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In an effort to characterize the people who composed the groups known as the Xiongnu, nuclear and whole mitochondrial DNA data were generated from the skeletal remains of 52 individuals excavated from the Tamir Ulaan Khoshuu (TUK) cemetery in Central Mongolia. This burial site, attributed to the Xiongnu period, was used from the first century BC to the first century AD. Kinship analyses were conducted using autosomal and Y-chromosomal DNA markers along with complete sequences of the mitochondrial genome. These analyses suggested close kin relationships between many individuals. Nineteen such individuals composed a large family spanning five generations. Within this family, we determined that a woman was of especially high status; this is a novel insight into the structure and hierarchy of societies from the Xiongnu period. Moreover, our findings confirmed that the Xiongnu had a strongly admixed mitochondrial and Y-chromosome gene pools and revealed a significant western component in the Xiongnu group studied. Using a fine-scale approach (haplotype instead of haplogroup-level information), we propose Scytho-Siberians as ancestors of the Xiongnu and Huns as their descendants.
TABLE
SOURCE
Observed haplogroups that SNPs are tested
R-Z2125
R-Z95
Q-M120
Autosomal data of Scytho-Siberians from G25.
Distance to: Scythian_Zevakino_Chilikta_IA
0.04804137 Bashkir
0.05933492 Uzbek
0.06077576 Tatar_Siberian
Distance to: Scythian_Aldy_Bel_IA
0.04341559 Bashkir
0.04764879 Tatar_Siberian
0.07581902 Tatar_Siberian_Zabolotniye
Distance to: Scythian_RUS_Urals
0.05322550 Bashkir
0.07747167 Tatar_Siberian
0.08538744 Uzbek
I have made a comparison between Q individuals and me in order to see mutation rates in STR values although we don't get the same SNP. What is interesting that they are closer to me than most of the living Q individuals.
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