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Thread: Ancient genomic time transect from the Central Asian Steppe unravels the history of the Scythians

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    Default Ancient genomic time transect from the Central Asian Steppe unravels the history of the Scythians

    Code:
    Hungary Hun (Budapest, Vezér street skeleton/Zugló burial)
    
    ●Hungary Hun (TU46): 1670±22 14C years BP; 333-419 cal. AD (2-sigma)
    Zugló burial was accidentally found on 1st December 1961 during construction work in the 14th district
    of Budapest at the intersection of Egressy Road and Vezér-street. The excavation was carried out by
    archaeologist Tibor Nagy. The grave contained the skeleton of a male individual, estimated 20-25 years old,
    whose skull indicated a mixed ancestry presenting both Europoid and Mongoloid morphoscopic traits. An
    upside-down placed horse skull was found next to his legs along with gold foil covered horse trappings and a
    bronze and an iron bell with bell-clappers intentionally removed. The burial had several more artefacts,
    probably garment ornaments, with gold recesses inlaid with garnets. Only an iron knife was found as a
    weapon. It is possible that the rest of the weapons were buried nearby in a separate grave, which was
    previously observed in other Hun burials. The nature of the burial indicated that the skeleton could belong to
    a noble man from the Hun elite (67, 68).
    Hun elite:

    • R1a1a1b (R-Z645)
    • R1a1a1b2a (R-Z94)




    Code:
    In other mounds of Karakaba I and Karakaba II, accompanying horse burials and sets of weapons were
    also found. In two mounds also fragments of musical instruments were found. These mounds of Karakaba I
    and Karakaba II belong to two successive chronological periods, the Hun-Sarmatian and the early medieval
    (early Turks) period. There is a connection and continuity (succession) between two periods in their ritual
    practices (for example, accompanying horse burials and the construction of mounds). Although, there are
    some differences in the construction of mounds and rituals. For example, horses were buried without any
    equipment and the horse equipment were deliberately placed at the feet of a buried person in a bottom pit.
    These differences reflecting not different ethnocultural traditions, but rather the specifics of social
    stratification and some new world outlooks of the population of the region under study in the early Middle
    Ages. Findings of musical instruments in three mounds testify features of spiritual development, in particular
    with regards to the role of shamanism in the life of the ancient Turkic nomadic society. Cases of trepanation
    may be associated with the cult of shamanism (96).
    Code:
    MayemerII
    ●Mayemer II mound 1 (MMR001.A)
    The Mayemer II burial ground is a funeral-memorial complex consisting of burials of different eras -
    from the era of the early nomads to the Turkic times. The monument is located on the southeastern outskirts
    of the modern village Mayemer, on the left bank of the Narym River, in the Katonkaragai district of East
    Kazakhstan region.
    Three mounds were investigated - 1, 2 and 3. Mounds 2 and 3 are attributed to the Early Saka period. Of
    these, mound 2 turned out to be a burial (funeral) structure, and mound 3 was a memorial. Mound 1 was
    plundered. The skeleton of the deceased (MMR001.A) was disturbed and the bones were scattered. There were 
    no accompanying items found in the mound. The chronological define of the mound 1 was made on the basis
    of an analogy with the construction of the burial structure. In East Kazakhstan and adjacent territories, similar
    constructions are dated by the Turkic time (82, 83).
    Turkic Era Central Asia:

    • J2a (J-L212; J-M410)
    • R1a1a1b2 (R-Z93)
    • J(J-CTS852,J-M304)



    https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/7/13/eabe4414









    Last edited by Kaspias; 03-26-2021 at 10:09 PM.

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    I wonder if modern Kazakhs have actual Scythian ancestry and if they do, how much.

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    Quote Originally Posted by Leto View Post
    I wonder if modern Kazakhs have actual Scythian ancestry and if they do, how much.
    Too much.

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    Quote Originally Posted by Leto View Post
    I wonder if modern Kazakhs have actual Scythian ancestry and if they do, how much.
    Our findings shed new light onto the debate about the origins of the Scythian cultures. We do not find support for a western Pontic-Caspian steppe origin, which is, in fact, highly questioned by more recent historical/archeological work (1, 2). The Kazakh Steppe origin hypothesis finds instead a better correspondence with our results, but rather than finding support for one of the two extreme hypotheses, i.e., single origin with population diffusion versus multiple independent origins with only cultural transmission, we found evidence for at least two independent origins as well as population diffusion and admixture (Fig. 4B). In particular, the eastern groups are consistent with descending from a gene pool that formed as a result of a mixture between preceding local steppe_MLBA sources (which could be associated with different cultures such as Sintashta, Srubnaya, and Andronovo that are genetically homogeneous) and a specific eastern Eurasian source that was already present during the LBA in the neighboring northern Mongolia region (27).

    The two previously published individuals from the Aldy-Bel culture of the Arzhan 2 site in the Tuva region fall within the main eastern Scythian genetic cluster, confirming that it was present also in the same site where the earliest Scythian burials are found (Fig. 2A). These data, coupled with recent findings from the IA transition in Mongolia (28), seem to point to an origin in the Altai area of a main genetic substratum that formed all the eastern Scythians (Fig. 4B). The western Sarmatians from the southern Ural region also formed as a result of admixture between the same three ancestral sources as the eastern Scythians (Fig. 3A). Nevertheless, the eastern Eurasian ancestry is present only in a small amount in Sarmatians (Fig. 3A). In addition, their early admixture dates (Fig. 3C) and the absence of an admixture cline between the Sarmatians and the eastern groups (Fig. 2, A, B, and D) suggest that the Sarmatians descend from a related but different LBA gene pool compared with the one that contributed to the eastern Scythians (likely differently located along an LBA admixture cline).

    The heterogeneity and geographic structuring observed during the IA, the Xianbei-Hun, and the medieval periods in Kazakhstan come in strong contrast with the genetic homogeneity observed among present-day Kazakhs (fig. S5). Fine-scale haplotype-based analyses confirmed this homogeneity and showed, in line with previous findings (26), that the Kazakh gene pool is a mixture of different western and eastern Eurasian sources (table S4). Our results on the ancient populations revealed that this was a result of the very complex demographic history, with multiple layers of western and eastern Eurasian ancestries mixing through time. The admixture dates obtained for present-day Kazakhs overlap with the period when the Kazakh Khanate was established (~15th century CE; table S5). Furthermore, the gene pool of present-day Kazakhs cannot be fully modeled as a mixture of post-IA northern Xianbei-Hun and southern Kangju-related gene pools (data file S4). These findings suggest that recent events, likely enfolding during the second millennium CE, were associated with more demographic turnovers in this region that ultimately lead to the homogenization of the Kazakh gene pool as a consequence of the establishment of the Kazakh Khanate with its strict exogamic rules (21).
    Going with these, it should be around 50% on average.

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    I have checked the raw data availability so I can upload samples to the Gedmatch, but they apparently have not uploaded it to the ENA yet despite expressed the intention in the article.

    All data needed to evaluate the conclusions in the paper are present in the paper and/or the Supplementary Materials. The newly produced aligned sequence data are deposited in the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) with the following accession number: PRJEB42930. Haploid genotype data for the 1240K panel are available in eigenstrat format via the Edmond Data Repository of the Max Planck Society (https://edmond.mpdl.mpg.de). Additional data related to this paper may be requested from the authors.

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    Eastern Scythian king and Queen:


    https://siberiantimes.com/other/othe...ed-by-science/
    According to the Siberian Times, “Siberian scientists established that people buried in the Arzhan-2 mound were - regardless of their social status - from quite a homogenous group in terms of anthropology, which combined features of the Caucasian and Mongoloid races.
    Huns:




    Gokturk Khagan:

    https://altynadamworld.com/en/exponaty/id/511
    The racial characteristics of the person are characterized by a mixed erogenoid-Mongoloid anthropological type, with a predominance of europeoid features. Reconstruction of the anthropological appearance of the kagan was carried out at the Institute of Anthropology in Moscow. The authors of the reconstruction are T.S. Baluev, E.V. Veselovskaya.

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    Quote Originally Posted by Altaylı View Post
    Eastern Scythian king and Queen:
    This one can pass in my family line easily. My father and uncles have similar features.

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    350CE Hun Elite is %60 Mongoloid or it's over %60? Does Tasmola_Pazyryk have some East Eurasian too?

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    Quote Originally Posted by RatCat View Post
    350CE Hun Elite is %60 Mongoloid or it's over %60? Does Tasmola_Pazyryk have some East Eurasian too?
    Tasmola(= Pazyryk Culture? -> Proto Turkic?) = 50% Khovsgol-Baykal + 50% Steppe MLBA.

    Hun Elite looks like to be around ~75% East Eurasian which is equal to Altaians and neighboring Turkic speakers. Early Turkic Khanate samples have 50% to 60% EE.

    So far we have almost all samples to simulate the evolution of Turkic groups, except for a Medieval Oghuz. Article supported the theory Mongols spread with Xianbei to the West(ironically Xianbei-Hun sample is also has a Turkic form though.) It also suggested that there were two different geneflow to Central Asia through ancient times, one is prolly Turkic group that shaped around the Altai Mountains under the Pazyryk culture(?) later completed inner organization in Dingling. Apparently, Eastern Scythians were those Proto-Turks what we call, and there is a direct geneflow to Saka, Tasmola, and Sargat cultures from the mentioned region.

    Later, subcultures separated from the Altay/Eastern Scythians also provide a slight geneflow to the Sarmatians who contributed to Western Scythians. That makes it possible to say, at least the ruling class or what you can call the "culture provider" of Scythians, were Turks. However, the dominant admixture in the Western parts was BMAC-related and it was Pazyryk/Altaic-related in the Eastern.

    Back on the track, the article mentions a 2nd Eastern influx that took place following the Xiongnu period that is apparently arriving of Mongols. The influx began to spread West after the migration of Huns to the West, so the Mongol Huns theory is pretty much debunked while a Turkic/Yeniseian confederation seems the most likely. In this sense, I believe it is safe to say the earliest Turkic groups have a varying degree of East Eurasian which changes according to how much Steppe_MLBA they acquired. Later, these people also contacted Yeniseians -Native Siberians, let's say- even before than Mongols, and possibly melted a great majority of them under their name. Since that time period to the late medieval, a continuing BMAC and Persian-related geneflow started to influence the Turkic world. This is what we see in DA89, for example.

    There might be some conclusions regarding the origin of Oghuz, also. Since it is proven that Saka has the Altaic origin -later merged with BMAC gene flow- and Saka samples bear varying degrees of "Proto-Turkic" admixture that changes according to their geographical location, at least one layer of Oghuz(within 3) probably has Saka origin. The second might have Kimak origin that is a continuum of "Xiongnu Turkicness", and while the rest were native communities of Western Siberia, East of the Ural who headed to Southern, the Western Kazakhstan Steppe in Medieval.

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    Sargat culture is most likely proto Ugric/Magyar culture, and it's mostly N1c followed with some Q and G, and only one R1a.
    This support most widely accepted theory about Uralic origin of earliest Magyars.

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