Eritreans and many Ethiopians are genetically closer to MENAs and West Asians than to most Negroids?

**Zanzibar** · 07-29-2021, 07:37 AM

This seems to be the case. Although certain Sub Saharan groups such as Kikuyu, Bulala, Ethiopian_Mursi and Hadza who become closer to certain Ethiopians than some MENAs, but these Negroids also have Cushitic admixture which is like half Caucasoid which pulls them closer compared to most SSAs.

Note- Mada, Laka are West-Central Africans while Makhuwa and Nyaneka are Bantus from Southern Tanzania/Mozambique and Angola. Kikuyus are Bantus mixed with Cushitic while Bulala, Mursi are Nilo-Saharans with some Cushitic or MENA-like admixture, while Hadza are isolated hunter gatherers from Tanzania. Luhyas, Luos are Bantus and Nilotes from Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania. Mbuti are Pygmies while Khomani are Southern African Bushmen.

Do you find this surprising?

Distance to: Eritrean

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Distance to: Ethiopian_Tigray

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Distance to: Ethiopian_Afar

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Distance to: Ethiopian_Amhara

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Distance to: Ethiopian_Agaw

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Distance to: Ethiopian_Jew

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**Östsvensk** · 07-29-2021, 08:55 AM

Horners are basically 50/50 West Eurasian and Sub-Saharan. They pull closer to North Africans and Near Easterners because 1) the two share the same West Eurasian components and 2) Arab Muslims from MENA, too, have SSA admixture.

**Zanzibar** · 07-29-2021, 09:12 AM

Originally Posted by Östsvensk

Horners are basically 50/50 West Eurasian and Sub-Saharan. They pull closer to North Africans and Near Easterners because 1) the two share the same West Eurasian components and 2) Arab Muslims from MENA, too, have SSA admixture.

I think its mainly Ethiopians who are 50/50 while Somalians are more like 60% SSA and 40% West Eurasian. While Eritreans seem to be closer to 60% West Eurasian and 40% SSA. There was even one Eritrean sample in G25 who was closer to 65% West Eurasian.

What's interesting is that according to the above runs, Eritreans and many Ethiopian groups are also closer to several Caucasians/West Asians such as Armenians, Georgians and even Chechens and even some peripheral Southern Euros such as Maltese and Calabrians than to most Negroids especially West-Central Africans/Bantus.

Could this be because Horn Africans also shared some West Eurasian components with certain Caucasians and some peripheral South Euros that makes them shift closer?

**Andullero** · 07-29-2021, 09:13 AM

They are basically Old World mulattoes, more or less.

**~~Komintasavalta~~** · 07-29-2021, 09:45 AM

Originally Posted by Joqool

This seems to be the case. Although certain Sub Saharan groups such as Kikuyu, Bulala, Ethiopian_Mursi and Hadza who become closer to certain Ethiopians than some MENAs, but these Negroids also have Cushitic admixture which is like half Caucasoid which pulls them closer compared to most SSAs.

Note- Mada, Laka are West-Central Africans while Makhuwa and Nyaneka are Bantus from Southern Tanzania/Mozambique and Angola. Kikuyus are Bantus mixed with Cushitic while Bulala, Mursi are Nilo-Saharans with some Cushitic or MENA-like admixture, while Hadza are isolated hunter gatherers from Tanzania. Luhyas, Luos are Bantus and Nilotes from Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania. Mbuti are Pygmies while Khomani are Southern African Bushmen.

Do you find this surprising?

No way Ethiopians are actually closer to Hadza than to MENAs. Maybe G25 originally didn't have Hadza samples, but the Hadza samples were later projected on a PCA that wasn't able to sufficiently differentiate Hadza from other populations. Or maybe Hadza would only have been differentiated by some PC after PC25. Because G25 has many PCs where Bambutids or Capoids have the most extreme values, but it doesn't have any PC where Hadza are even close to having the most extreme value:

Based on f2 distances between samples in the 1240K+HO dataset, Hadza are even further from Caucasoids than Biaka pygmies or ‡Khomani are:

From the image above, you can also see that Somalis are closer to Yoruba than to any Eurasian population apart from BedouinA (which is from Israel so it's not geographically North African).

Luo are the only Nilotic people included in the run above. Afars have lower SSA ancestry than many other Horners, so they are further from Luo than from any Eurasian population included here. But Somalis have more SSA ancestry, so they are closer to Luo than to any Eurasian population.

**Zanzibar** · 07-29-2021, 11:51 AM

Originally Posted by Komintasavalta

No way Ethiopians are actually closer to Hadza than to MENAs. Maybe G25 originally didn't have Hadza samples, but the Hadza samples were later projected on a PCA that wasn't able to sufficiently differentiate Hadza from other populations. Or maybe Hadza would only have been differentiated by some PC after PC25. Because G25 has many PCs where Bambutids or Capoids have the most extreme values, but it doesn't have any PC where Hadza are even close to having the most extreme value:

Based on f2 distances between samples in the 1240K+HO dataset, Hadza are even further from Caucasoids than Biaka pygmies or ‡Khomani are:

From the image above, you can also see that Somalis are closer to Yoruba than to any Eurasian population apart from BedouinA (which is from Israel so it's not geographically North African).

Luo are the only Nilotic people included in the run above. Afars have lower SSA ancestry than many other Horners, so they are further from Luo than from any Eurasian population included here. But Somalis have more SSA ancestry, so they are closer to Luo than to any Eurasian population.

Actually there are Hadza samples in G25:

Code:

Hadza,-0.5003664,0.0530108,-0.0032432,-0.0024548,0.0010464,-0.0057452,0.0615258,-0.0505364,0.0706426,-0.0641472,-0.009581,-3e-05,-0.0248562,-0.0036058,0.0133004,-0.0189072,0.0198706,0.031647,0.0015588,-0.0074286,-0.005141,0.005886,-0.0020954,-0.0027474,0.0041672

Could it be that the Hadza in 1240K+HO set are drifted? It's peculiar because in G25, Hadza seem to show minor Eurasian (Caucasoid) admixture:

Target: Hadza
Distance: 1.4970% / 0.01497014
65.6 ETH_4500BP
18.6 CMR_Shum_Laka_3000BP
8.8 Dinka
2.8 Levant_Natufian
2.4 TUR_Barcin_N
1.2 IRN_Ganj_Dareh_N
0.6 COG_NgongoMbata_220BP

This is the most SSA and least Western admixed Hadza sample:

Target: Hadza:Bar08
Distance: 2.1142% / 0.02114210
67.2 ETH_4500BP
14.0 CMR_Shum_Laka_3000BP
8.8 COG_NgongoMbata_220BP
4.4 Dinka
2.6 TUR_Barcin_N
2.2 Levant_Natufian
0.4 Han
0.4 Jarawa

You should also add Dinka or Sudanese to the run. They are predominantly Nilotic with some West-Central African ancestry but no West Eurasian. Meanwhile Luo are so heavily mixed with Bantus that they are now mostly West-Central African with significant Nilotic admixture.

I wonder if the Nubians or Bejas who are Northern Cushites from Sudan will even be more Caucasoid than Eritreans.

Eritreans in G25 seem to be around 60-61% Caucasoid and 39-40% SSA.

Target: Eritrean
Distance: 4.2192% / 0.04219210
52.6 Levant_Natufian
39.0 Dinka
5.6 Levant_PPNB
1.8 GEO_CHG
1.0 IRN_Ganj_Dareh_N

And even one Eritrean sample in G25 was around 65% Caucasoid and 35% SSA.

Target: Eritrean:Eritrean_2
Distance: 4.3819% / 0.04381933
53.2 Levant_Natufian
34.6 Dinka
7.6 Levant_PPNB
4.2 GEO_CHG
0.4 IRN_Ganj_Dareh_N

The fits are bad, but I think it is because that Horners have some genetic drift. I need to add KEN_Pastoral_N (which contains both SSA and West Eurasian) into the run to improve the fits.

Target: Eritrean
Distance: 1.9172% / 0.01917154
63.2 KEN_Pastoral_N
18.6 Levant_Natufian
9.6 Levant_PPNB
4.6 Dinka
4.0 IRN_Ganj_Dareh_N

Target: Eritrean:Eritrean_2
Distance: 2.6235% / 0.02623544
58.0 KEN_Pastoral_N
21.0 Levant_Natufian
12.4 Levant_PPNB
4.4 IRN_Ganj_Dareh_N
3.0 Dinka
1.0 Yamnaya_RUS_Samara
0.2 GEO_CHG

It makes sense that Somalians are closer to SSAs than to Eurasians due to higher African blood than Eritreans and Ethiopians.

**~~Komintasavalta~~** · 07-29-2021, 04:08 PM

Originally Posted by Joqool

I think its mainly Ethiopians who are 50/50 while Somalians are more like 60% SSA and 40% West Eurasian. While Eritreans seem to be closer to 60% West Eurasian and 40% SSA. There was even one Eritrean sample in G25 who was closer to 65% West Eurasian.

In the G25 model below, Somalis and Oromo and Wolayta are all modeled as between 50 and 60 percent Dinka. They got around 5 percentage points lower SSA ancestry when I used Bantu_Kenya instead of Dinka as the SSA source.

In a global ADMIXTURE run with 3 components, Somalis got 55% of the SSA component. Only Capoid-Bambutids and South African Bantu mixed with Khoisan got 100% of the SSA component, but if I wouldn't have included them in the run, it would have slightly increased the amount of SSA ancestry in mainstream SSAs. Hadza got 4% of the Mongoloid component, which maybe means that they have undifferentiated Eurasian ancestry, or that they have ancestry related to the East African branch that was ancestral to Eurasians, or that they share a part of their non-Capoid-non-Bambutid ancestry with Mongoloids. Even some Bantu got 1% of the Mongoloid component in this run, which might be because of the latter reason. This shows all populations from the run with 10% or more of the SSA component:

100 0 0 Mbuti
100 0 0 Khomani_San
100 0 0 Ju_hoan_North
100 0 0 Biaka
100 0 0 BantuSA
99 1 1 Namibia_Bantu_Herero
99 1 1 Malawi_Chewa
99 0 1 Esan
99 0 0 YRI
99 0 0 MSL
99 0 0 ESN
98 1 1 Yoruba
98 1 1 Mende
98 1 1 Malawi_Yao
98 1 1 Malawi_Tumbuka
98 1 1 Malawi_Ngoni
98 0 2 BantuSA_Ovambo
97 2 0 GWD
96 3 1 Mandenka
95 5 1 Luo
95 4 1 BantuKenya
94 5 1 LWK
93 6 1 Luhya
92 8 0 Gambian
91 9 0 Khomani
90 8 2 Dinka
90 10 0 ACB
84 12 4 Hadza1
80 19 1 Kikuyu
78 21 1 ASW
78 20 1 AA
72 27 2 Masai
66 32 2 Datog
55 44 1 Somali
45 55 1 Jew_Ethiopian
45 54 1 Afar
41 59 0 Eritrea
29 68 3 Yemeni_Desert2
24 76 0 Saharawi
24 76 0 Moroccan
23 77 0 Mozabite
23 77 0 Burbur
22 78 0 Algerian
21 79 0 Tunisian
21 78 1 Yemeni_Highlands_Raymah
19 81 0 Shaigi
18 81 0 Libyan
17 83 0 Ain_Touta
17 81 2 Yemeni
17 19 64 Papuan
14 86 0 Egyptian
14 74 12 PUR
13 23 64 Australian
11 34 56 PEL_SomeAfrican
10 90 0 BedouinA
10 89 0 Yemeni_Highlands
10 18 71 Nasioi

Originally Posted by Joqool

Could it be that the Hadza in 1240K+HO set are drifted? It's peculiar because in G25, Hadza seem to show minor Eurasian (Caucasoid) admixture:

I think Hadza just represent one of the major human races. Even humanphenotypes.net says that the Hadza type is "Very distinct from any other type in the world and has probably long been isolated."

In a paper from 2018 titled "Genetic Ancestry of Hadza and Sandawe Peoples Reveals Ancient Population Structure in Africa", Hadza had an FST distance of around .1 or more to every other African population group (https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/10/3/875/4935243, Table 2):

FST distance to Hadza:
.096 Nilo-Saharan
.099 Eastern and Southern Bantu
.099 Western Niger-Congo
.101 Omotic
.108 Western Pygmy
.110 Sandawe
.114 Berber
.122 Eastern Pygmy
.122 Khoisan
.125 Cushitic
.129 Arabian

The same paper estimated that Hadza split off from Niger-Congo and Nilo-Safaran Africans before Eurasians did:

We estimated divergence times of ∼98,000 to ∼96,000 years for Hadza ancestry from Eastern Pygmy and Khoisan ancestries, respectively, followed by divergence times of ∼89,000 and ∼88,000 years for Western Pygmy and Sandawe ancestries, respectively, and then followed by divergence times of ∼81,000 to 76,000 years for Arabian, Berber, eastern and southern Bantu-speaking, Nilo-Saharan, and Western Niger-Congo ancestries (table 3). These divergence times are all before Out-of-Africa, and therefore support early divergence of Hadza ancestry. In contrast, we estimated divergence times for Sandawe ancestry of ∼55,000–34,000 years (table 3).

Also Hadza have more Y-DNA B and less E1b1, but Sandawe have more E1b1 and less B:

In the Hadza population, the distribution of Y chromosomes includes mostly B2 haplogroups, with a smaller number of E1b1a haplogroups, which are common in Niger-Congo-speaking populations, and E1b1b haplogroups, which are common in Cushitic populations (Tishkoff et al. 2007). In the Sandawe population, E1b1a and E1b1b haplogroups are more common, with lower frequencies of B2 and A3b2 haplogroups (Tishkoff et al. 2007). Using autosomal data, Tishkoff et al. (2009) concluded that the Hadza population had ∼72% ancestry distantly related to Khoisan and Pygmy ancestries, with ∼22% Niger-Congo ancestry and ∼6% Cushitic ancestry.

Originally Posted by Joqool

You should also add Dinka or Sudanese to the run. They are predominantly Nilotic with some West-Central African ancestry but no West Eurasian. Meanwhile Luo are so heavily mixed with Bantus that they are now mostly West-Central African with significant Nilotic admixture.

Oh yeah, you're right, Luo even look like Bantu. On G25, they're slightly closer to Yoruba than to Dinka or Mursi.

1240K+HO has one Dinka sample, and there's some samples of Shaigiya (who are Arabized Nubians from Northern Sudan), but otherwise it's missing samples from Sudan. There's also no samples from the SNNPR of Ethiopia (Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region), even though G25 includes Mursi from the SNNPR.

I guess I'll have to start merging datasets instead of just relying on 1240K+HO.

**~~Komintasavalta~~** · 07-29-2021, 06:39 PM

Here's an ADMIXTURE run of African samples in 1240K+HO. Now Somalis have on average 55% of the North African component, but the North African component is of course not fully Caucasoid.

Dinka have 77% of the of the Niger-Congo component, 13% of the North African component, and 9% of the Capoid-Bambutid component.

**Thunder_shock** · 07-30-2021, 12:43 AM

Originally Posted by Komintasavalta

Here's an ADMIXTURE run of African samples in 1240K+HO. Now Somalis have on average 55% of the North African component, but the North African component is of course not fully Caucasoid.

Dinka have 77% of the of the Niger-Congo component, 13% of the North African component, and 9% of the Capoid-Bambutid component.

How do the dinka have north african component in that run when they dont have any eurasian admixture?

**~~Komintasavalta~~** · 07-30-2021, 01:43 AM

Originally Posted by Thunder_shock

How do the dinka have north african component in that run when they dont have any eurasian admixture?

Dinka share some alleles with North Africans but not with West Africans, because both Dinka and North Africans lack drift that is specific to West Africans. Also Eurasians are derived from East Africans, so Dinka and North Africans have millennia of shared drift that is missing from West Africans.

For similar reasons, in the K=2 run Yoruba got 7% of the North African component (and they would've gotten even more if the run would've included more Capoid-Bambutid samples):

0 100 Canary_Islander
0 100 Jew_Moroccan
0 100 Jew_Tunisian
1 99 Egyptian
3 97 Libyan
3 97 Mozabite
5 95 Algerian
5 95 Tunisian
7 93 Saharawi
10 90 Moroccan
27 73 Eritrea
31 69 Afar
31 69 Jew_Ethiopian
41 59 Somali
53 47 Datog
59 41 Masai
71 29 Kikuyu
72 28 African_American
76 24 Hadza1
80 20 Afro_Caribbean
80 20 Dinka
87 13 Luhya
87 13 Luhya_Kenya_Webuye
87 13 Luo
88 12 BantuKenya
89 11 Gambian
89 11 Mandenka
91 9 Gambia_Western_Divisions
91 9 Khomani_San
92 8 Malawi_Chewa
92 8 Malawi_Ngoni
92 8 Malawi_Tumbuka
92 8 Malawi_Yao
93 7 Esan
93 7 Mende
93 7 Namibia_Bantu_Herero
93 7 Yoruba
97 3 BantuSA
100 0 Biaka
100 0 Ju_hoan_North
100 0 Mbuti

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