Data from Mark and Heapost 2014 ("Soome-ugri rahvaste füüsiline antropoloogia")

**~~Komintasavalta~~** · 01-28-2021, 02:45 AM

The Estonian anthropologist Karin Mark performed anthropometric measurements of approximately 13,000 men between the 1950s and 1980s. Her findings were published in 2014 in the book "Soome-ugri rahvaste füüsiline antropoloogia". Data from the book was copied to this blog post: https://antropologia-fizyczna.pl/sta...logia-fizyczna. I compiled data from the blog post into the table below. The post also includes a link to an xls file with a few measurements that are missing from the post: https://antropologia-fizyczna.pl/ima...grofinowie.xls. In the table below, the last 9 columns are taken from the xls file, but the other columns are taken from the HTML tables in the blog post, because the values of many columns in the xls file were rounded into integers.

	height	cephalic index	head length + width	minimum frontal width	bizygomatic width	bigonial width	facial index (Soviet method measured from eyebrows)	facial index (converted to Western method)	nasal index (Soviet)	nasal index (Western)	% light eyes	% mixed eyes	% dark eyes	average eye color	% light blonde hair	% blonde hair	% dark blonde hair	% brown hair	% dark brown and black hair	average hair color	% red hair	beard density	browridge prominence	straight vs tilted forehead	profiled vs flat face	% flat facial profile	protrusion of cheekbones	% strongly protruding cheekbones	rectracted vs prominent upper lip	prominent vs receding chin	eye tilt	% eyes tilted upwards	palpebral fissure width	% narrow palpebral fissure width	strength of inner eyelid fold	% no inner eyelid fold	% no Mongolian fold	% concave nose	% straight nose	% wavy nose	% convex nose	convex vs concave nose	height of nasal root	protruding vs flat nose	% flat nose	downturned vs upturned nose	parallel vs perpendicular nostrils	% almost perpendicular nostrils	oval vs round nostrils	head length	head width	face height (Soviet method measured from eyebrows)	nose height (Soviet method measured from eyebrows)	nose width	upper lip height	mouth width	mouth height	mouth width-height index
Estonian	173.2	80.9	350.9	111.1	143.3	110.8	88.9	85.7	62.5	67.8	66	31	3	0.37	2.2	4.4	27.9	51.5	14	2.71	0.2	3.25	1.82	2.58	2.34	4.6	1.39	4.9	2.46	2.63	2.2	28.6	1.93	26.4	1.36	14.5	97.7	15.2	47.9	28.1	8.8	2.31	2.54	2.61	0.9	1.67	2.6	0.6	2.75	194	157	127	57	36	16	54	14	25.28
Votic-Izhorian	164.8	82.6	338.8	107.1	140.5	109.3	90.7	87.5	62.9	68.2	66.7	27	6.3	0.4	0	2.4	24.4	58.6	14.6	2.85	0	3.47	1.81	2.25	2.59	1.6	1.43	6.3	2.27	2.67	2.29	33.3	1.67	42.9	0.97	31.7	98.4	14.3	42.9	34.9	7.9	2.36	2.54	2.63	3.2	1.87	2.44	0	2.67	186	153	128	57	36	16	56	13	23.78
Izhorian	167.2	82.7	341.3	107.5	141.6	110.9	90.3	87.1	63.9	69.2	73	25	2	0.29	2.2	1.1	20.4	47.3	29	3	0	3.26	1.7	2.28	2.35	0	1.55	8	2.34	2.75	2.16	23	1.77	30	1.45	14	98	26	45	27	2	2.05	2.49	2.65	1	1.54	2.39	0	2.69	187	155	128	56	36	16	56	14	25.54
Finnish (Ingrian)	167.8	82.7	340.7	108.4	141.3	109.8	89.1	85.9	62	67.3	62.7	35.3	2	0.39	0	2.5	20	62.5	15	2.9	0	3.24	1.82	2.39	2.59	0	1.53	3.9	2.51	2.51	2.24	29.4	1.88	25.5	1	29.4	100	9.8	39.2	41.2	9.8	2.51	2.61	2.78	0	1.86	2.49	0	2.86	187	154	126	57	35	15	55	14	24.77
Finnish	172.9	80.1	348.3	110.2	141.1	109.3	90.4	87.2	64.1	69.4	69	29	2	0.33	3.6	4.9	21.7	47	22.8	2.8	0.5	3.3	1.63	2.74	2.54	3.4	1.35	2.6	2.44	2.66	2.15	25.7	1.93	29	1.35	16.2	98.1	17.7	50	22.3	10	2.25	2.48	2.63	1.8	1.67	2.51	1.5	2.7	193	155	128	56	36	17	54	13	24.44
Finnish (Northeast)	169.3	82.9	348.3	112.4	143	111.8	85.2	82	66.8	72.1	71.6	24.9	3.5	0.32	1.7	3.1	21.2	55.7	18.3	2.86	2	2.8	1.85	2.81	2.45	3	1.64	12.4	2.29	2.71	2.19	26.4	1.95	24.5	1.34	18.9	96.5	23.2	46.1	24.8	5.9	2.13	2.69	2.44	2.7	1.66	2.48	1.3	2.79	190	158	122	54	36	17	55	12	21.65
Karelian	165.7	81.1	341.6	108.7	140.3	109.8	89.1	85.9	64.6	69.9	59.3	35.6	5.1	0.46	0.6	0.6	24.5	54.2	20.1	2.92	0	3.22	1.68	2.47	2.68	1.5	1.46	2.4	2.19	2.5	2.14	21.8	1.79	33.5	1.24	21.3	98.2	20.4	53	19.7	6.9	2.13	2.29	2.57	1.2	1.61	2.52	1.5	2.72	189	153	125	55	36	17	54	14	25.65
Vepsian	163.9	81.3	341.3	108.7	141.2	109.8	88.5	85.3	64.2	69.5	53.7	38.9	7.4	0.54	3.9	1.9	14.4	42.3	37.5	3.08	0	3.05	1.82	2.51	2.47	3.7	1.49	1.8	2.3	2.44	2.15	27.8	1.82	31.5	1.34	13.9	98.2	25.9	38	26.8	9.3	2.2	2.31	2.6	1.9	1.61	2.42	4.6	2.64	188	153	125	55	36	16	55	14	25.41
Saami	160.8	83.1	343.8	108.7	141.5	109.2	84	80.8	66.8	72.1	35.3	51.3	13.4	0.78	0	0.6	9.7	42.4	47.3	3.36	0	2.97	1.58	2.7	2.22	4.5	1.88	13.9	2.34	2.53	2.43	46.3	1.7	38.8	1.28	22.9	93	29.3	43.8	21.4	5.5	2.03	2.34	2.44	3	1.71	2.49	2	2.72	188	156	119	55	37	16	54	12	21.69
Kola Saami	158.2	82.2	340.7	106.2	140.6	107.4	84.3	81.1	67.6	72.9	19.0	65.1	15.9	0.97	0	0	5.3	33.3	61.4	3.5	0.0	2.71	1.57	2.49	2.22	3.2	2.03	17.5	2.24	2.46	2.52	52.4	1.76	33.3	1.1	31.7	95.2	36.5	39.7	22.2	1.6	1.89	2.41	2.48	6.3	1.73	2.54	1.6	2.74	187	154	119	55	37	16	56	12	21.76
Erzya	167.7	79.4	343.8	107.2	139.8	109.2	90.5	87.3	65.3	70.6	54.8	37.7	7.5	0.53	0.5	1.3	18.1	46.6	33.5	3.11	0.5	3.22	2.01	2.44	2.66	1.5	1.3	1.5	2.18	2.36	2.15	24.3	1.94	19.2	1.32	16.3	94.9	15.6	46.1	27.5	10.8	2.34	2.7	2.7	1.3	1.63	2.55	2.3	2.73	192	152	127	55	36	16	53	15	27.46
Moksha	166.3	78.6	342.6	105.3	139.1	108.3	90.4	87.2	65.9	71.2	39.7	49.9	10.4	0.71	0.2	1.7	14.1	47.3	36.7	3.18	0.3	2.91	1.82	2.41	2.46	3.1	1.36	1.3	2	2.11	2.17	24.4	1.89	24.2	1.13	30.3	92.6	13.6	52.6	26.9	6.9	2.27	2.72	2.5	2	1.64	2.46	2.1	2.53	192	151	126	55	36	16	53	15	29.06
Teryukhan Mordvin	170.2	80.5	342.1	106.9	139.7	109.6	91	87.8	62.8	68.1	55.8	32.7	11.5	0.56	0	3.1	18.7	59.4	18.8	2.94	0	2.97	2.1	2.62	2.73	1.9	1.13	0	2.44	2.28	2.15	23.1	2	21.1	1.08	23.1	98.1	3.8	46.2	42.3	7.7	2.54	2.77	2.81	0	1.65	2.31	3.9	2.27	190	153	127	57	36	16	53	15	27.41
Karatai Mordvin	164	79.9	339.9	105.4	136.9	107.9	91.7	88.5	64.3	69.6	50.8	49.2	0	0.49	0	0	20.4	57.4	22.2	3.02	1.8	3.31	1.89	2.57	2.66	1.5	1.35	0	2	2.23	2.25	33.9	1.92	23.1	1.2	21.6	90.8	16.9	33.8	38.5	10.8	2.43	2.63	2.58	0	1.49	2.54	0	2.74	189	151	126	55	36	16	52	15	28.19
Mari	162.3	81.1	340	105.8	139.5	109.5	90.5	87.3	62.8	68.1	27.6	52.3	20.1	0.92	0	0.2	7.4	38.7	53.7	3.46	0.8	2.54	1.89	2.56	2.32	7.7	1.49	6.1	1.86	2.04	2.25	31.4	1.73	33.8	1.58	10.3	86.3	15.5	45.7	31.4	7.4	2.31	2.51	2.42	5.1	1.7	2.4	6.5	2.66	188	152	126	56	35	16	52	16	29.98
Udmurt	162.5	80.7	338.4	105.7	140.2	109.4	89.8	86.6	64.3	69.6	28.4	47.7	23.9	0.95	0.9	1.5	14.3	37.3	46	3.26	4	2.96	1.69	2.48	2.45	6.8	1.73	12.8	1.92	2.3	2.33	37	1.82	29.9	1.44	14.9	91.1	15	46.5	30.3	8.2	2.32	2.58	2.57	3.9	1.65	2.44	6.7	2.74	187	151	126	56	36	16	53	15	28.11
Udmurt (Besserman)	161.6	80.4	340.1	105.5	139.9	110.8	90.7	87.5	62.9	68.2	30.4	48.6	21	0.91	1.6	0	12.1	37.9	48.4	3.31	1.6	2.69	1.8	2.51	2.56	7.3	1.34	2.9	2.21	2.1	2.25	34.1	1.75	33.3	1.45	9.4	96.4	13	53.6	25.4	8	2.28	2.58	2.48	8	1.61	2.58	1.5	2.91	189	152	127	57	36	16	53	16	30.32
Komi-Permyak	162.9	81.2	338.9	106.8	139.8	109.6	89.8	86.6	64.1	69.4	38.3	46.5	15.2	0.77	0.7	2.6	11.2	46.8	38.7	3.2	1.8	3.08	1.65	2.44	2.57	2.8	1.67	9.7	1.95	2.43	2.24	28.9	1.76	33.4	1.53	12.1	97.2	20.3	49.3	25.9	4.5	2.15	2.34	2.44	5.6	1.51	2.58	2.4	2.73	187	152	126	55	35	17	53	15	27.90
Komi-Zyrian	164.7	81.5	343.1	108.6	141.3	110.2	89.4	86.2	63.6	68.9	45.9	44.7	9.4	0.64	1.2	1.2	16.1	51.7	29.8	3.08	0.9	2.94	1.76	2.57	2.39	4.7	1.59	9.4	2.06	2.37	2.21	27.3	1.85	27.9	1.45	14.1	95.7	22.2	44.1	28.7	4.9	2.16	2.5	2.48	2.7	1.59	2.61	1.2	2.84	189	154	126	55	35	17	53	15	27.50
Mansi	160.5	80.4	342.9	109.4	143.3	112.2	87.6	84.4	65.1	70.4	6.7	58.6	34.7	1.28	0	0	2.7	27.4	69.9	3.67	0	2.49	1.92	2.31	1.79	33.3	1.96	26.7	1.52	2.17	2.56	56	1.67	41.3	1.8	8	81.4	37.4	32	29.3	1.3	1.95	1.75	1.99	21.3	1.52	1.99	18.7	2.57	190	153	126	56	36	16	55	15	27.47
Khanty	157.7	79.9	342.1	108.7	141.7	110.1	88.7	85.5	64.8	70.1	3.3	54.3	42.4	1.39	0	0	2.2	22.2	75.6	3.73	0	2.19	1.84	2.35	1.73	35.9	1.9	18.5	1.62	2.01	2.57	63.1	1.52	50	1.89	5.4	82.6	38	34.8	27.2	0	1.89	1.75	2.05	19.6	1.57	2.03	22.8	2.39	190	152	126	56	37	16	55	15	27.04
Finland-Swede	174.7	78.9	350.5	110.8	141.6	109.9	91.4	88.2	61.8	67.1	64.9	31.2	3.9	0.39	0.8	2	18.5	54.4	24.3	2.99	1.4	3.62	1.76	2.68	2.65	0.5	1.26	1.2	2.62	2.6	2.12	22.7	2.02	21.2	1.29	17.1	98.3	15.4	51.5	26.2	16.9	2.65	2.66	2.76	0.7	1.62	2.7	0.5	2.81	196	155	129	57	35	17	54	14	26.07
Russian (Middle Volga)	166	80.6	341.8	106.7	139.3	108.3	90.3	87.1	64.5	69.8	45.1	47.4	7.5	0.62	0.2	1.1	11.9	47.5	39.3	3.25	0.7	3.21	1.87	2.49	2.76	0.3	1.28	0.8	2.22	2.36	2.14	21.4	2	18.5	1.21	20.7	98	15.8	47.9	26.8	9.5	2.3	2.76	2.69	1.1	1.66	2.53	2.1	2.72	189	153	126	55	36	16	52	15	28.24
Chuvash	165.1	81.1	341.7	107.1	140.6	110.6	91.4	88.2	63.6	68.9	16.7	54.3	29	1.12	0	0.4	4.3	30.1	65.2	3.6	1.5	2.79	1.78	2.38	2.31	6.9	1.77	17	1.95	2.37	2.23	30.8	1.78	32.2	1.51	11.6	87.7	22.1	43.5	29	5.4	2.18	2.28	2.39	5.6	1.65	2.41	7.6	2.64	189	153	129	56	36	17	53	15	28.68
Volga Tatar	165.2	80	344.6	106.9	141.3	109.7	89.8	86.6	63.7	69	18.3	51.2	30.5	1.12	0	0	4.5	27.7	67.8	3.63	0.8	2.97	1.83	2.47	2.54	2.8	1.4	5.4	2.16	2.41	2.33	37.6	1.94	23.3	1.37	14.9	87.3	16.1	54.2	20.9	8.8	2.22	2.59	2.57	2.8	1.67	2.46	4.2	2.74	191	153	127	56	35	17	52	15	29.29
Bashkir	163.5	79.9	343.2	107.2	141.5	109.5	91	87.8	64.3	69.6	9.2	49.6	41.2	1.32	0	0.3	0.3	16.7	82.7	3.82	0.6	2.66	1.68	2.46	2.45	3	1.53	7.4	2.03	2.29	2.24	30.3	1.63	44.7	1.7	5.7	89.1	16.7	57	20.4	5.9	2.16	2.35	2.42	5.5	1.67	2.39	6.2	2.7	191	152	129	56	36	16	52	15	29.12
Livonian	172.3	81.1	348.9	106.6	143.9	109.5	88.4	85.4	62.1	67.5	66.3	31.3	2.4	0.36	0	1.9	13.2	41.5	43.4	3.26	0	3.65	1.95	2.2	2.06	0	1.87	1.2	2.3	2.2	2.29	29.8	1.77	22.6	0.88	40.8	99	9.5	50	22.6	17.9	2.49	2.23	2.38	0	1.74	2.3	0	2.45	193	156	127	58	37	17	56	13	23.21

Here's a PCA chart made based on the table above. Northeastern Finns plot far from other Finns in the direction of Saami. Northeastern Finns refers to Finns from Kuusamo, Salla, and Savukoski (out of which the last two are actually part of the Western Finnish dialect area).

I also used ClustVis to create the heatmap below, which contains about half of the columns in the table above (https://biit.cs.ut.ee/clustvis/).

Notes:

- Saami and Northeastern Finns had low face height, low facial index, high nasal index, high cephalic index, and a vertical forehead.
- Face height was the highest in Finland-Swedes, Chuvashes, and Bashkirs (all 129 mm). Face height was the lowest in Saami (119 mm), followed by Northeastern Finns (122 mm), and by Karelians and Vepsians (both 125 mm).
- Compared to other Saami, Skolt Saami had a narrower head, lower cephalic index, and lower bigonial width, but they also had a higher nasal index, higher protrusion of cheekbones, and a more concave nose. In Heapost (2008), Saami were divided into four groups: Northern Saami, Inari Saami, Skolt Saami, and Lovozero Saami. In this book, I think the population labeled simply "Saami" refers to the three Saami groups other than Lovozero (Kola) Saami.
- Canthal tilt was highest among Khanty, followed by Mansi, Kola Saami, and other Saami. Maris had surprisingly low canthal tilt.
- The strength of the upper eyelid fold was highest in Khanty, followed by Mansi, Bashkirs, Maris, Komi-Permyaks, and Chuvashes. The strength of the inner eyelid fold is weak among Saami, even though Saami were listed as having the highest canthal tilt after Ob-Ugrics.
- Livonians had the strongest growth of facial hair and the highest bigonial width. Coon wrote that among Livonians, "the body hair and beard are characteristically heavy", and that "a broad brow and an extremely broad jaw are essential Liv features" (https://www.theapricity.com/snpa/chapter-IX10.htm).
- For some reason, Mansi had much higher bigonial width than Khanty, and they also had somewhat higher bizygomatic width.
- Blonde hair was the most common among Estonians (35%), followed by Finns (30%), Votic-Izhorians (27%), Northeastern Finns (26%), Karelians (26%), Izhorians (24%), Ingrian Finns (23%), Turyukhan Mordvins (22%), and Finland-Swedes (21%).
- Populations with higher Mongoloid ancestry tended to have a higher protrusion of the upper lip. The protrusion of the upper lip was the highest among Mansi and lowest among Finland-Swedes.
- Unmixed blue and gray eyes ("% light eyes"; 9-12 on Bunak scale) were listed as the most common among Ingrians, followed by Northeastern Finns, other Finns, Votic-Izhorians, Livonians, Estonians, Finland-Swedes, Ingrian Finns, Karelians, and Teryukhan Mordvins.
- Cranium length was the highest among Finland-Swedes, cranium width was the highest among Northeastern Finns, and cranium length plus width was the highest among Estonians.
- Finland-Swedes had the lowest nasal index.
- The protrusion of the chin was the highest among Izhorians and Northeastern Finns and it was the lowest among Khanty. Among Saami, the protrusion of the chin was slightly above average, even though Coon viewed a retracted chin as characteristic of Saami.

I estimated the Mongoloid ancestry of each population as follows:

(estimated Mongoloid ancestry (%);population)
60;Khanty
50;Mansi
40;Bashkir
35;Mari
30;Chuvash
30;Udmurt
30;Udmurt (Besserman)
25;Saami
25;Volga Tatar
20;Kola Saami
20;Komi-Permyak
20;Komi-Zyrian
15;Vepsian
10;Erzya
10;Finnish
10;Finnish (Ingrian)
10;Finnish (Northeast)
10;Karatai Mordvin
10;Karelian
10;Moksha
10;Teryukhan Mordvin
5;Estonian
5;Finland-Swede
5;Izhorian
5;Livonian
5;Russian (Middle Volga)
5;Votic-Izhorian

I then calculated a correlation coefficient between Mongoloid ancestry and each trait:

(correlation score;trait)
.92;% dark eyes
.92;average eye color
.87;% almost perpendicular nostrils
.87;% flat nose
.83;% dark brown and black hair
.82;average hair color
.82;% flat facial profile
.81;strength of inner eyelid fold
.75;% eyes tilted upwards
.72;% narrow palpebral fissure width
.71;eye tilt
.70;% strongly protruding cheekbones
.70;% mixed eyes
.54;% concave nose
.53;protrusion of cheekbones
.39;mouth height
.38;mouth width-height index
.27;bigonial width
.20;nasal index (Soviet)
.20;nasal index (Western)
.14;nose width
.12;bizygomatic width
.08;% red hair
-.04;nose height (Soviet method from eyebrows)
-.05;face height (Soviet method from eyebrows)
-.08;browridge prominence
-.11;minimum frontal width
-.12;facial index (Soviet method measured from eyebrows)
-.13;facial index (converted to Western method)
-.13;upper lip height
-.14;% wavy nose
-.16;mouth width
-.16;cephalic index
-.16;straight vs tilted forehead
-.17;head length
-.20;oval vs round nostrils
-.26;downturned vs upturned nose
-.27;% straight nose
-.28;% light blonde hair
-.29;head length + width
-.39;head width
-.57;convex vs concave nose
-.58;% blonde hair
-.58;% convex nose
-.61;prominent vs receding chin
-.63;% no inner eyelid fold
-.63;parallel vs perpendicular nostrils
-.66;profiled vs flat face
-.70;height of nasal root
-.70;palpebral fissure width
-.72;height
-.78;% light blonde + blonde + dark blonde hair
-.79;rectracted vs prominent upper lip
-.80;protruding vs flat nose
-.80;% dark blonde hair
-.81;% brown hair
-.86;% no Mongolian fold
-.87;beard density
-.89;% light eyes

I then calculated a Mongoloid coefficient for each population. I first converted the values in first table in this post to z-scores. Next I multiplied the column for each trait by its correlation coefficient in the table above. Then I calculated the average value of the columns for each population, and I converted the final values into z-scores.

Finns rank unfortunately low, but it's partially because the way I calculated the score gave a lot of weight to hair color and eye color. Also Kola Saami rank above Mari, even though they had much lower Mongoloid ancestry than Mari in Tambets 2018 (https://genomebiology.biomedcentral....059-018-1522-1).

(Mongoloid score;population)
2.68;Khanty
2.45;Mansi
1.13;Bashkir
.91;Chuvash
.83;Kola Saami
.72;Mari
.44;Saami
.44;Volga Tatar
.42;Udmurt
.32;Udmurt (Besserman)
.21;Komi-Permyak
-.11;Komi-Zyrian
-.16;Moksha
-.23;Vepsian
-.43;Karatai Mordvin
-.49;Izhorian
-.51;Russian (Middle Volga)
-.55;Karelian
-.56;Erzya
-.67;Livonian
-.72;Finnish (Northeast)
-.78;Votic-Izhorian
-.91;Teryukhan Mordvin
-1.04;Finnish (Ingrian)
-1.04;Finnish
-1.05;Estonian
-1.31;Finland-Swede

**~~Komintasavalta~~** · 01-28-2021, 03:12 AM

From a paper by Leiu Heapost from 2016 ("We and others. Physical anthropology of Finno-Ugric peoples") (https://ojs.utlib.ee/index.php/PoA/a...a.2016.25.1.10):

Thereafter, in the second half of the 1950s, inspired by the well-known Russian anthropologist G. F. Debetz, K. Mark set herself the aim of studying the anthropology of all the peoples belonging to the Finno-Ugric language family, to obtain a clear understanding of the racial composition of present-day Finno-Ugric peoples. To carry out that labour-intensive grand project, annual shorter and longer research expeditions had to be organised. These took place regularly from 1955 until 1976. K. Mark participated in many international expeditions as an anthropologist and in some ethnographic expeditions in Russia. Still, she gathered the majority of her materials during the anthropological expeditions of the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences.

During a period of twenty-two years, the anthropological material was collected on annual expeditions from the vast territory inhabited by Finno-Ugrians - from Finns, Sami, Karelians, Vepsians and Izhorians in the north and Transcarpathian Hungarians in the south. In the east, she collected material from Mordvinians, Udmurts and Komi in the central Volga area and the western foothills of the Urals, and Khants and Mansi in the Ob river basin of western Siberia. For comparison, the neighbouring peoples of the Finno-Ugrians were studied - Finnish Swedes, Russians, Chuvashes, Tartars and Bashkirs. In Estonia, the collection of material continued until 1980.

All anthropological measurements were carried out and descriptions written by K. Mark personally according to a uniform programme and methodology, thus avoiding the differences in measuring technique, which are unavoidable in the case of different researchers. This makes the material entirely unique. The research programme included 14 measurable and 32 descriptive features. For accurate recording of descriptive features, she used special charts, drawn by herself, where every feature was represented by its standardized variants.

For the author of present paper, taking part in the expeditions as Mark's assistant or gathering population genetic material in West Siberia, the Volga districts, in Transcarpathia as well as in Estonia was a good opportunity to follow the accuracy, concentration and persistence with which K. Mark performed anthropological fieldwork. [...]

Everywhere, we had to start with explanations we repeated hundreds of times each summer - who we are, where we come from, that we want to study the local inhabitants of the district, that we measure their height, take some measurements of the head and the face, describe the colour of hair and eyes, the shape of the nose, etc., that we photograph them and hold them up only for five minutes for that purpose. The local assistant, who was aware of the aims of the work, gathered the local middle-aged men who had to be measured and sent them, one by one or in groups of four or five, to the collective farm centre, club or some other place where the expedition carried out the measurements. Often, waiting and getting from one place to another needed long time and great patience, as the intensity of work did not depend on us. People were friendly, particularly after hearing where the researchers had come from or why the measurements and descriptions were needed. Especially memorable was the expedition to the region of the Ob River. During the long train rides, we received quite a thorough overview of Western Siberia and its people. When we reached the measuring station, we were pleasantly surprised - about a dozen Mansi were sitting quietly in a row (differently from, e.g., Tartars who constantly expressed themselves in a good-humoured but still quite noisy way). We started by offering common words like jõgi (river), kuu (moon) or vesi (water), and they livened up. They also had similar words! When we had introduced to them the aim of the expedition and the character of work, their attitude to us became very friendly. Both Mansi and Khants were happy that they had distant and great linguistic relatives. Our expedition was met in a warm and friendly way everywhere, even at the measuring station that was set up in the hold of a riverboat on a tributary of the Ob River. They came there in their beautiful folk costumes made of reindeer fur. Work was done to the accompaniment of folk music, and although the room was somewhat dark, everything got done. We also had to stay overnight on the cold iron floor of the hold. With a sheet of plastic instead of the mattress, the sleeping place even felt soft.

**~~Komintasavalta~~** · 01-28-2021, 05:41 AM

Here's a plot of average eye color and average hair color values from Heapost 2008 ("Pigmentation variation in Finno-Ugric peoples") (https://www.etis.ee/Portal/Publicati...8-b9b3010eabad). The values listed in Heapost 2008 are identical to the values listed in Mark and Heapost 2014.

I included all four groups of Saami from Heapost 2008 as individual populations. Based on dialect areas, I further divided Finns into western, eastern, and northern Finns, and I divided Estonians into northern and southern Estonians. I then calculated the n-weighted averages for the average eye color and hair color of each subpopulation.

Notes:

- Skolt Saami and Russians from Middle Volga have relatively light eye color compared to hair color. Estonians, Udmurts, and Northern Saami have relatively light hair color compared to eye color.
- Compared to Uralic peoples with a similar level of Mongoloid ancestry, the Turkic peoples of the Volga-Ural region have darker hair and eyes, so that Tatars are much darker than Komis, and Chuvashes are darker than Maris or Udmurts. Chuvashes and Tatars have approximately equal pigmentation.
- Maris have lighter hair and eyes than Tatars even though they have higher Mongoloid ancestry. Maris and Udmurts have similar eye color, but Udmurts have much lighter hair color.
- Erzya are much more light-eyed than Moksha but only slightly more light-haired. Erzya are similar to Vepsians. Moksha are similar to Komi-Permyaks and Inari Saami.
- Hungarians are similar to Udmurts.
- Eastern Finns are the most light-eyed, and Northern Estonians are the most light-haired. Khanty are the most dark-eyed and Bashkirs are the most dark-haird.

(sample size;average eye color;average hair color;population)
980;0.37;2.69;Northern Estonian
302;0.37;2.77;Southern Estonian
163;0.29;3.00;Izhorian
108;0.39;2.90;Finnish (Ingrian)
490;0.37;2.96;Western Finnish
642;0.30;2.72;Eastern Finnish
343;0.32;2.82;Northern Finnish
334;0.46;2.92;Karelian
108;0.54;3.08;Vepsian
63;0.97;3.50;Kola Saami
40;0.30;3.19;Skolt Saami
49;0.73;3.19;Inari Saami
40;1.02;3.31;Northern Saami
1505;0.53;3.11;Erzya
1256;0.71;3.18;Moksha
52;0.56;2.94;Teryukhan Mordvin
65;0.49;3.02;Karatai Mordvin
984;0.92;3.46;Mari
1358;0.95;3.26;Udmurt
138;0.91;3.31;Udmurt (Besserman)
290;0.77;3.20;Komi-Permyak
809;0.64;3.08;Komi-Zyrian
75;1.28;3.67;Mansi
92;1.39;3.73;Khanty
199;0.89;3.31;Hungarian
410;0.39;2.99;Finland-Swede
616;0.62;3.25;Russian (Middle Volga)
276;1.12;3.60;Chuvash
502;1.12;3.63;Volga Tatar
403;1.32;3.82;Bashkir

**~~Komintasavalta~~** · 01-28-2021, 06:52 AM

Here's also a plot of Mongoloid index (MI) compared to pigmentation index (PI). See near the bottom of the Polish blog post for the original table listing the PI and MI values.

Both Turkic and IE peoples have high PI relative to MI.

Northeastern Finns, Khanty, and Mansi have low PI relative to MI. They are also among the northernmost populations included in this dataset.

Relative to their actual Mongoloid ancestry, Bashkirs have low MI and Hungarians have high MI.

(pigmentation index;Mongoloid index;population)
87.5;47.2;Bashkir
87.3;85.3;Khanty
81.2;86.0;Mansi
73.8;38.3;Volga Tatar
72.9;51.9;Chuvash
60.8;49.5;Mari
55.8;44.5;Udmurt
55.8;34.9;Udmurt (Besserman)
55.0;31.4;Hungarian
52.3;48.9;Saami
46.9;41.2;Komi-Permyak
44.0;34.6;Moksha
42.7;20.6;Russian (Middle-Volga)
38.2;39.4;Komi-Zyrian
34.9;23.9;Erzya
32.4;34.4;Vepsian
30.8;16.9;Teryukhan Mordvin
30.6;31.5;Karatai Mordvin
26.2;30.3;Karelian
25.8;13.5;Finland-Swede
22.9;23.4;Finnish (Ingrian)
22.5;28.7;Izhorian
17.5;24.2;Finnish
16.2;27.3;Estonian
10.0;36.5;Finnish (Northeast)

**sevruk** · 01-28-2021, 01:52 PM

these data show good differences between Laponoid and Uralic races.

**sevruk** · 01-28-2021, 02:03 PM

these data show good differences between Laponoid and Uralic races.

**~~Komintasavalta~~** · 01-28-2021, 07:17 PM

Here's pairwise distances between the populations. I calculated the distances based on every column in the first table in this thread. I first converted the values of the table to z-scores, and I then calculated the average difference between each population for each column. There's probably a better way to calculate the distances though.

The way I calculated the distances gives relatively little weight to stature (because there is only one column for stature), but it gives more weight to hair color (because there are seven columns for hair color).

	Estonian	Votic-Izhorian	Izhorian	Finnish (Ingrian)	Finnish	Finnish (Northeast)	Karelian	Vepsian	Saami	Kola Saami	Erzya	Moksha	Teryukhan Mordvin	Karatai Mordvin	Mari	Udmurt	Udmurt (Besserman)	Komi-Permyak	Komi-Zyrian	Mansi	Khanty	Finland-Swede	Russian (Middle Volga)	Chuvash	Volga Tatar	Bashkir	Livonian
Estonian		.88	.76	.80	.49	.85	.79	.79	1.37	1.74	.83	1.09	.92	1.13	1.25	1.13	1.05	1.12	.83	1.99	2.12	.67	.95	1.31	1.12	1.43	1.00
Votic-Izhorian	.88		.69	.55	.89	1.19	.77	.84	1.25	1.40	.92	1.04	.86	.98	1.09	1.02	1.05	1.03	1.00	1.94	2.01	1.09	.94	1.19	1.20	1.30	.98
Izhorian	.76	.69		.82	.70	.94	.63	.57	1.13	1.34	.80	1.01	1.02	1.06	1.11	.94	1.00	.82	.68	1.66	1.76	1.00	.85	.99	1.13	1.18	1.11
Finnish (Ingrian)	.80	.55	.82		.97	1.18	.80	.80	1.36	1.53	.91	1.08	.76	.96	1.19	1.13	1.15	1.07	.87	2.06	2.12	.88	.92	1.34	1.17	1.51	1.01
Finnish	.49	.89	.70	.97		.84	.64	.72	1.27	1.64	.73	.99	.95	1.07	1.30	1.10	1.11	.98	.84	2.09	2.16	.66	.85	1.25	1.01	1.27	1.06
Finnish (Northeast)	.85	1.19	.94	1.18	.84		.92	.98	.99	1.36	1.10	1.23	1.31	1.35	1.55	1.31	1.39	1.17	.92	1.99	2.20	1.14	1.19	1.39	1.36	1.63	1.33
Karelian	.79	.77	.63	.80	.64	.92		.48	1.00	1.26	.61	.77	.88	.82	1.06	.88	.89	.64	.57	1.73	1.79	.88	.60	.96	.89	1.06	1.10
Vepsian	.79	.84	.57	.80	.72	.98	.48		.96	1.20	.64	.77	.91	.87	.91	.75	.84	.68	.55	1.52	1.57	1.05	.64	.89	.91	1.05	1.08
Saami	1.37	1.25	1.13	1.36	1.27	.99	1.00	.96		.52	1.22	1.16	1.54	1.40	1.16	1.06	1.24	1.03	1.00	1.49	1.54	1.63	1.15	1.12	1.17	1.20	1.32
Kola Saami	1.74	1.40	1.34	1.53	1.64	1.36	1.26	1.20	.52		1.46	1.31	1.78	1.53	1.28	1.20	1.33	1.20	1.28	1.41	1.45	1.99	1.33	1.16	1.26	1.33	1.52
Erzya	.83	.92	.80	.91	.73	1.10	.61	.64	1.22	1.46		.45	.62	.59	.91	.74	.78	.74	.64	1.75	1.82	.80	.32	.99	.76	1.01	1.13
Moksha	1.09	1.04	1.01	1.08	.99	1.23	.77	.77	1.16	1.31	.45		.80	.66	.79	.69	.73	.74	.73	1.66	1.69	1.13	.45	.92	.77	.93	1.16
Teryukhan Mordvin	.92	.86	1.02	.76	.95	1.31	.88	.91	1.54	1.78	.62	.80		.82	1.06	1.04	1.00	1.09	.95	2.00	2.04	.88	.65	1.20	1.08	1.33	1.11
Karatai Mordvin	1.13	.98	1.06	.96	1.07	1.35	.82	.87	1.40	1.53	.59	.66	.82		.89	.78	.85	.85	.81	1.81	1.89	1.09	.55	1.07	.94	1.16	1.39
Mari	1.25	1.09	1.11	1.19	1.30	1.55	1.06	.91	1.16	1.28	.91	.79	1.06	.89		.57	.50	.68	.77	1.30	1.35	1.41	.79	.55	.63	.66	1.35
Udmurt	1.13	1.02	.94	1.13	1.10	1.31	.88	.75	1.06	1.20	.74	.69	1.04	.78	.57		.58	.52	.66	1.42	1.48	1.31	.69	.62	.67	.78	1.33
Udmurt (Besserman)	1.05	1.05	1.00	1.15	1.11	1.39	.89	.84	1.24	1.33	.78	.73	1.00	.85	.50	.58		.64	.71	1.51	1.56	1.16	.71	.71	.70	.79	1.31
Komi-Permyak	1.12	1.03	.82	1.07	.98	1.17	.64	.68	1.03	1.20	.74	.74	1.09	.85	.68	.52	.64		.43	1.51	1.57	1.15	.67	.65	.74	.83	1.27
Komi-Zyrian	.83	1.00	.68	.87	.84	.92	.57	.55	1.00	1.28	.64	.73	.95	.81	.77	.66	.71	.43		1.54	1.62	.92	.65	.68	.71	.96	1.22
Mansi	1.99	1.94	1.66	2.06	2.09	1.99	1.73	1.52	1.49	1.41	1.75	1.66	2.00	1.81	1.30	1.42	1.51	1.51	1.54		.42	2.32	1.75	1.09	1.38	1.19	1.90
Khanty	2.12	2.01	1.76	2.12	2.16	2.20	1.79	1.57	1.54	1.45	1.82	1.69	2.04	1.89	1.35	1.48	1.56	1.57	1.62	.42		2.37	1.81	1.18	1.43	1.13	1.95
Finland-Swede	.67	1.09	1.00	.88	.66	1.14	.88	1.05	1.63	1.99	.80	1.13	.88	1.09	1.41	1.31	1.16	1.15	.92	2.32	2.37		.93	1.39	1.13	1.52	1.06
Russian (Middle Volga)	.95	.94	.85	.92	.85	1.19	.60	.64	1.15	1.33	.32	.45	.65	.55	.79	.69	.71	.67	.65	1.75	1.81	.93		.91	.69	.98	1.16
Chuvash	1.31	1.19	.99	1.34	1.25	1.39	.96	.89	1.12	1.16	.99	.92	1.20	1.07	.55	.62	.71	.65	.68	1.09	1.18	1.39	.91		.55	.55	1.33
Volga Tatar	1.12	1.20	1.13	1.17	1.01	1.36	.89	.91	1.17	1.26	.76	.77	1.08	.94	.63	.67	.70	.74	.71	1.38	1.43	1.13	.69	.55		.55	1.27
Bashkir	1.43	1.30	1.18	1.51	1.27	1.63	1.06	1.05	1.20	1.33	1.01	.93	1.33	1.16	.66	.78	.79	.83	.96	1.19	1.13	1.52	.98	.55	.55		1.50
Livonian	1.00	.98	1.11	1.01	1.06	1.33	1.10	1.08	1.32	1.52	1.13	1.16	1.11	1.39	1.35	1.33	1.31	1.27	1.22	1.90	1.95	1.06	1.16	1.33	1.27	1.50

The highest distance was between Khanty and Finland-Swedes (2.37). The lowest distance was between Erzya and Russians from Middle-Volga (.32). Many of the Russians measured by Mark were actually from the same localities as Erzya or Moksha.

Here's the 20 pairs of populations with the lowest distance:

0.32;Erzya;Russian (Middle Volga)
0.42;Khanty;Mansi
0.43;Komi-Permyak;Komi-Zyrian
0.45;Erzya;Moksha
0.45;Moksha;Russian (Middle Volga)
0.48;Karelian;Vepsian
0.49;Estonian;Finnish
0.50;Mari;Udmurt (Besserman)
0.52;Kola Saami;Saami
0.52;Komi-Permyak;Udmurt
0.55;Bashkir;Chuvash
0.55;Bashkir;Volga Tatar
0.55;Chuvash;Mari
0.55;Chuvash;Volga Tatar
0.55;Finnish (Ingrian);Votic-Izhorian
0.55;Karatai Mordvin;Russian (Middle Volga)
0.55;Komi-Zyrian;Vepsian
0.57;Izhorian;Vepsian
0.57;Karelian;Komi-Zyrian
0.57;Mari;Udmurt

This recreates the table above:

curl https://pastebin.com/raw/brqDiC03>/tmp/a
zsc(){ awk '{s+=$0;a[NR]=$0}END{m=s/NR;for(i in a)y+=(a[i]-(s/NR))^2;d=(y/(NR-1))^.5;for(i in a)print(a[i]-m)/d}';}
tp(){ ruby -e'puts STDIN.read.split("\n").map{|x|x.split(ARGV[0],-1)}.transpose.map{|x|x*ARGV[0]}' -- "${1-$'\t'}";}
p(){ printf %s\\n "$@";}
tp \;</tmp/a|sed 1d|while IFS=\; read l m;do (p "$l";p "$m"|tr \; \\n|zsc)|paste -sd\;;done|cat <(tp \;</tmp/a|head -n1) ->/tmp/z
x=`tp \;</tmp/z|sed 1d|cut -d\; -f2-`;p "$x"|while read l;do p "$x"|while read m;do paste <(p "$l"|tr \; \\n) <(p "$m"|tr \; \\n)|awk '{x=$1-$2;s+=x<0?-x:x}END{printf"%.2f\n",s/NR}';done|paste -s;done>/tmp/b
x=`sed 1d /tmp/a|cut -d\; -f1`;paste <(p "$x") /tmp/b|cat <((p;p "$x")|paste -s) -

Originally Posted by sevruk

these data show good differences between Laponoid and Uralic races.

Also Komis and Udmurts had relatively low distance to Saami, so maybe it makes sense to call them sub-Laponoid:

(distance to Saami;population)
.52;Kola Saami
.96;Vepsian
.99;Finnish (Northeast)
1.00;Karelian
1.00;Komi-Zyrian
1.03;Komi-Permyak
1.06;Udmurt
1.12;Chuvash
1.13;Izhorian
1.15;Russian (Middle Volga)
1.16;Mari
1.16;Moksha
1.17;Volga Tatar
1.20;Bashkir
1.22;Erzya
1.24;Udmurt (Besserman)
1.25;Votic-Izhorian
1.27;Finnish
1.32;Livonian
1.36;Finnish (Ingrian)
1.37;Estonian
1.40;Karatai Mordvin
1.49;Mansi
1.54;Khanty
1.54;Teryukhan Mordvin

**~~Komintasavalta~~** · 01-29-2021, 02:37 AM

Here's a plot of CI and height:

In the Volga-Ural region, southern peoples like Mordvins and Bashkirs seem to have lower CI, and northern peoples like Komis seem to have higher CI.

Northeastern Finns are similar to Saami in many respects, which includes their high CI.

The population labeled "Saami" consists of three groups of Saami from Northeastern Finland: Inari Saami, Skolt Saami, and Northern Saami from Finland. Finnish Saami are less purely Lappid than the Northern Saami of the Scandinavian Peninsula, and Coon wrote that the average cephalic index of "the purest Reindeer Lapps of Norway" was 87 (https://www.theapricity.com/snpa/chapter-IX2.htm).

I didn't notice before that Izhorians and Ingrians had such high CI. Izhorians and Votics also had high CI according to Solotarev (1925) (https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/25749116.pdf?seq=12):

You can recreate the plot in this post by running these shell commands:

curl https://pastebin.com/raw/brqDiC03|cut -d\; -f-3|sed 1d>/tmp/a
gnuplot -e 'set output"/tmp/a.png";set term png size 600,600 font "Arial,9";set title"Source: Mark and Heapost (2014) (\"Soome-ugri rahvaste füüsiline antropoloogia\")";set datafile separator"\;";set xlabel"CI"font",14";set ylabel"Height"font",14";plot"/tmp/a"u($3):($2):1 w labels notitle,"/tmp/a"u 3:2 w points lt rgb"#ff0000"notitle'