Was Sardinia an ancient civilization connected with Mesopotamia & Egypt

[tipirneni]

A recent article on the brilliant website ancient-origins.net, which I've linked below, made me aware of the somewhat mysterious and long history of a structure known as Monte D’Accoddi, a pyramidal-type structure on the island of Sardinia with origins that date back to the 4th millennium BC, making it older than the official date given to the pyramids of Egypt.

It’s a structure we should all really know about, yet unless you have a specific interest in Sardinian history, you may never have heard of this ancient site. It is known as the Prehistoric Altar of Monte D’Accoddi and there is nothing else quite like it in the whole of Europe, and because of its size and how it looks, it has been compared to a Mesopotamian Ziggurat or a type of stepped pyramid.

Experts say the earliest phase of construction dates to 4,000 to 3,650 BC, with a second phase - the ziggurat - being built around 2,800 BC.

The whole archaeological complex is fascinating and is still not greatly understood, with standing stones including the Great Menhir, a dolmen structure with clear and obvious acoustic properties and many other residential structures.

It was a site of animal sacrifice and there was also a human burial nearby. Not too far away, there is a hypogeum and there is also an egg-shaped stone that has been moved into the Monte D'Accoddi site.

This site is typical of Sardinia - the whole history of the island is little understood and incredibly ancient and we still have so much to learn. But the big question remains - why is there a ziggurat on Sardinia?

Sardinia has it all the mighty nuraghe towers, Giant's Tombs, dolmens, hypogeum Carved stone chambers, holy wells, giant statues of Mont'e Prama, cart ruts, archaeological museums, Europe's oldest Pyramid, and much more. No other place in Europe has such a rich connections to the most happening places in the rest of the world

[tipirneni]

When I checked my autosome file against some Sardinia samples, I have big segments and close to 15% at 3cM on 2 of the Sardinia outliers from the North and also top match within 100 for this kit. There is probably an ancient Megalithic connection with India, Mesopotamia and Sardinia

Kit SM6980112 North Sardinian outlier 15

MDLP K23b Oracle results:
MDLP K23b Oracle Rev 2014 Sep 16

Kit SM6980112

Admix Results (sorted):

# Population Percent
1 Caucasian 35.53
2 European_Hunters_Gatherers 30.7
3 European_Early_Farmers 19.21
4 Near_East 6.6
5 North_African 1.93
6 South_East_Asian 1.92
7 Ancestral_Altaic 1.42
8 Melano_Polynesian 1.37
9 East_Siberian 0.55
10 Paleo_Siberian 0.51
11 Archaic_Human 0.27

Single Population Sharing:

# Population (source) Distance
1 Macedonian ( ) 3.59
2 Montenegrian ( ) 4.86
3 Bulgarian ( ) 5.07
4 Croat ( ) 6.37
5 Serb_BH ( ) 6.48
6 Bosnian ( ) 7.19
7 Serb_Serbia ( ) 7.2
8 Greek_Peloponnesos ( ) 7.32
9 Croat_BH ( ) 7.35
10 Greek_Thessaloniki ( ) 7.82
11 Greek_Thessaly ( ) 8.02
12 Greek_Northwest ( ) 8.46
13 Ashkenazi_Jew ( ) 8.51
14 Gagauz ( ) 8.67
15 Albanian_Tirana ( ) 8.82
16 Kosovar ( ) 8.85
17 Romanian ( ) 9.1
18 Ashkenazi ( ) 9.75
19 Sicilian_Siracusa ( ) 9.99
20 Central_Greek ( ) 10.38

Mixed Mode Population Sharing:

# Primary Population (source) Secondary Population (source) Distance
1 68.9% Croat ( ) + 31.1% Sicilian_Center ( ) @ 3.09
2 67.7% Croat ( ) + 32.3% Greek_Phokaia ( ) @ 3.14
3 54.6% Croat ( ) + 45.4% Greek_Peloponnesos ( ) @ 3.35
4 53.3% Greek_Phokaia ( ) + 46.7% Hungarian ( ) @ 3.4
5 52.5% Greek_Phokaia ( ) + 47.5% Slovenian ( ) @ 3.4
6 76.9% Montenegrian ( ) + 23.1% Greek_Phokaia ( ) @ 3.4
7 98.9% Macedonian ( ) + 1.1% Aonaga ( ) @ 3.41
8 69% Serb_BH ( ) + 31% Sicilian_Center ( ) @ 3.42
9 98.9% Macedonian ( ) + 1.1% Naga ( ) @ 3.43
10 67.7% Serb_BH ( ) + 32.3% Greek_Phokaia ( ) @ 3.43
11 98.9% Macedonian ( ) + 1.1% Nysha ( ) @ 3.43
12 65% Croat ( ) + 35% Romanian_Jew ( ) @ 3.44
13 98.9% Macedonian ( ) + 1.1% Yi ( ) @ 3.44
14 98.9% Macedonian ( ) + 1.1% Naxi ( ) @ 3.44
15 99.3% Macedonian ( ) + 0.7% Bougainville ( ) @ 3.45
16 98.9% Macedonian ( ) + 1.1% Lahu ( ) @ 3.45
17 98.9% Macedonian ( ) + 1.1% Tibetian_TTR ( ) @ 3.46
18 98.9% Macedonian ( ) + 1.1% Tibetian_Madou ( ) @ 3.46
19 57.5% Croat ( ) + 42.5% Greek_Thessaly ( ) @ 3.47
20 99.2% Macedonian ( ) + 0.8% Naasioi ( ) @ 3.47
10 70.1% Hungarian + 29.9% South_Italian @ 4.11
11 54.4% South_Polish + 45.6% East_Sicilian @ 4.3
12 67.5% Hungarian + 32.5% East_Sicilian @ 4.3
13 66.7% Hungarian + 33.3% Central_Greek @ 4.3
14 51.8% South_Italian + 48.2% Estonian @ 4.31
15 82.8% Bulgarian + 17.2% Norwegian @ 4.39
16 58.7% Italian_Abruzzo + 41.3% Lithuanian @ 4.39
17 56.7% Hungarian + 43.3% Greek_Thessaly @ 4.4
18 51.9% South_Polish + 48.1% Italian_Abruzzo @ 4.41
19 53.7% Polish + 46.3% South_Italian @ 4.41
20 55.5% Ukrainian_Lviv + 44.5% East_Sicilian @ 4.41

Kit WL4717582 North Sardinian Outlier 10

Admix Results (sorted):

# Population Percent
1 Caucasian 35.86
2 European_Early_Farmers 19.85
3 European_Hunters_Gatherers 18.04
4 Near_East 14.25
5 North_African 4.8
6 South_Central_Asian 4.28
7 Amerindian 1.07
8 Arctic 0.93
9 Ancestral_Altaic 0.59
10 Paleo_Siberian 0.18
11 Archaic_Human 0.14

Single Population Sharing:

# Population (source) Distance
1 Ashkenazi_Jew ( ) 5.24
2 Turk_Jew ( ) 6.08
3 Sephardic_Jew ( ) 6.54
4 Sicilian_West ( ) 7
5 Sicilian_Siracusa ( ) 7.03
6 Italian_Jew ( ) 7.12
7 Greek_Peloponnesos ( ) 7.3
8 French_Jew ( ) 7.52
9 Sicilian_Agrigento ( ) 7.71
10 Sicilian_East ( ) 7.71
11 Ashkenazi ( ) 7.9
12 Maltese ( ) 8.51
13 Macedonian ( ) 8.54
14 Sicilian_Trapani ( ) 8.76
15 Moroccan_Jew ( ) 8.83
16 Greek_Thessaloniki ( ) 8.89
17 Greek_Thessaly ( ) 8.96
18 Bulgarian ( ) 9.04
19 Greek_Northwest ( ) 9.12
20 Romanian_Jew ( ) 9.18

Mixed Mode Population Sharing:

# Primary Population (source) Secondary Population (source) Distance
1 77.7% Greek_Northwest ( ) + 22.3% Yemenite_Jew ( ) @ 2.06
2 82.1% Greek_Thessaly ( ) + 17.9% Saudi ( ) @ 2.21
3 85.3% Greek_Peloponnesos ( ) + 14.7% Saudi ( ) @ 2.42
4 80.2% Albanian_Tirana ( ) + 19.8% Saudi ( ) @ 2.42
5 84.7% Greek_Thessaloniki ( ) + 15.3% Qatari ( ) @ 2.44
6 84.6% Greek_Thessaly ( ) + 15.4% Qatari ( ) @ 2.44
7 82.4% Greek_Thessaloniki ( ) + 17.6% Saudi ( ) @ 2.46
8 87.3% Greek_Peloponnesos ( ) + 12.7% Qatari ( ) @ 2.47
9 72.8% Greek_Thessaly ( ) + 27.2% BedouinA ( ) @ 2.6
10 90.8% Greek_Thessaloniki ( ) + 9.2% BedouinB ( ) @ 2.61
11 74.9% Kosovar ( ) + 25.1% Yemenite_Jew ( ) @ 2.64
12 82.9% Albanian_Tirana ( ) + 17.1% Qatari ( ) @ 2.65
13 77.1% Greek_Peloponnesos ( ) + 22.9% BedouinA ( ) @ 2.66
14 68.9% Kosovar ( ) + 31.1% BedouinA ( ) @ 2.69
15 91.9% Ashkenazi ( ) + 8.1% BedouinB ( ) @ 2.76
16 70.2% Albanian_Tirana ( ) + 29.8% BedouinA ( ) @ 2.81
17 90% Ashkenazi_Jew ( ) + 10% Saudi ( ) @ 2.82
18 91.5% Ashkenazi_Jew ( ) + 8.5% Qatari ( ) @ 2.82
19 79.2% Greek_Peloponnesos ( ) + 20.8% Egyptian_Cairo ( ) @ 2.98
20 78.6% Greek_Thessaly ( ) + 21.4% Yemen ( ) @ 3.04

[Reozek]

Ancient Sardinians were pure EEF with extra WHG so no connection with Mesopotamia and Egypt, at least genetically

Inviato dal mio POT-LX1T utilizzando Tapatalk

[tipirneni]

Ancient Sardinians were pure EEF with extra WHG so no connection with Mesopotamia and Egypt, at least genetically

Inviato dal mio POT-LX1T utilizzando Tapatalk

There were atleast 2 different cultures in megalithic era, one is pre-nuragic and nuragic. We have only some of the samples there. There was some ancient iberian connection too and probably some eastern ones like etruscan. The exact nature of the Pyramids and Ziggurats and menhirs there are not understood properly yet. We don't know who built them but there is clear mesopotmia like structure

https://www.ancient-origins.net/hist...ardinia-004841

For K = 6 (depicted here), Sardinian individuals up until the Nuragic share similar admixture proportions as other western European Neolithic individuals. Present-day as well as most post-Nuragic ancient Sardinian individuals have elevated Steppe-like ancestry (blue), and an additional ancestry component prevalent in Near Eastern/Levant populations (orange). An ancient North-African component (green) appears at low fraction in many present-day Mediterranean populations, and somewhat stronger in samples from the Sardinian Punic site Villamar

[jfgh676]

No

[Reozek]

There were atleast 2 different cultures in megalithic era, one is pre-nuragic and nuragic. We have only some of the samples there. There was some ancient iberian connection too and probably some eastern ones like etruscan. The exact nature of the Pyramids and Ziggurats and menhirs there are not understood properly yet. We don't know who built them but there is clear mesopotmia like structure

https://www.ancient-origins.net/hist...ardinia-004841

For K = 6 (depicted here), Sardinian individuals up until the Nuragic share similar admixture proportions as other western European Neolithic individuals. Present-day as well as most post-Nuragic ancient Sardinian individuals have elevated Steppe-like ancestry (blue), and an additional ancestry component prevalent in Near Eastern/Levant populations (orange). An ancient North-African component (green) appears at low fraction in many present-day Mediterranean populations, and somewhat stronger in samples from the Sardinian Punic site Villamar

The material culture of the builders of Monte d Accoddi is that of Abealzu Filigosa. There are no links with the cultures of the East Mediterranean, only weak similarietes with the Rinaldone culture of Central Italy

Inviato dal mio POT-LX1T utilizzando Tapatalk

[Jacques de Imbelloni]

No, they were the sea people, enemies of Egypt.

[Reozek]

The Shereden were likely the Nuragic Sardinians who were direct descendants of the prenuragic megalithic builders.

Inviato dal mio POT-LX1T utilizzando Tapatalk

[tipirneni]

The Shereden were likely the Nuragic Sardinians who were direct descendants of the prenuragic megalithic builders.

Inviato dal mio POT-LX1T utilizzando Tapatalk

After BA there is increase in Steppe and East Med component in Sardinia. Is thatsome thing like a reverse migration of those settled as Sea people back into their original home?


K1a2d is of Late Paleolithic Near Eastern ancestry, whereas U5b1i1 harbors deep ancestral roots in Paleolithic Western Europe, possibly paralleling the patrilineal source of the very frequent (38.9%) Y-chromosome haplogroup I2a1a1-M26 both in terms of geography and timing (Francalacci et al. 2013). K1a2d and U5b1i1, which together comprise almost 3% of modern Sardinians, and possibly others that might have arrived at an early date but expanded with the Neolithic.

the ages of H1 and H3 leave open the possibility that both were also present in Sardinia prior to the Neolithic. Notably, the frequency of H3 in Sardinia (18.4%) is the highest reported till now, and haplogroup H3 harbors a very peculiar geographical distribution. The highest frequencies are in western Mediterranean (Sardinians, Basques and other Iberians), with a sharp decrease towards Central and Eastern Europe and only very few occurrences in the Near East (fig. 4; supplementary table S9, Supplementary Material online), which founder analyses explain as recent incursions.

a pre-Neolithic presence of H3 (and possibly also of H1 and other lineages, for example within JT) on the island alongside K1a2d and U5b1i1 (and most likely other lineages that we have not detected) would indicate a more substantial genetic legacy of Mesolithic Sardinians to the modern people of Sardinia.

In conclusion, contemporary Sardinians harbor a unique genetic heritage as a result of their distinct history and relative isolation from the demographic upheavals of continental Europe. Whilst the major signal appears to be the legacy of the first farmers on the island, our results hint at the possibility that the situation might have been much more complex, both for Sardinia but also, by implication, for Europe as a whole. It now seems plausible that human mobility, inter-communication and gene flow around the Mediterranean from Late Glacial times onwards may well have left signatures that survive to this day.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/art...C5400395/#sup1



Another paper also found mix of Med people like Pheonicians mixed with punics and Oetzi like ancients

the team found evidence of the arrival of different populations across the Mediterranean, first with Phoenicians originating from the Levant (modern-day Lebanon) and Punics, whose culture centered in Carthage (modern-day Tunisia). Then, new ancestry continued to appear during the Roman period and further in the Medieval period, as Sardinia became historically influenced by migration of people from modern-day Italy and Spain.

"We observed clear signals of dynamic periods of contact linking the island to the rest of the Mediterranean, appearing first in individuals from two Phoenician and Punic sites as early as 500 BCE, and then in individuals from the Roman and Medieval periods," said Harald Ringbauer, PhD, a postdoctoral researcher involved in the computational data analysis at UChicago and a co-first author on the paper.

The group's results help explain similarities with DNA from mainland European individuals of the Neolithic and Copper Age, such as "Ötzi the Iceman," an almost perfectly preserved, 5,300-year-old human discovered in alpine ice in northern Italy in 1991. Specifically, among modern Europeans, Ötzi's DNA is most similar to modern-day Sardinians. The new study supports the theory that this similarity remains because Sardinia had less turnover of genetic ancestry over time than mainland Europe, which experienced large-scale migrations in the Bronze Age.

The Sheredan same as Nuragic Sardinians doesnt explain the punics/pheonicians and later Steppe additions in the family. however it looks like BA was relately stable in Sardinia but IA started massive new additions from Italy and Oetzi like prior to the BA

[Reozek]

Steppe increase is due to the Roman colonization while the East med likely came with Phoenician or slavery from the East during the Roman period

Inviato dal mio POT-LX1T utilizzando Tapatalk