Y-STR = Y Haplogroup/Paternal Lineage, ***NOT*** SNP

[VikLevaPatel]

See this example: Y_Map_En_Large.jpg mtdna_results_large.jpg

http://www.rootsforreal.com/migrations_en.php
http://www.rootsforreal.com/service_en.php

Choosing the right test

Many of our clients are non-admixed Europeans or European Americans who use the mtDNA and Y-DNA tests to trace their European roots, their personal Stone Age prehistory, and to confirm or revise their genealogical family tree (for example by testing the Y chromosomes of males with the same surname to check whether they are related). However, other groups of clients have specialised requirements, as follows.

Tracing European Roots A mtDNA test or YDNA test can be taken if you are interested in tracing European ancestry in your maternal or paternal lineage. An example of some of the reasons you might select these ancestry test is to trace British ancestry, Scottish ancestry, Welsh ancestry, Irish ancestry or Viking ancestry.

[VikLevaPatel]

See this example: Y_Map_En_Large.jpg mtdna_results_large.jpg

http://www.rootsforreal.com/migrations_en.php
http://www.rootsforreal.com/service_en.php

Choosing the right test

Many of our clients are non-admixed Europeans or European Americans who use the mtDNA and Y-DNA tests to trace their European roots, their personal Stone Age prehistory, and to confirm or revise their genealogical family tree (for example by testing the Y chromosomes of males with the same surname to check whether they are related). However, other groups of clients have specialised requirements, as follows.

Tracing European Roots A mtDNA test or YDNA test can be taken if you are interested in tracing European ancestry in your maternal or paternal lineage. An example of some of the reasons you might select these ancestry test is to trace British ancestry, Scottish ancestry, Welsh ancestry, Irish ancestry or Viking ancestry.

[VikLevaPatel]

See this example: Y_Map_En_Large.jpg mtdna_results_large.jpg

As my own experience clearly shows, one cannot simply rely upon SNP ("snip") test results to determine or identify their haplogroup.

http://www.rootsforreal.com/migrations_en.php
http://www.rootsforreal.com/service_en.php

Choosing the right test

Many of our clients are non-admixed Europeans or European Americans who use the mtDNA and Y-DNA tests to trace their European roots, their personal Stone Age prehistory, and to confirm or revise their genealogical family tree (for example by testing the Y chromosomes of males with the same surname to check whether they are related). However, other groups of clients have specialised requirements, as follows.

Tracing European Roots A mtDNA test or YDNA test can be taken if you are interested in tracing European ancestry in your maternal or paternal lineage. An example of some of the reasons you might select these ancestry test is to trace British ancestry, Scottish ancestry, Welsh ancestry, Irish ancestry or Viking ancestry.

https://archive.md/LqN4z#selection-2059.0-2059.7

[Mont]

https://isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_YDNA_SNP_Index.html

[VikLevaPatel]

Y-chromosomal short tandem repeats (Y-STRs) are useful in understanding population substructures and reveal the patrilineal affinities among populations. In addition to playing an instrumental role in elucidating human population history, Y-STR markers were also widely used to study patrilineal diversity in various populations.

Interestingly, comparison with 129 worldwide populations showed genetic affinity of the Indian populations with few populations from Europe and Levantine. This study presents the first pan-Indian landscape of 23 Y-STRs and serves as a useful resource for construction of an Indian Y-STR database.

https://archive.md/6BMK4#selection-961.867-961.1163

[VikLevaPatel]

Tracing Human Origins

Y chromosome (Y-DNA) and mitochondrial DNA (MT-DNA) studies have been used to support ideas about modern human origins. These DNA technologies exploit two types of genetic markers: the short tandem repeats (STRs), and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The STRs are found on the Y chromosome (Y-STRs) and used exclusively for tracing male lines of heredity. The SNPs are found on the Y chromosome and in MT-DNA. They are used to trace male and female lines of heredity.

Y-DNA tests are available only for men. Short tandem repeats (STRs) or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the Y chromosome are assessed. Because Y-DNA haplogroups are closely linked to geography and populations, they are important genetic indicators to trace paternal lineages and their ancient origins.

https://archive.md/Ofw0C#selection-1417.0-1417.311

[VikLevaPatel]

Convergence of Y chromosome STR haplotypes from different SNP haplogroups compromises accuracy of haplogroup prediction

Short tandem repeats (STRs) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are two kinds of commonly used markers in Y chromosome studies of forensic and population genetics. There has been increasing interest in the cost saving strategy by using the STR haplotypes to predict SNP haplogroups. However, the convergence of Y chromosome STR haplotypes from different haplogroups might compromise the accuracy of haplogroup prediction. Here, we compared the worldwide Y chromosome lineages at both haplogroup level and haplotype level to search for the possible haplotype similarities among haplogroups. The similar haplotypes between haplogroups B and I2, C1 and E1b1b1, C2 and E1b1a1, H1 and J, L and O3a2c1, O1a and N, O3a1c and O3a2b, and M1 and O3a2 have been found, and those similarities reduce the accuracy of prediction.

arXiv:1310.5413

[VikLevaPatel]

Genetic analysis of uniparental and autosomal markers in human populations by F Brisighelli

One of the most interesting Y chromosome characteristics is its way of inheritance: it only passes from father to son, and so, it is male specific. The recombination absence practically in all the chromosome allows to pass from one generation to the other like an identical haplotipic block. Mutation is the unique way producing haplotipic diversification, being this process exclusively intra-allelic. In addition, using low mutation rate polymorphisms, like SNPs, a philogeny could be easily reconstructed. It is necessary to clarify, due to its inheritance form, that the effective Y chromosome population size is four times lower than any autosomal chromosome and three times smaller than X chromosome. The reason is that each couple descendant can inherit 4 possible autosomal chromosomes (two from the father and two from the mother) and 3 possible X chromosomes (two from the mother and one from the father), whereas for the Y chromosome there is only one possibility (the father Y chromosome), in case of having a male progeny (Jobling and Tyler-Smith 1995). This Y chromosome reduced size, makes it more susceptible to undergo the effects of the genetic drift, bringing random changes in the haplotipic frequencies from one generation to the other, speeding up in that way the chromosome groups differentiation between different populations.

Even if SNPs, singularly, are less informative than others more frequently used genetic markers, they are abundant and spread in all the genome, with a great automatization potential.

The number of repetitions of an STR can vary among individuals (the most interesting are the ones having between 10 and 30 repetitions), reason why they turn into a very interesting tool in human identification. Basically the Y-STRs are used with 2 purposes (Kayser et al. 2004): first to distinguish lineages, in this case the number of markers and their variability will determine the discrimination level, and then to provide correlation informations between lineages. In evolutionary studies up to 16 Y-STRs are used, and in some populations the majority of the individuals share the same 16 Y-STRs haplotype (Hedman et al. 2004; Zerjal et al. 2003). In exceptional cases, also father and son can differ in their Y-STRs haplotype because of a mutational event (Kayser et al. 2000). That possibility must be considered in statistical calculations in forensic and paternity cases (Kayser and Sajantila 2001; Rolf et al. 2001). In order to have reliable results, it is important to use a great number of microsatellites and to know their haplotypic frequencies, as well as the mutational characteristics of each locus (Stumpf and Goldstein 2001).

Nowadays, 600 Y chromosome SNPs are approximately described and added to the phylogenetic tree, and so a few readjustments were taken when naming certain haplogroups (Karafet et al. 2008); in addition, due to the great number of branches generated by the new Y-SNPs, the size of the tree also increased considerably.

The methods used to date the Y chromosome haplogroups phylogenetic order consider the Y STRs diversity within each lineage. The SNPs are rare or unique evolutionary events, that generate male/paternal lineages with which we can study the STRs variability accumulating during the time.

The Y-SNPs are mainly used in molecular anthropology for evolutionary studies. Nevertheless, although they present an inferior discriminatory power respect STRs, they offer great advantages especially in the forensic routine. Although Y-STRs are the election markers in these cases, Y-SNPs are the markers used in complicated cases with masculine and feminine admixture, for the utility of the complementary informations provided (Sánchez et al. 2004).

[VikLevaPatel]

While historical documents may be lost, falsified, or written to be purposely misleading, DNA is what it is—chemical molecules in each and every cell of one’s body. Properly collected, analyzed, and compared to other samples, DNA does not lie.

https://archive.is/60zWG#selection-643.242-643.485

Essentially, genealogists do not see a lot of value in "deep ancestry" testing. If you go back far enough in time, either everyone is related to the ancient ancestor or no one is. In other words, if the ancient ancestor had a lot of children everyone in the world is probably related to them at least a little.

The ancient samples do not represent true "reference populations" like the ones 23andMe or Ancestry use to create a DNA ethnicity estimate.

https://archive.is/QSgvX

Typically, most Y-DNA tests taken by genetic genealogists are either STR or SNP tests. SNPs are not as variable as STRs, but you can test a lot more of them.

Genetic studies have traditionally combined Y-chromosomal SNPs and short tandem repeats (STRs)....because of the high mutation rate of Y-STRs, ancient SNP-defined lineages (for example, >10 000 years old) can present highly homoplasic phylogeographic networks...

https://archive.is/sRhMU

Results from five DNA ancestry tests vary widely

To compare results with other men and their paternal lines, testing of STR-markers (microsatelite) is needed. These STR-tests are used to find matches with other men in the same direct paternal line.

https://archive.is/HRZlv#selection-1057.0-1065.118

SNPs can be tested to define haplogroup and sub-group (subclade). This is about “deep ancestry”, the antropological perspective. At the same time it is helpful for genealogy testing, as you need to be in the same subclade to have a common direct paternal ancestor (within appr 1000 years). There are hundreds of new SNPs discovered every year...

https://archive.is/HRZlv#selection-1201.0-1205.251

Matches at Y12, meaning another person have 12 STR-markers identical to you means:
common ancestor could have lived thousands of years ago
you have established having a common direct paternal ancestor

Match at 37 STR-markers:
you will probably have a common ancestor within 16 generations
common direct ancestor can still be several hundred years back

Match at 67 STR-markers:
FTDNA estimates it to be over 90% certain that you share a common ancestor within 12 generations
common ancestor can be anywhere from quite recent to a few hundred years back, hopefully within the genealogical timeframe and written sources

https://archive.is/HRZlv#selection-1129.0-1183.142

[VikLevaPatel]

Soc. Sci. Social Sciences 2076-0760 MDPI 10.3390/socsci10060232 socsci-10-00232 Article Challenging the Fundamental Premise of White Supremacy: DNA Documents the Jewish Origins of the New England Colony Hirschman Elizabeth C. Parton Nigel Academic Editor Department of Business and Economics, University of Virginia-Wise, Wise, VA 24293, USA

In 2000, Family Tree DNA (FTDNA.com, accessed multiple times from 8 January to 23 April 2021) became the first company offering genealogical DNA testing for ancestry research. Since then, several other companies have begun offering these services. In 2019, new genealogical analysis tools were developed; these included auto-clusters (visually grouping persons with matching DNA markers into clusters) and family tree theories (suggesting possible relationships between DNA matches by combining several family trees as well as global phylogenetic trees). This new technology permits users to track the genetic evolution of their ancestry in a fine-grained manner; one’s ancestors’ paths across both time and space can now be viewed, sometimes to within a few hundred years. Presently, it is estimated that the major genealogical testing companies have accumulated about 26 million DNA profiles (FTDNA.com). Most companies have posted their test results on multiple commercial sites, giving users at each one access to all data collected globally.

A genealogical DNA test is performed on a sample provided by the individual. After following the kit instructions on how to collect the sample, the user returns it for analysis. The sample is then processed using a technology known as DNA microarray to obtain the genetic information requested by the consumer (Bettinger and Wayne 2016).

In the present study, we use only male DNA samples, as the MtDNA lineages available for the Massachusetts Bay settlers had inadequate lineage tracing. The Y-Chromosome is one of the 23rd pair of human chromosomes. Only males have a Y-chromosome, because women have two X chromosomes in their 23rd pair. A man’s test results may be compared to another man’s results to determine the time frame in which the two individuals may have shared a most recent common ancestor (MRCA) in their direct paternal line (Bettinger and Wayne 2016). There are two types of paternal DNA testing: STR and SNP.

The most common type of testing is performed using STR (short tandem repeat) markers. A certain section of DNA is examined for a pattern that repeats basic chemical components of the DNA. The number of times it repeats is the value of the marker. Typical tests examine between 12 and 111 STR markers. STRs mutate fairly frequently, which permits different branches of paternal ancestry to be charted. The results of two individuals can then be compared to see how closely they are related. DNA testing companies usually provide an estimate of how closely related two people are, in terms of generations or years, based on the differences between their results (Bettinger and Wayne 2016).

A person’s male ancestral haplogroup can often be inferred from STR results but can be proven only with a Y-chromosome SNP test (Y-SNP test). A single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is a change to a single nucleotide in a DNA sequence. Typical Y-DNA SNP tests examine about 20,000 to 35,000 SNPs. Getting an SNP test allows a much higher resolution of one’s male ancestry than STRs. It can also be used to provide additional information about the relationship between two individuals across time and to confirm one’s ancestral haplogroup.

https://archive.is/60zWG#selection-647.0-685.663