Who is genetically more unique in terms of European genetics: Sardinian or Saami?

[vbnetkhio]

The first group is like 80%+ EEF/Neolithic Farmer while the latter has loads of East Eurasian ancestry approximately 20-27% or more (which is very unique for Europe as most Euros have very little to none ENA/East Eurasian), combine with a lot of HG ancestry and the lowest EEF in Europe (at around 15% on average which is even less than other Uralics) The least Neolithic admixed Saami individual is around 10% EEF while having up to 30%+ Mongoloid ancestry. (but its an ancient sample). While the least EEF admixed modern Saami individual is around 13%. In my opinion, the two groups seem to represent the two modern extreme genetic clines of Europe.

So which of the two group is more unique in your opinion?

Average Sardinian using G25:
Target: Sardinian
Distance: 3.4602% / 0.03460174
82.2 TUR_Barcin_N
13.2 WHG
4.6 Yamnaya_KAZ_Mereke

Most EEF Sardinian sample:
Target: Sardinian:HGDP01075
Distance: 3.7687% / 0.03768683
84.8 TUR_Barcin_N
10.6 WHG
4.2 RUS_Volga-Kama_N
0.4 Yamnaya_KAZ_Mereke


Average Saami using G25: Krasnoyarsk_BA is kra001 which is the Siberian ancestry of Uralics (mostly similar to Nganasans and groups like Evenks).
Target: Saami
Distance: 3.2919% / 0.03291854
33.0 Baltic_LVA_MN
23.8 RUS_Krasnoyarsk_BA
21.4 Yamnaya_KAZ_Mereke
16.2 TUR_Barcin_N
5.6 RUS_Volga-Kama_N

Most Eastern-shifted modern Saami individual: 27% Mongoloid
Target: Saami:GS000035025
Distance: 3.8466% / 0.03846558
27.8 RUS_Volga-Kama_N
27.4 RUS_Krasnoyarsk_BA
17.4 Yamnaya_KAZ_Mereke
14.0 Baltic_LVA_HG
13.4 TUR_Barcin_N

Most East Eurasian-shifted ancient Saami: 32% Mongoloid
Target: FIN_Levanluhta_IAA238
Distance: 3.8468% / 0.03846838
32.0 Baltic_LVA_MN
31.6 RUS_Krasnoyarsk_BA
17.4 Yamnaya_KAZ_Mereke
10.2 TUR_Barcin_N
7.2 RUS_Volga-Kama_N
1.6 RUS_Old_Bering_Uelen

Sardinians are uniquely pure, and Saami are uniqely mixed.

[Zanzibar]

Sardinians are uniquely pure, and Saami are uniqely mixed.

Pure? But they are not 100% EEF/Anatolian. They still have some WHG and Steppe ancestry. Although yes I understand you as they are around 80%+ Anatolian.

[vbnetkhio]

Pure? But they are not 100% EEF/Anatolian. They still have some WHG and Steppe ancestry.

they are still the Europeans which mixed the least since the neolithic. They acquired the WHG back in the neolithic too.
Only the Steppe and a bit of extra ME came later, but it's a very small amount.

we can go even further, the 26,000 year old paleoltihic sample Dzudzuana was already very similar to the EEF cluster, and if Sardinians still have 80 or 70% Dzudzuana-like dna that's fascinating.

[Zanzibar]

Yeah, but many East European FU populations share same East Eurasisn ancestry with Saamis. Sardinians share common farmer ancestry with Europeans, but in terms of uniquity Sardinians are very special. Btw, TUR_Barcin_N doesn't represent EEF.

True but the thing is a lot of people don't think of many Finno Ugrics like Nenets, Khanty, Mansi, Mari as Euros even though geographically when they are part of Europe.

Can you expand on how Sardinians are very special in terms of uniquity? What represent EEF then?

Here are the Evenks and their neighbors, the Evens. The Yakutia_Ymyyakhtakh seems to represent some type of Central Siberian ancestry. Not certain how different and distinct is it from Krasnoyarsk_BA/kra001 which seems to be the main East Eurasian ancestry of Uralics.

Target: Evenk
Distance: 6.6176% / 0.06617611
63.2 Yukagir_Tundra
16.2 RUS_Yakutia_Ymyiakhtakh_LN
13.0 RUS_Krasnoyarsk_BA
7.6 MNG_North_N

Target: Even
Distance: 5.4504% / 0.05450432
71.0 Yukagir_Tundra
29.0 RUS_Yakutia_Ymyiakhtakh_LN

Another model of the Nganasan

Target: Nganassan
Distance: 6.4352% / 0.06435186
45.6 RUS_Krasnoyarsk_BA
39.6 RUS_Yakutia_Ymyiakhtakh_LN
14.6 Yukagir_Tundra
0.2 Baltic_LVA_MN

[vbnetkhio]

Distance: 2.1399% / 0.02139911
21.0 Baltic_EST_BA
19.6 Mari
13.4 Nganassan
13.2 Khanty
12.6 Corded_Ware_DEU
12.2 Corded_Ware_Baltic_early
6.4 ITA_Grotta_Continenza_Meso
1.2 Scotland_N
0.4 RUS_AfontovaGora3

this is the G25 model for Saami I made in another thread.

to get the distance below 3 I had to add all of these components:
-BA Balts
-extra WHG which isn't from Balts (probably directly from Scandinavian hunter gatherers)
-extra steppe which isn't from Balts (probably arrived with a Finno Ugric population)
-"the Nganassan component" (now we an ancient sample which represents this component, kra001, but it wasn't added yet back then. )
-a component peaking in Mari
-a component peaking in Khanty

i'm sure one of those last 2 is actually WSHG which we don't have samples of yet, and the other is something yet undiscovered.

I didn't use Mereke, Krasnoyarsk or Volga Kama, because they are already complex mixes like the Saami.

[Zanzibar]

There's also Kolvin Nenetses, who are komified Nenetses, who speak the Izhma Komi language, who wear Komi clothes, and who sometimes call themselves Komi. They might be less than 50% Siberian, but they might still have lower EEF than Saami. I haven't seen their genetic results.



I'm still not sure if Levänluhta is Saami. Pauli Rahkonen hypothesized that the Levänluhta burials were associated with a people speaking x-language, which is a term for a hypothetical language or languages that used to be spoken in Finland, which according to Rahkonen are possibly related to Meryan (https://journal.fi/susa/article/view/70231/31260):

The water burials in the Levänluhta (the Isokyrö parish) and Käldamäki (the former Vöyri parish) sites in Ostrobothnia have been a great mystery for the scholars because of their unique character. The dating of the burials is 5th–8th centuries AD. Similar burials are not known elsewhere in Finland or in its neighbouring areas. [...]

[Ante Aikio] refers to those unknown languages as _Paleo-Laplandic_ and in the inner parts of Finland _Paleo-Lakelandic_ (Aikio 2004: 64, Fig. 1). Janne Saarikivi (2004) studied obscure substrate words in the Finnish language and called the source language(s) _Paleo-European_. Pauli Rahkonen (2013) treated such hydronyms in the inner parts of Finland that originate from a Uralic language as not being derived from Proto-Finnic or Proto-Saami. He, following Jalo Kalima (1942), calls the language in question _West Uralic x-language_. The onomasticon belonging to this group is located almost exactly in the area of the archaeologically defined Culture of Textile Ceramics (ca 1900-800 BC). These hydronyms are found between the Upper Volga area and Ostrobothnia of Finland (Rahkonen 2013: 181-183, Fig. 24; Häkkinen 2014). [...]

Saami people, or at least the Saami language, began to spread towards Lapland since the Early Iron Age, but supposedly mainly soon after the beginning of the Common Era (Aikio 2006: 44; Saarikivi 2011). However, the names of the large rivers _Kyrönjoki_, _Vöyrinjoki _and _*Ätsävänjoki _in the studied district do not originate from Proto-Saami. In addition, the Saami people never and nowhere else had the habit of water burials. If the word _kyrö_ < _*kür(V)_ is a substrate word from some ancient Uralic language and if _vöyri_ is related to a possible Meryan word _*voγra_ and _*ätsä_ to Komi _adź_ < _*änč_(_V_), a very possible language behind these hydronyms is the above mentioned x-language. Such stems of toponyms as _vuoht-_, _voht-_ < Proto-Uralic _*ukti̮_ 'track over neck of land' and _vieksi-_, _vääksy-_, _viiks-_ 'short river or sound between two larger waters' are inherited from the language in question (Rahkonen 2013: 33-36, maps 24 and 25). The x-language arrived in Finland with the culture of Textile Ceramics (ibid.) and it is probable that its dialects were spoken for a long time alongside with Proto-Saami in the inlands of Finland. Levänluhta and Käldamäki are located on the approximate borderline of the culture of eastern Textile Ceramics.

However, it is also possible that the population who practiced water burials spoke some non-Uralic Paleo-European language. The uniting factor between the stems of the toponyms _*ätsä-_ and _vöyri-_ is that both of them are almost unique, especially if the stems _veur-_ and/or _vour-_ are not connected with _vöyri_. The rareness of these toponyms, together with the unique custom to practice water burials, hints at a linguistic and ethnic isolate.

I'm not certain if the Nenets samples in G25 are Siberian or Kolvin/European Nenets.

I wonder if these Komi samples are actually Komified Nenets...They score a lot higher Siberian than most Komis:


Target: Komi:GRC11049696
Distance: 4.7972% / 0.04797185
29.8 RUS_Bolshoy_Oleni_Ostrov_o
27.2 RUS_Krasnoyarsk_BA
12.2 KAZ_Botai
11.0 Yamnaya_KAZ_Mereke
10.6 RUS_Volga-Kama_N
9.2 TUR_Barcin_N


Target: Komi:GRC11049697
Distance: 6.2248% / 0.06224839
42.8 RUS_Krasnoyarsk_BA
23.0 KAZ_Botai
14.4 Yamnaya_KAZ_Mereke
12.4 RUS_Bolshoy_Oleni_Ostrov_o
7.4 TUR_Barcin_N


Target: Komi:GRC11052238
Distance: 4.8500% / 0.04850027
76.0 RUS_Krasnoyarsk_BA
9.0 KAZ_Botai
5.6 RUS_Volga-Kama_N
4.6 TUR_Barcin_N
2.8 RUS_Progress_En
2.0 Yamnaya_KAZ_Mereke


Target: Komi:GRC11052239
Distance: 5.4168% / 0.05416828
33.2 RUS_Krasnoyarsk_BA
33.0 RUS_Bolshoy_Oleni_Ostrov_o
19.0 KAZ_Botai
9.2 TUR_Barcin_N
5.6 Yamnaya_KAZ_Mereke

Here are the closest individual pops to these four Komis:

Distance to: Komi:GRC11049696
0.03221016 Mansi:Mansi48
0.03290067 Mansi:Mansi56
0.03337939 Khanty:750_R02C02
0.03589253 Khanty:748_R01C01
0.04067202 Mansi:Mansi91
0.04260760 Khanty:749_R01C01
0.04421348 Khanty:751_R02C01
0.04430613 Khanty:750_R01C01
0.04497921 Khant:GRC11052237
0.04540719 Khant:GRC10045001
0.04561456 Khanty:776_R02C01
0.04625543 Khanty:748_R02C01
0.04741410 Khanty:776_R01C01
0.04832710 Mansi:Mansi43
0.04858508 Khanty:748_R02C02
0.04918519 Ket:GRC11052228
0.04919671 Mansi:Mansi94
0.04928577 Tatar_Siberian_Zabolotniye:STA-366
0.04963210 Khanty:751_R01C02
0.04986868 Khanty:750_R02C01
0.05045678 Khanty:799_R02C01
0.05156859 Ket:GRC11052221
0.05230531 Tatar_Siberian_Zabolotniye:STA-434
0.05347403 Tatar_Siberian_Zabolotniye:STA-357
0.05374762 Khanty:749_R02C02


Distance to: Komi:GRC11049697
0.02621778 Khant:GRC11052234
0.02646444 Komi:GRC11052239
0.02892859 Khant:GRC11049684
0.02935918 Khant:GRC11049679
0.02947370 Khant:GRC11049687
0.03022929 Khant:GRC11049688
0.03091284 Khant:GRC10045001
0.03109757 Khanty:749_R02C01
0.03145602 Khanty:748_R01C02
0.03156957 Khant:GRC11052236
0.03192948 Khanty:749_R02C02
0.03295651 Khant:GRC10045002
0.03327348 Khanty:751_R01C01
0.03329216 Khant:GRC11049683
0.03527028 Khanty:799_R02C01
0.03582399 Khanty:759_R01C01
0.03589086 Khanty:748_R02C02
0.03594378 Khant:GRC11049681
0.03645642 Khanty:750_R02C01
0.03653953 Khanty:751_R02C01
0.03682385 Khanty:761_R02C01
0.03697370 Khanty:776_R01C01
0.03711768 Khant:GRC11052235
0.03738978 Selkup:GRC11049729
0.03827124 Mansi:Mansi76

Distance to: Komi:GRC11052238 (this one is definitely to be a Komified Nenets)
0.03233377 Nenets:nenets13
0.03353409 Tundra_Nentsi:GRC11049739
0.03481232 Forest_Nentsi:GRC11049666
0.03610784 Forest_Nentsi:GRC11052201
0.03631362 Forest_Nentsi:GRC11049676
0.03704663 Selkup:GRC11056573
0.03707077 Tundra_Nentsi:GRC11049732
0.03782388 Tundra_Nentsi:GRC11049737
0.03789761 Forest_Nentsi:GRC11052215
0.03815803 Nenets:nenets2
0.03834130 Tundra_Nentsi:GRC11049741
0.03874563 Nenets:nenets9
0.04104819 Nenets:nenets14
0.04146063 Nenets:nenets5
0.04164148 Forest_Nentsi:GRC11049669
0.04215594 Tundra_Nentsi:GRC11049736
0.04397788 Selkup:Selkup83
0.04442291 Forest_Nentsi:GRC11049667
0.04475764 Forest_Nentsi:GRC11049664
0.04492343 Selkup:Selkup3a
0.04573156 Selkup:GRC11056549
0.04599664 Forest_Nentsi:GRC11052206
0.04606813 Selkup:GRC11056552
0.04626703 Nenets:nenets1
0.04703555 Tundra_Nentsi:GRC11049735

Distance to: Komi:GRC11052239
0.02593938 Khant:GRC11049681
0.02646444 Komi:GRC11049697
0.02671111 Khant:GRC11052234
0.02784690 Khant:GRC11049683
0.02832101 Khant:GRC11049684
0.02846385 Khanty:749_R02C02
0.02862388 Khanty:750_R01C01
0.02882462 Khant:GRC11049679
0.02889739 Khanty:748_R01C02
0.02892578 Khanty:761_R02C02
0.02960824 Khant:GRC11052236
0.02963351 Khanty:759_R01C01
0.03044744 Khanty:748_R02C02
0.03047708 Khant:GRC11052235
0.03207177 Khanty:799_R02C01
0.03236791 Khanty:749_R02C01
0.03237855 Khant:GRC10045002
0.03343776 Khant:GRC11049687
0.03370088 Khant:GRC10045001
0.03407590 Khant:GRC11049688
0.03425609 Khanty:751_R02C01
0.03445539 Khanty:751_R01C02
0.03457172 Khanty:761_R02C01
0.03458497 Khanty:750_R02C01
0.03481711 Khanty:751_R01C01

[Zanzibar]

Distance: 2.1399% / 0.02139911
21.0 Baltic_EST_BA
19.6 Mari
13.4 Nganassan
13.2 Khanty
12.6 Corded_Ware_DEU
12.2 Corded_Ware_Baltic_early
6.4 ITA_Grotta_Continenza_Meso
1.2 Scotland_N
0.4 RUS_AfontovaGora3

this is the G25 model for Saami I made in another thread.

to get the distance below 3 I had to add all of these components:
-BA Balts
-extra WHG which isn't from Balts (probably directly from Scandinavian hunter gatherers)
-extra steppe which isn't from Balts (probably arrived with a Finno Ugric population)
-"the Nganassan component" (now we an ancient sample which represents this component, kra001, but it wasn't added yet back then. )
-a component peaking in Mari
-a component peaking in Khanty

i'm sure one of those last 2 is actually WSHG which we don't have samples of yet, and the other is something yet undiscovered.

I didn't use Mereke, Krasnoyarsk or Volga Kama, because they are already complex mixes like the Saami.

What is the population that you use as a proxy for the extra Steppe?

I believe that Krasnoyarsk_BA is the same sample as kra001:

RUS_Krasnoyarsk_BA:kra001,0.034147,-0.421445,0.150471,-0.002907,-0.14495,-0.082273,0.019741,0.035998,0.02577,0.000364,0.0837 92,-3e-04,0.015758,-0.048994,-0.04343,-0.029833,0.000652,0.005574,0.004902,-0.012381,0.026453,0.003462,0.001725,0.00723,0.0128 13

Actually the WSHG samples have already be added: they are KAZ_Botai, RUS_Sosonivoy_HG, RUS_Tyumen_HG if I remembered correctly.

What is Volga Kama's genetic composition? Mereke is like other Yamnaya pop but very little EEF compared to others and possibly minor Iran_N as well?

[Lemminkäinen]

Joqool

Can you expand on how Sardinians are very special in terms of uniquity? What represent EEF then?

EEF is somewhat inaccurate definition. Early Neolithic would be better binding samples to the Neolithic era and to the time of first farmers moved from Anatolia.

I prefer Evenks in using Siberian references. Eastern Nenets are excellent Siberians, but unfortunately the westward migration brought their genes near Saamis and, as Komintasavalta proved, they brought admixtures to the East Europe. Some of them have European admixture and some European have Nenets admixture, especially European FU people. Many genetic tests notice the difference between even purest Siberian admixtures and the result among those Europeans depends on this specific Siberian sign. Thus it is better to use neutral Siberian reference. Someone can say that Evenks have East Asian admixture, but it is still better than use East Asians. Take into account that these results using Vahaduo and other similar methods are summaries and don't reveal the genetic data behind. In principle two pure Siberian references can give you different results due to a known or unknown genetic flow in either direction regardless of are you using PCA or Admixture.

[Zanzibar]

There's also Kolvin Nenetses, who are komified Nenetses, who speak the Izhma Komi language, who wear Komi clothes, and who sometimes call themselves Komi. They might be less than 50% Siberian, but they might still have lower EEF than Saami. I haven't seen their genetic results.



I'm still not sure if Levänluhta is Saami. Pauli Rahkonen hypothesized that the Levänluhta burials were associated with a people speaking x-language, which is a term for a hypothetical language or languages that used to be spoken in Finland, which according to Rahkonen are possibly related to Meryan (https://journal.fi/susa/article/view/70231/31260):

The water burials in the Levänluhta (the Isokyrö parish) and Käldamäki (the former Vöyri parish) sites in Ostrobothnia have been a great mystery for the scholars because of their unique character. The dating of the burials is 5th–8th centuries AD. Similar burials are not known elsewhere in Finland or in its neighbouring areas. [...]

[Ante Aikio] refers to those unknown languages as _Paleo-Laplandic_ and in the inner parts of Finland _Paleo-Lakelandic_ (Aikio 2004: 64, Fig. 1). Janne Saarikivi (2004) studied obscure substrate words in the Finnish language and called the source language(s) _Paleo-European_. Pauli Rahkonen (2013) treated such hydronyms in the inner parts of Finland that originate from a Uralic language as not being derived from Proto-Finnic or Proto-Saami. He, following Jalo Kalima (1942), calls the language in question _West Uralic x-language_. The onomasticon belonging to this group is located almost exactly in the area of the archaeologically defined Culture of Textile Ceramics (ca 1900-800 BC). These hydronyms are found between the Upper Volga area and Ostrobothnia of Finland (Rahkonen 2013: 181-183, Fig. 24; Häkkinen 2014). [...]

Saami people, or at least the Saami language, began to spread towards Lapland since the Early Iron Age, but supposedly mainly soon after the beginning of the Common Era (Aikio 2006: 44; Saarikivi 2011). However, the names of the large rivers _Kyrönjoki_, _Vöyrinjoki _and _*Ätsävänjoki _in the studied district do not originate from Proto-Saami. In addition, the Saami people never and nowhere else had the habit of water burials. If the word _kyrö_ < _*kür(V)_ is a substrate word from some ancient Uralic language and if _vöyri_ is related to a possible Meryan word _*voγra_ and _*ätsä_ to Komi _adź_ < _*änč_(_V_), a very possible language behind these hydronyms is the above mentioned x-language. Such stems of toponyms as _vuoht-_, _voht-_ < Proto-Uralic _*ukti̮_ 'track over neck of land' and _vieksi-_, _vääksy-_, _viiks-_ 'short river or sound between two larger waters' are inherited from the language in question (Rahkonen 2013: 33-36, maps 24 and 25). The x-language arrived in Finland with the culture of Textile Ceramics (ibid.) and it is probable that its dialects were spoken for a long time alongside with Proto-Saami in the inlands of Finland. Levänluhta and Käldamäki are located on the approximate borderline of the culture of eastern Textile Ceramics.

However, it is also possible that the population who practiced water burials spoke some non-Uralic Paleo-European language. The uniting factor between the stems of the toponyms _*ätsä-_ and _vöyri-_ is that both of them are almost unique, especially if the stems _veur-_ and/or _vour-_ are not connected with _vöyri_. The rareness of these toponyms, together with the unique custom to practice water burials, hints at a linguistic and ethnic isolate.

Well, Levanluhta might not be Saami but they still seem the closest to modern Saamis followed by Komi, Khanty and Udmurt:

Closest modern pops to the Levanluhta samples:

Distance to: FIN_Levanluhta_IAA238: (this is the sample that I thought was the ancient Saami in the OP).
0.04508062 Saami:saami11
0.05182720 Saami:saami2
0.05278815 Saami:GS000035025
0.05743347 Komi:GRC11049689
0.05930293 Saami:saami14
0.06018876 Khant:GRC11052233
0.06039317 Komi:GRC11049690
0.06246075 Khanty:776_R02C02
0.06276454 Saami:saami1
0.06333083 Saami:saami7
0.06406049 Saami:saami8
0.06689265 Khanty:799_R01C02
0.06733675 Saami:saami3
0.06825300 Komi:GRC11049691
0.06947334 Tundra_Nentsi:GRC11049743
0.06964066 Saami:saami13
0.07129717 Saami:saami9
0.07410045 Saami:saami12
0.07530561 Khant:GRC11049685
0.07568132 Saami:saami5
0.07585497 Saami:GS000035026
0.07785197 Selkup:Selkup105
0.07808575 Udmurt:udmurd15
0.08070767 Udmurt:udmurd8
0.08149774 Ket:570_R02C02

Distance to: FIN_Levanluhta_IAA234
0.02689808 Saami:Saami001
0.03231395 Saami_Kola:SaamiKola40
0.03473499 Saami_Kola:SaamiKola6
0.03691714 Saami:saami4
0.03722969 Saami_Kola:SaamiKola25
0.03791237 Saami:GS000035026
0.03853382 Udmurt:169_R01C01
0.03854017 Saami:saami1
0.03866587 Saami:saami12
0.03975190 Saami:saami6
0.03994188 Saami_Kola:SaamiKola5
0.04082840 Udmurt:153_R01C01
0.04256969 Udmurt:udmurd9
0.04423619 Saami:saami3
0.04448489 Komi:GRC11049700
0.04454432 Udmurt:520_R02C02
0.04475194 Udmurt:udmurd4
0.04483025 Saami:saami13
0.04487201 Saami:saami9
0.04508202 Saami:saami5
0.04556724 Saami:saami14
0.04657822 Saami:saami8
0.04743138 Saami_Kola:SaamiKola74
0.04770975 Komi:GRC11049694
0.04881046 Komi:653_R02C01


Distance to: FIN_Levanluhta_IA:JK1968
0.03241975 Saami:Saami001
0.03428463 Saami:saami1
0.03814047 Saami:saami12
0.03899207 Saami_Kola:SaamiKola6
0.04050043 Saami:saami14
0.04074235 Saami:GS000035026
0.04170564 Udmurt:169_R01C01
0.04186193 Saami_Kola:SaamiKola40
0.04223004 Saami:saami5
0.04247379 Saami:saami4
0.04259981 Saami:saami9
0.04266465 Saami:saami13
0.04369169 Saami:saami8
0.04371569 Saami:saami6
0.04372377 Saami_Kola:SaamiKola25
0.04495145 Saami_Kola:SaamiKola5
0.04579187 Saami:saami3
0.04847810 Saami:saami7
0.04852577 Udmurt:153_R01C01
0.04925491 Udmurt:udmurd9
0.05047055 Udmurt:udmurd4
0.05066551 Saami:GS000035025
0.05177010 Besermyan:UDM-309
0.05209033 Saami:saami11
0.05306425 Udmurt:519_R01C02


Distance to: FIN_Levanluhta_IA:JK1970
0.02881226 Saami:saami11
0.03353434 Saami:saami14
0.03614455 Saami:saami13
0.03674681 Saami:saami3
0.03910655 Saami:saami1
0.04073926 Saami:saami7
0.04085389 Saami:GS000035025
0.04227257 Saami:saami8
0.04333922 Saami:saami9
0.04428230 Khant:GRC11052233
0.04521125 Saami:saami12
0.04571997 Saami:GS000035026
0.04638868 Saami:saami2
0.04733918 Saami:saami6
0.04994391 Tundra_Nentsi:GRC11049743
0.05052503 Komi:GRC11049690
0.05108331 Saami_Kola:SaamiKola40
0.05110541 Komi:GRC11049691
0.05185738 Saami_Kola:SaamiKola6
0.05319028 Saami_Kola:SaamiKola25
0.05410062 Udmurt:169_R02C01
0.05489327 Udmurt:153_R02C02
0.05528998 Khant:GRC11049685
0.05542480 Saami:saami5
0.05571813 Komi:GRC11049689

Distance to: FIN_Levanluhta_IA_o:JK2065
0.04035390 Icelandic:NA15766
0.04080950 Icelandic:NA15755
0.04091818 Irish:512
0.04143486 Icelandic:NA15765
0.04287724 Irish:Irish54
0.04297770 Orcadian:HGDP00804
0.04367141 Danish:449
0.04427160 Norwegian:NOR152
0.04456782 Dutch:Netherlands47
0.04513553 Swedish:Sweden7
0.04531036 Icelandic:NA15761
0.04542677 Swedish:Sweden16
0.04567042 Irish:555
0.04567307 Swedish:Sweden10
0.04596462 Welsh:WAL004
0.04645358 Danish:475
0.04710425 Swedish:Sweden9
0.04736865 Irish:Irish40
0.04751081 Irish:509
0.04754268 Danishenmark3
0.04756187 English_Cornwall:HG00264
0.04779583 Danish:436
0.04785798 English_Cornwall:HG00160
0.04800825 Scottish:Scottish3
0.04812596 Danish:435

The last Levanluhta individual seems to be an ancient Germanic as he/she is closest to Icelandic, Irish, Orcadian and Danish.

These two ancient Chalmny-Varre individuals also seems to be ancient Saami:

Distance to: RUS_Chalmny-Varre:CHV001
0.02484510 Saami_Kola:SaamiKola6
0.02703074 Saami:Saami001
0.02904096 Saami_Kola:SaamiKola40
0.02997459 Saami:saami12
0.03002496 Saami_Kola:SaamiKola25
0.03058260 Saami:GS000035026
0.03501773 Saami:saami4
0.03537977 Saami:saami6
0.03575583 Saami:saami9
0.03715521 Saami:saami13
0.03731501 Saami:saami1
0.03858893 Saami_Kola:SaamiKola5
0.03914439 Saami:saami14
0.03975808 Saami:saami8
0.03999221 Saami:saami3
0.04310754 Saami:saami7
0.04498098 Saami:saami5
0.04733158 Saami_Kola:SaamiKola74
0.05006781 Saami:GS000035025
0.05022092 Udmurt:169_R01C01
0.05052716 Saami:saami2
0.05085174 Tundra_Nentsi:GRC11049743
0.05344787 Udmurt:153_R01C01
0.05356493 Udmurt:udmurd4
0.05399448 Komi:GRC11049694

Distance to: RUS_Chalmny-Varre:CHV002
0.02681157 Saami_Kola:SaamiKola40
0.02794263 Saami:saami12
0.02843403 Saami:saami3
0.02866676 Saami:saami6
0.03182406 Saami:saami4
0.03207421 Saami_Kola:SaamiKola25
0.03265119 Saami:saami13
0.03453672 Saami:GS000035026
0.03530497 Saami:saami14
0.03584235 Saami:saami9
0.03725891 Saami:saami8
0.03840586 Saami_Kola:SaamiKola6
0.03999652 Saami:Saami001
0.04069956 Saami:saami7
0.04147239 Saami:saami1
0.04774796 Saami:saami11
0.04905822 Udmurt:153_R01C01
0.04913636 Udmurt:169_R01C01
0.05122758 Tundra_Nentsi:GRC11049743
0.05315488 Saami:GS000035025
0.05355331 Saami_Kola:SaamiKola74
0.05540410 Udmurt:519_R01C02
0.05678763 Udmurt:udmurd4
0.05692639 Komi:GRC11049694
0.05696630 Saami:saami5

And also this ancient Viking Age individual from Norway also seems to be either Komi, Khanty or Sami:

Distance to: VK2020_NOR_North_VA_o1:VK518
0.04318980 Komi:GRC11049689
0.04532668 Saami:saami11
0.04683445 Khanty:776_R02C02
0.04697796 Saami:saami2
0.04727331 Saami:GS000035025
0.04972822 Khanty:799_R01C02
0.05173866 Komi:GRC11049690
0.05194682 Khant:GRC11052233
0.05910518 Komi:GRC11049691
0.05952524 Saami:saami1
0.06180232 Tundra_Nentsi:GRC11049743
0.06260831 Saami:saami14
0.06286144 Udmurt:udmurd8
0.06297209 Udmurt:udmurd15
0.06355251 Selkup:Selkup105
0.06365439 Khant:GRC11049685
0.06422221 Saami:saami7
0.06587566 Saami:saami8
0.06706609 Saami:saami13
0.06765595 Saami:saami5
0.06768575 Udmurt:169_R02C01
0.06849721 Udmurt:udmurd1
0.06879562 Udmurt:152_R02C01
0.06905779 Udmurt:udmurd14
0.06967192 Ket:570_R02C02

Another ancient Viking Age sample from Norway: seems to be an ancient Komi

Distance to: VK2020_NOR_North_VA_o2:VK519
0.02814134 Komi:653_R01C02
0.03363347 Komi:652_R01C02
0.03501508 Saami_Kola:SaamiKola7
0.03519029 Komi:652_R01C01
0.03558195 Komi:GRC11049694
0.03721548 Komi:GRC11049699
0.03743950 Komi:GRC11049698
0.03746317 Komi:652_R02C02
0.03768465 Komi:636_R02C02
0.03795438 Udmurt:Udmurt1
0.03796145 Komi:GRC11049700
0.03824582 Komi:653_R02C02
0.03881442 Komi:GRC11049692
0.04025432 Komi:653_R01C01
0.04036216 Saami_Kola:SaamiKola74
0.04386596 Saami_Kola:SaamiKola49
0.04623116 Komi:GRC11049693
0.04630743 Komi:GRC10045017
0.04958714 Tatar_Kazan:TTR-097
0.05098222 Komi:654_R01C01
0.05140864 Russian_Pinega:RusPinega9
0.05155019 Udmurt:udmurd4
0.05251937 Tatar_Mishar:TTR-460
0.05292540 Udmurt:153_R01C01
0.05300804 Karelian:Karelia15

[vbnetkhio]

What is the population that you use as a proxy for the extra Steppe?

for Europeans I include Corded_Ware_Baltic_early because most of the steppe in Europe seems to come from something like that, and Corded_Ware_DEU because it decreases the distance for western Europeans.

I believe that Krasnoyarsk_BA is the same sample as kra001:

RUS_Krasnoyarsk_BA:kra001,0.034147,-0.421445,0.150471,-0.002907,-0.14495,-0.082273,0.019741,0.035998,0.02577,0.000364,0.0837 92,-3e-04,0.015758,-0.048994,-0.04343,-0.029833,0.000652,0.005574,0.004902,-0.012381,0.026453,0.003462,0.001725,0.00723,0.0128 13

lol, I just read about kra001 on the blog and didn't check the spreadsheet since then. I assumed Krasnoyarsk was one of those heavily mixed pops like Okunevo or something.

Actually the WSHG samples have already be added: they are KAZ_Botai, RUS_Sosonivoy_HG, RUS_Tyumen_HG if I remembered correctly.

I thought those were just ANE? did Davidski do a text on them?

What is Volga Kama's genetic composition? Mereke is like other Yamnaya pop but very little EEF compared to others and possibly minor Iran_N as well?

idk, i'll try to model them. did you choose them, or the algorithm picked them from the full sheet?