The capital occupied at least 32 square kilometers.[1] The ruins of the palace or temple complex laying at coordinates 47.431288°N 102.659349°E — which include the 10-meter-high double clay walls, 4 meters apart, 14 watch towers, 8 on the Southern side and 6 on the Northern side, two main entrances, one on East side and other on West side, a 12-meter citadel in the southeast corner and a 14-meter-high stupa in the center — clearly indicate that Ordu Baliq or Urgin Balyq Old Turkic: [2] was a large, affluent town.
An ambassador from the Samanid Empire, Tamim ibn Bahr, visited Ordu Baliq in 821 CE and left the only written account of the city. He traveled through uninhabited steppes until arriving in the vicinity of the Uighur capital. He described Ordu-Baliq as a great town, "rich in agriculture and surrounded by rustaqs (villages) full of cultivation lying close together. The town had twelve iron gates of huge size. The town was populous and thickly crowded and had markets and various trades."[4] He reported that amongst the townspeople, Manichaeism prevailed.
The most striking detail of his description is the golden yurt or tent on top of the citadel where the khagan held court.[5]
He says that from (a distance of) five farsakhs before he arrived in the town (of the khaqan) he caught sight of a tent belonging to the king, (made) of gold. (It stands) on the flat top (sath) of his castle and can hold (tasa') 100 men.
— Tamim b. Bahr al-Muttawwi'i, translation by Minorsky[5]
The golden tent was considered the heart of the Uyghur power, gold being the symbol of imperial rule.[6] The presence of a golden tent is confirmed in Chinese historical accounts where the Kirghiz khan was said to have vowed to seize the Uyghurs' golden tent.[7]
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