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Thread: Did Africa Have The First Iron Age?

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    Default Did Africa Have The First Iron Age?



    Did iron working reach sub saharan Africa from the north or did it in fact have the earliest iron age? Oooooh lets see! thumbnail by Ettore Mazza https://instagram.com/ettore.mazza?ig... Thanks to Pete Bensen for helping with recording. https://www.patreon.com/stefanmilo Sources: 1. Kaufman, Brett, et al. “Ferrous Metallurgy from the Bir Massouda Metallurgical Precinct at Phoenician and Punic Carthage and the Beginning of the North African Iron Age.” Journal of Archaeological Science, vol. 71, 2016, pp. 33–50., doi:10.1016/j.jas.2016.04.002. 2. Sanmartí, Joan, et al. “Filling Gaps in the Protohistory of the Eastern Maghreb: The Althiburos Archaeological Project (El Kef, Tunisia).” Journal of African Archaeology, vol. 10, no. 1, 2012, pp. 21–44., www.jstor.org/stable/43135565. Accessed 2 Nov. 2020. 3. Humphris, J., Scheibner, T. A New Radiocarbon Chronology for Ancient Iron Production in the Meroe Region of Sudan. Afr Archaeol Rev 34, 377–413 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10437-017-92... 4. Alpern, S. (2005). Did They or Didn't They Invent It? Iron in Sub-Saharan Africa. History in Africa, 32, 41-94. doi:10.1353/hia.2005.0003 5. Almathen, Faisal, et al. “Ancient and Modern DNA Reveal Dynamics of Domestication and Cross-Continental Dispersal of the Dromedary.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 113, no. 24, 2016, pp. 6707–6712. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/26470279. Accessed 4 Nov. 2020. 6. https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.... 7. Anderson H. Chariots in Saharan rock art: An aesthetic and cognitive review. Journal of Social Archaeology. 2016;16(3):286-306. doi:10.1177/1469605316661388 8. Connah, Graham. “The West African Savanna.” African Civilizations: an Archaeological Perspective, by Graham Connah, Cambridge University Press, 2016, pp. 149–184. 9. “Sudanic Genesis: Nubia.” African Civilizations: an Archaeological Perspective, by Graham Connah, Cambridge University Press, 2016, pp. 69–110. 10. Holl, A. (2020, June 30). The Origins of African Metallurgies. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Anthropology. Retrieved 6 Nov. 2020, from https://oxfordre.com/anthropology/vie.... 11. Craddock, Paul. “New Paradigms for Old Iron: Thoughts on É. Zangato & A.F.C. Holl's New Paradigms for Old Iron: Thoughts on É. Zangato & A.F.C. Holl's ‘On the Iron Front.’” Journal of African Archaeology, vol. 8, no. 1, 2010, pp. 29–36., doi:10.3213/1612-1651-10157. 12. Deme, Alioune, and Susan K. Mcintosh. “Excavations at Walaldé: New Light on the Settlement of the Middle Senegal Valley by Iron-Using Peoples.” Journal of African Archaeology, vol. 4, no. 2, 2006, pp. 317–347., doi:10.3213/1612-1651-10078. 13. Franke, Gabriele. “A Chronology of the Central Nigerian Nok Culture — 1500 BC to the Beginning of the Common Era.” Journal of African Archaeology, vol. 14, no. 3, 2016, pp. 257–289. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/44295242. Accessed 9 Nov. 2020. 14. Junius, Henrik. “Nok Early Iron Production in Central Nigeria — New Finds and Features.” Journal of African Archaeology, vol. 14, no. 3, 2016, pp. 291–311. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/44295243. Accessed 9 Nov. 2020. 15. Chirikure, Shadreck. “On Evidence, Ideas and Fantasy: The Origins of Iron in Sub-Saharan Africa Thoughts on É. Zangato & A.F.C. Holl's ‘On the Iron Front.’” Journal of African Archaeology, vol. 8, no. 1, 2010, pp. 25–28. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/43135498. Accessed 9 Nov. 2020. 16. Erb-Satullo, Nathaniel L. “The Innovation and Adoption of Iron in the Ancient Near East.” Journal of Archaeological Research, vol. 27, no. 4, 2019, pp. 557–607., doi:10.1007/s10814-019-09129-6. 17. Rehder, J. E. The Mastery and Uses of Fire in Antiquity. McGill-Queen's University Press, 2000. 18. Rehren, Thilo, et al. “5,000 Years Old Egyptian Iron Beads Made from Hammered Meteoritic Iron.” Journal of Archaeological Science, vol. 40, no. 12, 2013, pp. 4785–4792., doi:10.1016/j.jas.2013.06.002. 19. University Of Arizona. "Making Iron The Old-Fashioned Way Is A Tricky Business." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 14 October 2005. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases...1011073801.htm. 20. Erb-Satullo, Nathaniel L. “The Innovation and Adoption of Iron in the Ancient Near East.” Journal of Archaeological Research, vol. 27, no. 4, 2019, pp. 557–607., doi:10.1007/s10814-019-09129-6. 21. Radivojević, M., Rehren, T., Kuzmanović-Cvetković, J., Jovanović, M., & Northover, J. (2013). Tainted ores and the rise of tin bronzes in Eurasia, c. 6500 years ago. Antiquity, 87(338), 1030-1045. doi:10.1017/S0003598X0004984X - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - www.stefanmilo.com www.twitter.com/Historysmilo www.instagram.com/historysmilo

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    No. How could they pass from the stone age right to the iron age? The use of iron was spread into Africa by the Phoenicians/Carthaginians.

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    Quote Originally Posted by Smeagol View Post
    No. How could they pass from the stone age right to the iron age? The use of iron was spread into Africa by the Phoenicians/Carthaginians.
    Me:
    Code:
    Distance to:	Moody_scaled
    0.03753682	Levant_Beirut_Hellenistic
    0.03799076	Levant_LBN_MA
    0.03921826	Levant_LBN_Roman
    0.04295301	Levant_Beirut_ERoman
    0.04443454	Levant_Beirut_IAIII
    0.04771527	Levant_Sidon_MBA
    0.04970536	SYR_Ebla_EMBA
    0.04981863	TUR_Alalakh_MLBA
    0.05088892	Levant_Abel_IA
    0.05113403	Levant_Ashkelon_LBA
    0.05189904	Levant_Ashkelon_IA2
    0.05228866	Levant_Megiddo_MLBA
    0.05514100	Levant_Megiddo_IA
    0.05582470	Levant_Hazor_MLBA
    0.05754144	Levant_Baqah_BA
    0.06032806	Levant_LBN_MA_o3
    0.06075831	Levant_Beirut_IAII
    0.06123011	TUR_Arslantepe_LC
    0.06124604	Levant_Shadud_MLBA
    0.06169946	ITA_Rome_Imperial
    0.06192875	IND_Roopkund_B_o
    0.06287078	TUR_Arslantepe_EBA
    0.06321459	TUR_Ovaoren_EBA
    0.06454854	England_Roman_Near_Eastern_o
    0.06546938	AZE_Caucasus_lowlands_LN
    The fact that I cluster the closest to the Phoenicians of Sidon where the Phoenician immigrants to NA came from makes it all funny to me.


    Though, the Punic speakers of NA were mostly of Maghrebi/Berber ancestry judging by the Punic samples from Sardinia that - while they do have local admixture - they have a very strong NA ancestry than Levantine. You can ask Hamlicar and Aren on that.

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