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A total of 32 Y-chromosomal markers in 560 North Indian males collected from three higher caste groups (Brahmins, Chaturvedis and Bhargavas) and two Muslims groups (Shia and Sunni) were genotyped. Three distinct lineages were revealed based upon 13 haplogroups. The first was a Central Asian lineage harbouring haplogroups R1 and R2. The second lineage was of Middle-Eastern origin represented by haplogroups J2*, Shia-specific E1b1b1, and to some extent G* and L*. The third was the indigenous Indian Y-lineage represented by haplogroups H1*, F*, C* and O*. Haplogroup E1b1b1 was observed in Shias only. The results revealed that a substantial part of today’s North Indian paternal gene pool was contributed by Central Asian lineages who are Indo-European speakers, suggesting that extant Indian caste groups are primarily the descendants of Indo-European migrants. The presence of haplogroup E in Shias, first reported in this study, suggests a genetic distinction between the two Indo Muslim sects. The findings of the present study provide insights into prehistoric and early historic patterns of migration into India and the evolution of Indian populations in recent history.
Ann Hum Biol. 2009 Jan–Feb; 36(1): 46–59.
doi: 10.1080/03014460802558522
https://archive.is/KQ4MK#selection-945.0-965.148India occupies a unique stage in human population evolution because one of the early waves of migration of modern humans was out of Africa, through West Asia, into India (Cann 2001). More recently, about 15 000–10 000 years before present (ybp), when agriculture developed in the Fertile Crescent region that extended from Israel through Northern Syria to Western Iran, there was an eastward wave of human migration (Renfrew 1989; Cavalli-Sforza et al. 1994). It has been postulated that this wave brought the Dravidian language into India (Renfrew 1989). Subsequently, the Indo-European (Aryan) language was introduced into India from the Iranian plateau approximately 4000–3000 ybp, where this language was probably brought by pastoral nomads from the Central Asian steppes (Renfrew 1989). Therefore, linguistic evidence suggests that West Asia and Central Asia were two major geographical sources contributing to the Indian gene pool.
https://archive.is/KQ4MK#selection-969.0-981.209Indian society predominantly revolves around the concept of caste, or the Caste System, a strong socio-cultural conglomerate of traditions that have created and maintained a great number of hierarchically arranged endogamous groups (Bamshad et al. 2001). This unique social system exists only in India. One impact of the system is that a person’s fate, including even the choice of marriage partner, is largely determined at his/her birth. The Hindu caste system plays a major role in social and economic organization of the Indian population. In this system, the society is divided into four broad castes: (from low to high) Sudras, Vaishyas, Kshatriyas and Brahmins. The rules that generally prevent marriages between castes may have contributed to population substructure and the pattern of genetic diversity.
Another important feature in Indian population history was the occurrence of four separate or distinct waves of migration into the subcontinent (Cordaux et al. 2004): (i) an ancient Palaeolithic migration by modern humans, (ii) an early Neolithic migration, probably via Proto-Dravidian speakers from the eastern horn of the Fertile Crescent, (iii) an influx of Indo-European speakers, and (iv) a migration from East/Southeast Asians, i.e. Tibeto-Burman speakers. In addition to these migrations, India has also experienced colonization by Europeans, which may have also contributed to the ethnic multiplicity. Furthermore, it has been reported (Cordaux et al. 2004) that the Y lineages of Indian castes are more closely related to Central Asians than to Indian tribal populations, suggesting that Indian caste groups are primarily the descendants of Indo-European migrants.
https://archive.is/KQ4MK#selection-1629.186-1629.339Shia Muslims were distinct from the other populations probably due to the presence of its unique Y-lineage E1b1b1 and the high frequency of haplogroup J2.
The supporting evidence of the Middle East or West Asian migrations in Indian Muslims was demonstrated by the presence of 11.0% of haplogroup E1b1b1 in Shia Muslims.
https://archive.is/KQ4MK#selection-2155.255-2155.501Our results revealed that Shia Muslims are different from Sunnis and other upper caste populations. Our results revealed that Shia Muslims are different from Sunnis and other upper caste populations. They possess a relatively high frequency of the E1b1b1 haplogroup which was not observed in any other population selected for the present study.
Haplogroup R is widely spread in central Asian Turkic-speaking populations and in eastern European Finno-Ugric and Slavic speakers and is less frequent in populations from the Middle East and Sino-Tibetan regions of northern China (Karafet et al. 1999; Underhill et al. 2000). Interestingly, the high frequency of the R1a1★ haplogroup seems to be concentrated around the elevated terrain of central and western Asia. Although haplogroup R1a in Central Asians depicted a low genetic diversity estimate, many researchers (Kivisild et al. 2003; Zerjal et al. 2003) have suggested a recent founder effect or drift that led to the high frequency of R1a in the Southeastern Central Asia. It has also been suggested that R1a might have an independent origin in the Indian subcontinent (Kivisild et al. 2003).
https://www.theapricity.com/forum/sh...=1#post7388636The high level of L1-M76 chromosomes in Vokkaligas suggests an agricultural expansion in the region, while the predominance of R1a1a1b2-Z93 and J2a-M410 lineages in Lingayat indicates gene flow from neighboring south Indian populations and West Asia, respectively.
Migratory routes of paternal lineages of Indian upper caste and Muslim populations: https://archive.is/lgeF1/ec13f60ee8a...b33db5e7f7.jpg
ec13f60ee8a3168f0aa48d60b9c2a2b33db5e7f7.jpg
Global distribution of Y haplogroups: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics...ogy/haplogroup
The members of R1b are believed to be the descendants of the first modern humans who entered Europe, and is now the most common Y haplogroup in Europe. More than half of men of European descent belong to R1b. Haplogroup R1a is currently found in central and western Asia, India, and in Slavic populations of Eastern Europe.
https://archive.is/SJ7mK#selection-667.2-667.325
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