait, this is about % of Steppe, not % of Bell Beaker. OK, they will probably score like modern French people.

    Is there an estimate showing what % of Bell Beaker + what % of Irish Neolithic these 4 outliers samples had?
    I'll see later. Very large paper and just trying to get through all of it. To be honest I feel like a drink now.

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