R1a1 in India cuts across language, caste, tribe, and religion

[VikLevaPatel]

R1a1*: ntu.jpg

Separating the post-glacial coancestry of European and Asian Y chromosomes within haplogroup R1a: https://archive.md/8fbyw

Human Y-chromosome haplogroup structure is largely circumscribed by continental boundaries. One notable exception to this general pattern is the young haplogroup R1a that exhibits post-Glacial coalescent times and relates the paternal ancestry of more than 10% of men in a wide geographic area extending from South Asia to Central East Europe and South Siberia. Marker M434 has a low frequency and a late origin in West Asia bearing witness to recent gene flow over the Arabian Sea. Conversely, marker M458 has a significant frequency in Europe, exceeding 30% in its core area in Eastern Europe and comprising up to 70% of all M17 chromosomes present there. The diversity and frequency profiles of M458 suggest its origin during the early Holocene and a subsequent expansion likely related to a number of prehistoric cultural developments in the region. Its primary frequency and diversity distribution correlates well with some of the major Central and East European river basins where settled farming was established before its spread further eastward. Importantly, the virtual absence of M458 chromosomes outside Europe speaks against substantial patrilineal gene flow from East Europe to Asia, including to India, at least since the mid-Holocene.

https://archive.md/x0ZLv

Our results show that Xiaohe settlers carried HgR1a1in paternal lineages, and Hgs H, K, C4, M*in maternal lineages. Though Hg R1a1a is found at highest frequency in both Europe and South Asia, Xiaohe R1a1a more likely originate from Europe because of it not belong to R1a1a-Z93 branch which mainly found in Asians.

https://bmcbiol.biomedcentral.com/ar...-8-15/comments

Dr. Underhill’s research found that R1a had two sub-haplogroups, one found primarily in Europe and the other confined to Central and South Asia.

Ninety-six per cent of the R1a samples in Europe belonged to sub-haplogroup Z282, while 98.4% of the Central and South Asian R1a lineages belonged to sub-haplogroup Z93.

Dr. Underhill’s research showed that within the Z93 that is predominant in India, there is a further splintering into multiple branches.

So in a nutshell: R1a is distributed all over Europe, Central Asia and South Asia; its sub-group Z282 is distributed only in Europe while another subgroup Z93 is distributed only in parts of Central Asia and South Asia; and three major subgroups of Z93 are distributed only in India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and the Himalayas.

https://archive.md/nv7SQ#selection-1371.491-1375.325

[Sagez]

Very loose speculation. Could higher frequencies of R1a explain why Punjabi's are taller compared to other Indian groups?

[VikLevaPatel]

R1a1*: ntu.jpg

Y-chromosome haplogroups G, J, L1, L3, Q, R1 and R2 seem to have entered South Asia more recently in the early to mid-Holocene from a West Eurasian source.

https://archive.md/FHYfF#selection-2099.347-2103.91

Multidimensional Scaling Plot of 36 Eurasian Populations Based on Fst Distances: Multidimensional-Scaling-Plot-of-36-Eurasian-Populations-Based-on-Fst-Distances-The.png

Although a large scale Aryan invasion theory has been discredited (Thapar 2008; Sharma et al. 2009), many smaller historic migrations from the west have not yet been ruled out (Bryant and Patton 2005; Underhill et al. 2010; 2015).

Apart from geographical and linguistic divisions, the Indian population has been diversified by caste and religion with a variable degree of endogamy. There is also a very high report of consanguinity in some communities, resulting in genetic disorders in clusters with founder mutations. Among the reported genetic disorders in India, Down syndrome, thalassemia, hemophilia, and muscular dystrophy are the most frequent in urban areas.

The Indian sub-continent is best known as a natural genetic laboratory, having its own coexisting and interacting socio-culturally, linguistically, ethnically and genetically diversified endogamous population in a geographical terrain (Rajkumar and Kashyap, 2004). This has led to each population having accumulated uniqueness at genomic level that is reflected in terms of variations in the genome and has contributed to the genomic diversity of Indian populations.

The Y chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) of some Gujarati males has haplogroup R1a, specifically R-L657 (the L657 subclade). Other has R-Y874 (the Y874 subclade of R1a1a1) which also found in Telugu people. Other common finding is haplogroup J2b2 (J-M241). The SNP mutation referred to as Y951 is also found in Gujarati people as well as Punjabis. The haplogroup C-M356 (C1b, previously called C5a, within which C-P92 is a subclade defined by the P92 mutation) is also found among some Gujarati people.

https://archive.md/AW0pK#selection-1197.0-1217.238

R1a origins in Gujarat

Following the 2010 discovery that the oldest strain of the R1a1a branch was concentrated in the Gujarat-Sindh-Western Rajasthan region, it has been suggested that this location may have been the origin of this genetic group. The genetic similarities between North Indians and Eastern Europeans are possibly due to having a common ancestor. R1b, the most common haplogroup in Western Europe, has a relatively low concentration in India, and it possibly originated in the Persian Gulf. It is possible that these haplogroups originated from two major genetic dispersals from the Persian Gulf-Makran-Gujarat region.

https://archive.md/AW0pK#selection-1253.0-1319.4

This paper explores the evidence that the Sindhu-Saraswati Civilization which was indigenous and continues as today's Hindu civilization.

The colonial dictum of Hitler's Nazi MAIT (Myth of Aryan Invasion Theory) that tribal groups are the original inhabitants while upper castes descended from Nazi Indo-Europeans is just a Nazi myth, and archaeogenetics has already done away with Indo-Europeans as a definable genetic unit. Further, new genetic evidence based on my DNA profile clearly points to the same conclusion that the genotype (race) has nothing to do with the language.

https://archive.md/2zNro#selection-1549.9-1549.421

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/...g_tbl1_8393271
https://www.researchgate.net/publica..._global_groups
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/...e_fig2_7611678
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/..._tbl1_23807400

[VikLevaPatel]

The occurrence of Y-chromosome haplogroups L, H, R2, and R1a in both caste and isolated tribal populations suggests much of the existing Indian population structure is very old. Additionally, the high diversity of Y haplogroups R1a1 and R2 in both South Indian and Indus valley populations has led to the suggestion that there is little, if any, genetic influence from other Eurasians on the castes of South India.

https://archive.md/4RBup#selection-1213.3-1221.2

Watkins, W., Thara, R., Mowry, B. et al. Genetic variation in South Indian castes: evidence from Y-chromosome, mitochondrial, and autosomal polymorphisms. BMC Genet 9, 86 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2156-9-86

Most recently Sengupta et al. (2006) have confirmed R1a's diverse presence including even Indian tribal and lower castes (the so-called untouchables) and populations not part of the caste system. From the diversity and distinctiveness of microsatellite Y-STR variation they conclude that there must have been an independent R1a1 population in India dating back to a much earlier expansion than the Indo-Aryan migration.

The high frequency and STR diversity of haplogroup R2 in Indians corroborates its Indian origin. It has also been reported in Iran and Central Asia with marginal frequency, which more likely suggests a recent migration from India. It is present at high frequency (53%) among Gypsies of Uzbekistan, known to have historically migrated out from India. Interestingly, this haplogroup is absent or infrequent among Gypsies of Europe whose predominant Y chromosome haplogroup is H.

Most Indian communities trace their origin back along the male ‘gothra’ or clan, which is often the basis of endogamous marriage networks. It is notable that the gothra system exists in caste as well as in tribal populations. The majority of Y gene pool of South Asia contains haplogroups C, H, J, R1a, R2, L, and O2a. The high STR variance and widespread nature in Indian subcontinent of haplogroups C5, F*, H, R2 and L1 has usually been considered of indicative to their indigenous origins in the subcontinent.

A few studies have suggested haplogroup R1a, with its wide geographic spread including Eastern Europe and Central Asia, as a potential marker of the Indo-Aryan invasion that introduced the caste system to India, as the frequency of this haplogroup was found to be specifically higher among the caste groups. Several other papers, however, have argued against such a simple, essentially single alpha-male lineage initiated migration scenario, which receives no significant support from the maternally-inherited gene tree. The higher variance of STRs in the Indian R1a lineages as compared to those from Central Asia further weakens such a scenario, implying a strong founder effect. However, the current lack of sufficient SNP marker resolution makes it difficult to infer the geographic origin of haplogroup R1a.

Language shift is a cultural process in which an expanding population changes their language of that of a surrounding population with only a minor contribution of that population genes. This process makes for discordance between languages and genes and that largely hampers the journey of gene with language. An important process that has shaped the present (spatial) distribution of languages in South Asia is language shift by indigenous populations.

BioEssays 29:91–100, 2007.

http://evolutsioon.ebc.ee/MAIT/pdf/bioessays.pdf

In an earlier paper in 2003, Kivisilid and others had already noted that the M17 marker was oldest in south Asia, and that it was present in high frequencies among Dravidian language speaking Indian tribal groups such as Chenchus, Valmikis from Andhra Pradesh and Kallar tribals of Tamil Nadu. Genetic studies have also discovered that genes found among Indians are are among the oldest in the world. In a study of mDNA inherited from the mother Kivisilid and colleagues note that that a component called the haplogroup M “was brought to Asia from East Africa, along the southern route, by the earliest migration wave of anatomically modern humans, 60,000 years ago”. Meanwhile the study also notes that Indians totally lack a certain gene (that serves as protection against HIV infection) that is commonly found in Europe, central and west Asia. Another finding was remarkable one of male inherited Y chromosome markers that could be linked to the patrilineal “gotra” system of India among both tribals and high caste populations, disproving the idea that gotras were created as part of the caste system by invading Aryan speakers of Indo-European languages from Europe.

A 2009 study by Sharma and others took the genetic studies relating to Indians to a new level. It was found that the M17 sub group of R1a most probably originated among an Brahmin (upper caste) group in India and was not brought in from outside. But even among the lower caste groups the age of the sub group R1a was much older than the age of the same sub group in central Asians and Eurasians. A research study of genes of south Indians in Tamil Nadu in the extreme south of India was done by Arun Kumar and colleagues and published in 2012. The study showed that genes shared between caste Brahmins and among tribal people dated back to a period far earlier than the time frame stated by the hypothetical migration of Brahmins carrying European genes to South India. The study concludes "The study populations from Tamil Nadu were characterized by an overwhelming proportion of Y-chromosomal lineages that likely originated within India, suggesting a low genetic influence from western Eurasian migrations in the last 10 Kya."

Furthermore the research study by the Sharma group referred to earlier study showed that there was no particular difference in gene distribution between upper and lower caste groups in India. In both upper and lower caste groups, genes that were common in central Asians were seen only in low frequencies.

[VikLevaPatel]

Summarized Percent Frequencies of R1b, R1a, I1b* (xM26), E3b1 and J2e

Southeastern Europe (SEE) has traditionally been viewed as a ‘‘bridge’’ (Childe 1958) between the Near East and temperate Europe or as a key area in the process of transition from hunter-gathering to agropastoral, farming societies in Europe (e.g., Ammerman and Cavalli-Sforza 1984; Renfrew 1987; Zvelebil and Lillie 2000).

In Europe, the highest E3b1a variance is among Apulians, Greeks, and Macedonians, and the highest frequency of the cluster is among Albanians, Macedonians, and Greeks.

Recent phylogeographic analyses of Y chromosome E and J haplogroups indicate that southern Europe and the Balkans indeed could have been both the receptors and sources of gene flow during and after the Neolithic (Cruciani et al. 2004; Semino et al. 2004). The STR haplotype diversity of these two haplogroups is considerably younger than that of other Y chromosome haplogroups spread in Europe. Among the latter, haplogroup I, perhaps, most clearly represents the paternal genetic component of the pre-Neolithic Europeans. In contrast to E and J, haplogroup I is virtually absent in Middle East and West Asia (Semino et al. 2000), and two of its major subclades have frequency peaks in northern Balkans and Scandinavia (Rootsi et al. 2004). Semino et al. (2000) and Barac´ et al.(2003)hypothesized that, besides southwest Europe, the northern Balkans could have been another possible Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) refugium and a reservoir of M170.

The age of M17 has been approximated to 15 KYA (Semino et al. 2000; Wells et al. 2001). Kivisild et al. (2003) suggested that southern and western Asia might be the source of R1 and R1a differentiation. Current R1a-M17/SRY-1532 distribution in Europe shows an increasing west-east frequency and variance gradients with peaks among Finno-Ugric and Slavic speakers.

R1b-M173 lineages are considered to trace an Upper Paleolithic migration from West Asia to European regions then occupied by Aurignacian culture (Semino et al. 2000; Underhill et al. 2001; Wells et al. 2001).

The spatial distribution of R1b lineages shows a frequency peak (40%–80%) in western Europe and a decrease in eastern (with the exception of 43% in the Ossetians) and southern Europe, whereas R1b variance shows multiple peaks in West Europe and Asia Minor.

Contemporary Slavic paternal gene pool is characterized by the predominance of R1a and I1b* (xM26) variants as well as the scarcity of E3b1 lineages as a result of the following prehistoric gene flows. First, we envision the post-LGM R1a expansion from eastern to western Europe and second the YD-Holocene I1b* (xM26) diffusion out of the Balkans in addition to subsequent R1a and I1b* (xM26) putative gene flows between eastern Europe and SEE.

https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article...924/msi185.pdf

Klyosov [2009c] found that “R1a1 originates from southern Siberia; mutations M17 / M198 were established there 20,000 years ago.” [cf. Klyosov, Rozanski 2009]. The culture of the Slavs was Milograd culture. On the river Vistula there was a centre of Slavic culture, as the results of recent genetic tests have proved:

”This raises the possibility of a wide and rapid spread of R1a-Z282-related lineages being associated with prevalent Copper and Early Bronze Age societies that ranged from the Rhine River in the west to the Volga River in the east including the Bronze Age Proto-Slavic culture that arose in Central Europe near the Vistula River. It may have been in this cultural context that hg R1aZ282 diversified in Central and Eastern Europe. The corresponding diversification in the Middle East and South Asia is more obscure. However, early urbanization within the Indus Valley also occurred at this time and the geographic distribution of R1a-M780 may reflect this.” [Underhill et al. 2015]

Cynarski W.J., Maciejewska A. — The proto-Slavic warrior in Europe: The Scythians, Sarmatians and Lekhs
“IDO MOVEMENT FOR CULTURE. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology”, Vol. 16, no. 3 (2016)
http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/elemen..._and_Lekhs.pdf

[VikLevaPatel]

Although Y chromosomes are usually examined using a number of genetic markers such as short tandem repeats (STRs), insertion/deletions (in/dels), and point mutations (one or a few nucleotide differences), they are ultimately characterized according to haplogroups or types. Scientists to characterize and compare extant and extinct human populations use these haplogroups as genetic markers. For example, the contemporary Y chromosome haplogroups of the general population of Pakistan are mainly R1a-Z93 (24.4%), J-P209 (15.3%), and L-M20 (13.1%). These three haplogroups represent over 50% of the Y types in Pakistan.

In the Altaic populations, R1a-Z93 is the most abundant haplogroup, with frequencies ranging from 50.0% in the Southern Altaic to 11.8% in the Northern Altaic region. It is possible that these high R1a-Z93 frequencies represent the original migrations from the Near East via Pakistan to the Altaic. This is especially the case in relation to the Southern Altaic, considering the area’s reported genetic affinities to Southwest Asia.14 R1a-Z93 was transported by Bronze Age Indo-Europeans west of the Urals and into the plains and deserts of Central Asia and the metal-rich Altai mountain range.

Thus, it is possible that R1a-Z93 signals an early Neolithic (approximately 12,000 ya) migration from the area of Pakistan into Central Asia and the Altaic. It is interesting that the R-M207, the ancestor haplogroup of R1a-Z93, is also thought to have originated in Southwest Asia, possibly before the LGM during the Late Paleolithic (26,800–34,300 ya).15 In a pertinent investigation, 24,000-year-old remains of a boy (the Mal’ta boy) belonging to haplogroup R-M207 were recovered from an area just east of the Altaic.16 This person was a member of a group of people that hunted big game in North Central Asia extending into Siberia during the Late Paleolithic at a time of extreme glaciation. These studies may suggest that people carrying haplogroup R-M207 were part of the original population of Southwest Asia and Pakistan that migrated to Central Asia. Overall, these results could be interpreted as evidence for two migrations, one early during the Late Paleolithic and a second one more recent, dating to after the LGM from Southwest Asia via Pakistan to North Central Asia and the Altaic.

Surprisingly, when the complete genome (entire DNA) of the 24,000-year-old Mal’ta remains and an additional individual from the Afontova Gora mountains dating to 17,000 ya17 were sequenced (genome-wide analysis), investigators found a surprisingly close affinity between Native Americans and modern-day western Eurasians that specifically link them to the Near East and no connection to contemporary East Asians.

https://archive.md/mjWqX#selection-1621.173-1633.161

https://www.theapricity.com/forum/sh...36#post7364736

[VikLevaPatel]

Genomic view on the peopling of India
Rakesh Tamang & Kumarasamy Thangaraj
Investigative Genetics volume 3, Article number: 20 (2012)

No support for the Aryan invasion
Even though there is a continued debate on the Aryan migration into India, detectable gene flow from west Eurasia has been shown by many studies[13, 16, 23, 24, 30–32, 44, 51, 53]. Interestingly, we have detected gene flow from the west prior to the Aryan invasion[30, 32]. There is now universal agreement that various Indian populations share a common late Pleistocene maternal and paternal ancestry, along with detectable east and west Eurasian ancestries[31, 54]. Using hundreds of thousands of autosomal markers, we illustrated that the Indian populations have two major distinct ancestry components; one restricted to southern India, the second one restricted to the northern region of India[30, 32]. It is noteworthy that both of the ancestry components show higher haplotypic diversity than those predominant in west Eurasia[32]. This rejects the idea of an Aryan invasion/migration and suggests an ancient demographic history and/or higher long-term larger effective population size in India than in west Eurasia.

https://archive.md/LEWA3#selection-1177.0-1245.187

ezgif-5-71bb7756e2a5.jpg

[VikLevaPatel]

Admixture analyses supporting a West Eurasian origin of the Brahmin may be biased due to the high frequencies of R1a1-M17 shared between these populations, as the rest of their Y-chromosomal variation shows little similarity. The recent discovery of new markers within R1a1-M17 has allowed Eastern European Y-lineages to be differentiated from those in Central/South Asia, locating the oldest expansion times with this lineage in Indus Valley populations, suggesting an earlier, possibly autochthonous origin of this HG in South Asia. The highest STR variances for HG R1a1-M17 observed in SC and DLF, along with the lack of population-specific clusters in the R1a1- M17 network and the failure of BATWING to generate a definitive modal tree for this HG, all argue against the introduction of these paternal haplotypes through a single wave of Brahmin (i.e. Indo-Aryan) migration into the region.

Previous studies of Indian populations have grouped and analyzed the genetic data in the light of the Hindu Varna system even though its origin and antiquity are still an ongoing topic of debate. One of the theories that has acquired wide support relates the establishment of the caste system to Indo-Aryan expansions from Western Eurasia into India around 3 Kya. An alternative view would see an earlier Indo-Aryan expansion with an introduction of cereal farming into Pakistan/North India around 8–7 kya. Genetic evidence reported by other studies that support these theories are mainly based on the high frequency of HG R1a1-M17 in Brahmin castes and their closer genetic affinity with West Eurasian populations compared to other Indian non-Brahmin castes and tribes.

https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/vie...=anthro_papers

Arun Kumar, G., Soria-Hernanz, D. F., Kavitha, V., Arun, V., Syama, A., Ashokan, K., Gandhirajan, K., Vijayakumar, K., Narayanan, M., Jayalakshmi, M., Ziegle, J. S., Royyuru, A. K., Parida, L., Wells, R., Renfrew, C., Schurr, T. G., Tyler Smith, C., Platt, D. E., Pitchappan, R., & Genographic Consortium (2012). Population Differentiation of Southern Indian Male Lineages Correlates With Agricultural Expansions Predating the Caste System. PLoS One, 7 (11), e50269. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0050269

[Ayetooey]

Fantastic thread, subscribed. More evidence I, J and N1 carriers are the true Caucasoids. R1 is native to India.

[NSXD60]

In other words: We was Kurgs 'n shit. (Just kidding, it was too easy to pass up.)