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have a lie down Ritchy lad, and remember to take your pills next time
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I have a Germanic build
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"Australian aboriginals related closer to Orangutans"
dear me
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Rich you can run Jbw with black granny.
https://xhamster.com/videos/granny-e...th-bwc-8737415
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I'm young looking and handsome.Originally Posted by E1b1b
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Want me some of that bootylicious jungle juicy booty.
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Relatable
Me after My Heritage estimated me to be 1/8 anglo:
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You are very very average looking and I could look better than you. You are 19 and look 30
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I respost here a complete post with a kind of college work from French National Centre for Scientific Research than i have made in 2019 as a reply for https://www.theapricity.com/forum/sh...ddar-Man/page7 and related to what your describe upper :
cheddar man is an hoax ,a complete hoax,as the first swarthy/black skinned blue eyes fennoscandians ,another complete hoax,it's clearly explained than the first european inhabitants are not negros ,than they're not from africa but from another branch,another eurasian branch,the first native europeans are "whites" and they're from homo neanderthalensis , homo neanderthalensis is "white",we are not from homo sapiens negros but we met and we mix later,we are not from fucking africa,it's an hoax spreaded by the swarthy leftists,and a complete intellectual lie ,a complete intellectual dishonesty spreaded since a while by a lot of aculturated people
Homo
Homo antecessor †
Homo heidelbergensis †
The neanderthals, cousin rehabilitated
30.08.2017, by Yaroslav Pigenet
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Modern representation of a Neanderthal.
SMETEK/SPL/COSMOS
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In may 2016, in the cave of Bruniquel (Tarn-et-Garonne), researchers have dated to 178 000 years old human remains that are the earliest evidence of occupation of the caves by Man, in this case the first Neanderthals. Their discovery challenges the image of the Neanderthal that had prevailed until then, as we explained in this article published in issue 2 of the journal Books of science.
There is just over a year, the publication of a letter1 in the journal Nature caused a stir in the community of prehistorians. The reason for this ? They had been dating for almost 178 000 years of construction clearly of human origin, made from the stalagmites shattered and gathered in the cave of Bruniquel, in the south-west of France. " Suddenly, it was down to about 130 000 years ago the ownership of the underground world by humanity " says Jacques Jaubert, professor of prehistory at the university of Bordeaux within the laboratory Pacea – De la préhistoire ŕ l'actuel : culture, environment and anthropology2 and first author of the discovery. It is true that until then, the oldest visits human use of caves proved to be in Europe dating back to 42 000 years at the maximum, the Chauvet cave and its frescoes are dated to 36 000 years. " This discovery has completely changed our paradigms, because previously, for most specialists, the caves and their exploration were the monopoly of our fellow humans Homo sapiens, continues the researcher. However, the dating obtained proves that the one who has explored and developed Bruniquel may not be that the man of Neanderthal. " Indeed, it is the only member of the human family to have occupied Europe between 450 000 and 40 000 years before today. " The discovery of Bruniquel is exceptional, confirms Bruno Maureille, director of research at the CNRS and a paleoanthropologist at the Pacea. It's opens new perspectives on the behaviour of the Neanderthals. "
They have been under ground and they have arranged the space, it is clearly a collective project.
One might be surprised that scientists are excited to have proven that it has long – and quite disparagingly – called cave man... was indeed a. In truth, Bruniquel demonstrates much more than a simple passing of the Neanderthals in the caves. "You don't realize, unless you are a caver, of the difficulty has to evolve in this world : it is still necessary to walk for more than 300 meters in total darkness, adds Jacques Jaubert. This is not trivial because it implies, in addition to knowing where you are going, to control a lighting system portable. However until now, the remains of the lamps shown were all more recent than 35,000 years. "
Of underground constructions
In addition, and it is likely that the discovery was more spectacular, we showed for the first time on the day of structures and constructions neanderthal underground. " They have been under ground and they have arranged the space, emphasizes the researcher, it is clearly a collective project where people have chosen what stalagmites snatch, were calibrated and used to build structures ring-like perennial. " Jacques Jaubert is careful, however, of any surinterpretation of these achievements : "The items currently at our disposal do not allow us to conjecture as to the motivations of the builders on the real function of these constructions. Home ? Mechanism of retention of water ? Place of worship ? I don't know for the moment. But Bruniquel confirms that more than 130 000 years before the arrival of modern humans, societies neanderthal had developed a level of sophistication that we thought was unique to Homo sapiens. "
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Implementation of a device for measuring the magnetic field in the cave of Bruniquel (Tarn-et-Garonne), where the strange arrangement of stalagmites have been discovered.
E. FABRE/SSAC
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Of all the ancient forms and extinct of humanity, Neanderthal is the first that we have recognized as such, there are more than one hundred and fifty years. She remains the one in which we are most familiar, the one for which we have the largest number of fossils, the one with which we are compared, but also the one on which we have projected our racial prejudices. " The first Neanderthal was pulled out of the earth in 1829 in Engis, Belgium, but it is only much later that it will be identified, says Bruno Maureille. It is thirty years before the publication of on The Origin of species by Darwin, and no one wants to imagine that there could exist a humanity prior to ours, one arranges the fossil because it is not considered as prehistoric. " It is only in 1864, after the study of an incomplete skeleton exhumed in 1856 in the Neander valley near Dusseldorf, that scientists will this time see a new species that they named Homo neanderthalensis. " At this time, many are those who cry to deception, or who do not want to see in this skeleton than a human being malformed says paleoanthropologist Antoine Balzeau, researcher at the laboratory for natural History of the prehistoric Man3. It is the multiplication of the discoveries, to the four corners of Europe, specimens, all sharing the same anatomical features distinctive which will eventually end the controversy. " At the beginning of the XXe century, it is accepted that a humanity prehistoric different from ours have preceded us in Europe.
The origins of its bad reputation
The morphological criteria established more than a century to characterize a Neanderthal remain valid today : a broad chest barrel-shaped, bones more massive and a skull as or larger than ours, a receding forehead, the ridges of bone above the orbits, a face projected in front and a sort of bun bone at the back of the skull.
The neanderthals were seen as a rough draft of modern man, the missing link between ape and man.
Of physical characteristics that, combined with the racial prejudice of the Belle Époque and the fact that we then had very little clue as to his behaviour, have from the outset led to fix this bad image of Neanderthals : a version, badly trimmed, or even bestial, of the modern man. " The rigour and relevance of the anatomical descriptions made by the first paleontologists who defined Homo neanderthalensis contrast with the extrapolations wrong that they have learned about its appearance, its behavior or cognitive skills, note the paleoanthropologist Silvana Condemi, director of research at the laboratory of Anthropology bio-cultural, law, ethics and health4 (Adčs).
This was the result both of their own prejudices about what should be a human species is ancient, that of the linear vision and a finalist that we had then – and that some still have today – human evolution : the Neanderthal was seen as a rough draft of modern man, the missing link between ape and man. " This simplistic idea, which has persisted during the major part of the XXe century, a human lineage including species would be successively replaced as they "progressed" to modern man, has been definitively refuted by the discoveries of the last twenty years. " The representation of human evolution where the australopithecus straightens and turns into Homo habilis , then Homo erectus and finally Homo sapiens owes its popularity to the fact that it is easy to remember and easy to understand, succession Antoine Balzeau. The problem is that we now know today that it is completely false. "
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It is only very recently that has been refuted, the linear representation of the process of human evolution, placing Homo sapiens at the pinnacle and the Neanderthals to the rank backlog of cave-man. In 1909 appeared in The Illustration, this drawing of the Man of The Chapelle-aux-Saints (Neanderthal), reconstructed from its skeleton by Frantisek Kupka helped to Marcellin Boule.
GRANGER NYC/RUE DES ARCHIVES
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The most european of the humanities
Updates on the day of Orrorin tugenensis, from Toumaď, the man of Flores or of Homo naledi have shown that the human family has not evolved according to a lineage, but that it is rather like a bush in which some branches have disappeared suddenly, that others are mixed, and only one, ours, still persists today. It is thus seen that on many occasions, several species of human were simultaneously scattered on the Earth. This has been the case of Neanderthal and Homo sapiens over a period of almost 170 000 years. " Unlike Homo sapiens, that the origin is an african species, the Neanderthal is not happened in Europe. It is differentiated gradually on the spot there are around 600 000 years ago, from a species that is already present on the continent called Homo heidelbergensis – that some of my colleagues did not deem it useful to distinguish Neanderthals, says Silvana Condemi. It occupies the Europe, where he individualizes for a long period, more than 400 000 years, surviving several episodes of glacial and several demographic crises. There are approximately 100 000 years, it comes out of its european cradle to reach the middle East – where it couples with our ancestors coming out of Africa – and Asia, where we find the trace up to Siberia, and where it is crossed with another species of local human revealed by the paléogénétique : the man of Denisova. " The longevity and geographical extension of the species belie a clear hierarchy implied, placing Homo sapiens at the pinnacle, was the Neanderthal a " dud " of evolution. If the Neanderthals have survived half a million years ago, conquering all of the Old World, with the exception of Africa and the Far East, it is that they have long been perfectly adapted to their environment. At least as far as the modern people, who exist for them for less than 200 000 years...
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To the left, the skull of a Homo sapiens (shelter Clumsy). To the right, that of a Neanderthal (site of the Ferrassie). There is a lack of chin and the presence of "bulges" above the orbits.
MNHN/J.-C. DOMENECH
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The new tools are seized by the paleoanthropologists have also contributed much to rehabilitate the Neanderthals. " It has always benefited from the latest scientific advances : for example, it is on him that in the last century, we are going to practise the first x-ray X ! fun Bruno Maureille. We will still be able to experience a major turning point when, in the mid-1990s, the geneticist Svante Pääbo manages to retrieve the DNA of the skeletons of Neanderthals. "
Genetics is come to support what the paleoanthropologists were at an advanced stage, thanks to new imaging techniques : the Neanderthals used probably a language.
Even if some paleoanthropologists contend again, it has allowed to establish that Homo neanderthalensis was indeed a separate species of Homo sapiens, but also that it was close enough to us that its representative(s)have exchanged genes with certain(e)s of our ancestors. These romances point seem to have taken place there are 50 000 to 70 000 years ago in the Near East, and they explain why the genome of populations of eurasian current currently comprises 1% to 4% of genes neanderthals.
Recent work5, led by the geneticist Lluis Quintana-Murci, even indicate that we inherited from the Neanderthals a part of our immune system : a legacy of genetic, which is probably proved invaluable when our species, just out of Africa, became widespread in Europe where it has had to confront new pests and pathogens. Other studies have shown that it also possessed the version of the FOXP2 gene that are known to be involved in the ability to produce articulate language. "The genetics has come to support what the paleoanthropologists are considering already from anatomical analyses provided by new imaging techniques : the Neanderthals used probably a language. Indeed, it appeared that it had the structures that our own species uses to produce and understand language : a os hyoid, which made possible the vocalization, an inner ear capable of perceiving the phonemes and the brain, showing structures similar to those of Broca and Wernicke ", says Silvana Condemi.
The systematic review archaeological evidence at our disposal (see the box below) has finished deconstructing the portrait of the Neanderthals in gross thick. Everything indicates today that the Neanderthals were a very good hunter, capable of hunting small and big game, but he happened also to feed plants and fruit of the sea, he mastered perfectly the fire, as it were buried, sometimes its dead, he could take ownership of the underground spaces, as at Bruniquel, and that he had been able to develop complex technologies to manufacture its tools. Clear evidence of cognitive and manual-advanced : his mastery of the technology known as " Levallois ", a method of cutting of the stone that allows you to predetermine the pieces that we are going to detach from the block of flint in order to get tools of a special form. " The level of dexterity and coordination manual, as well as the capacity of abstraction, conceptualization and planning of the action required to control the Levallois have nothing to envy to those used by modern man to make his own tools ", emphasizes Nicolas Teyssandier, researcher at the laboratory Traces, Works and archaeological research on cultures, spaces and societies6.
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Nucleus Levallois (to the left) and spikes moustériennes flint produced by Neanderthals. The control by the method of the "Levallois" of cutting the stone proves that he had achieved on both the manual and intellectual capacities similar to those of modern man to manufacture his own tools.
MNP, Les Eyzies/P. JUGIE, RMN-Grand Palais (museum of national Archaeology) - J.-G. BERIZZI
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Of societies different from our own ?
But if these two humanities could think as much, several indications seem to show that they thought differently. " In Europe, from the beginning of the upper Palaeolithic, Homo sapiens painted in the caves and he uses more and more often of ornaments. He also begins to use the natural weapons of animals, for example the wood of rennes, to make fearsome spears. The neanderthals were capable of this, but it has not done so, note the researchers. This could indicate a different relation to animals, nature and the world in general. Moreover, the Neanderthals tended to focus on local raw materials, unlike the modern man, who could make use of raw materials the origin of which was several hundred kilometres from their place of use. This argues for the existence of companies with modes of transmission of information, goods and people much more developed in Homo sapiens than in Neanderthals. " An organization's "social" that could have contributed to the extinction of the latter, and promoted the survival of the first. In spite of everything, if the Neanderthals were unquestionably different, there is nothing to say that it was less sophisticated than were our ancestors.
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Excavations in the cave of El Sidron (Spain), where twelve specimens neanderthals related parties have been brought to light.
A. ROSAS
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"Several works, including those of Francesco d'errico, director of research at the Pacea, indicate that Neanderthals also had cosmetic concerns since it was collecting sea shells, talons of an eagle, as well as pigments such as ochre or manganese ", says Bruno Maureille. In addition, even if its interpretation remains controversial, the recent discovery7 Gibraltar a rock carving old to 39 000 years attributed to Neanderthals (and looking curiously like a hashtag) has provided a new argument to those who think that our species has not been the only one to develop symbolic thinking. " It is always difficult to interpret from older traces the meaning of the gestures of a humanity that is missing, but it must be recognized that what some colleagues have called the "complex of superiority of the modern man8" is seriously shaken, succession Antoine Balzeau. A systematic review of the vestiges put at the day shows that prior to 35 000 years ago, a handful of centuries before their extinction, the achievements attributed to the Neanderthals are of a technical complexity equivalent to that which one attributes at the same time to their contemporary modern. " The technical inferiority of the achievements neanderthal would only be an illusion chronological : the Neanderthal was not late, but he has disappeared while sapiens, who survived and continued to evolve and has had the opportunity to innovate, build tools and develop her artistic talents.
A disappearance yet enigmatic
But also, do we really know when the Neanderthals died out, definitively replaced by his cousin "modern" ?
The Neanderthals disappeared as a culture and as a species, but they have left us a legacy of a small part of their genome.
"The exact dates of disappearance or appearance for a given species is impossible, warns Antoine Balzeau. What we can assert is that the most recent skeletons neanderthals roughly well-preserved are those of Spy, in Belgium, dated to -36 000 years, and the most recent the scattered remains of those of Vindija in Croatia, dated to -32 000 years. " Some teams have claimed to have found neanderthal remains are old only around 25 000 years ago in Gibraltar, but these datings are not direct and are based on statistical models that are not consensus among prehistorians.
" The oldest bones of Homo sapiens europeans identified with certainty are the ones that we have found in Pestera cu Oase in Romania, they are dated to approximately 36,000 years, "says paleoanthropologist. However, the analysis of their DNA revealed that the individual to whom they belonged had back-to-back great-grandparents of the neanderthals ! Sapiens and Neanderthals had certainly crossed, but they did lived only a few centuries on our continent, and on small territories. "
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Cast of the complete skeleton of the Neanderthal from la Chapelle-aux-Saints, discovered in 1908 in the south of Corrčze.
Museum of Neanderthal Man
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When it comes to the reasons for the disappearance of the Neanderthals, the researchers are very cautious. Even if they have already been able to eliminate the explanation for the more simplistic, starting with a brilliant Homo sapiens crushing cognitively and technically his cousin neanderthal backlog. Few still believe in the hypothesis of a genocide perpetrated by the modern men against the Neanderthals : there would be traces of mass graves that we had not previously found. They spread also to the hypothesis of an bad adaptation to climatic variations : this would have as much or even more affected a Homo sapiens , barely out of Africa that a Neanderthals who evolved in Europe over the past 500 000 years.
This disappearance is more likely the combination of multiple factors, both external and internal. "We know that between -49 000 -46 000, Europe is experiencing a relative improvement of climatic conditions, making them accessible to new territories in which the Neanderthals, who were already likely to be few in number at this time, disperse, says Bruno Maureille. This phenomenon has been able to accentuate the isolation of these populations and decrease the possibility of the circulation of ideas, and therefore innovation : just before the extinction, we note as well that some groups of neanderthals had begun to develop new cultural productions, while others remained anchored in the productions neanderthal archaic. " Weakened demographically, moving within populations genetically poorly diversified and too geographically isolated to share their innovations, "the Neanderthal disappeared as a culture and as a species, but they have left us a legacy of a small part of their genome, concludes Silvana Condemi. In this sense, Neanderthals did not completely disappear. " ♦
Revival arts of the man of Spy, one of the first Neanderthals to have been brought to light, in 1886 in Belgium.
AWPA ASBL
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New tools, new perspectives
__________________________________________________ _________________
The paléogénétique is not the only search engine on the biological evolution of humanity. A new way to interrogate and interpret the archaeological data has also made progress in our knowledge on the subject. " There have been big changes in our methods of analysis of the remains, ensures the prehistorian Nicolas Teyssandier. Previously, we cantonnions( could been translated as: we had surrounded/tanked) a vision of a rigid and one-dimensional of the tool : we used the typology to characterize periods and set timelines concerning the shape and the position of the tools in the geological layers. Now, it strives to have a dynamic vision, from the acquisition of raw material, its eventual transportation to the place of manufacture, up to the articulation of the different processes of manufacture and use. " This approach, which is collaboration between researchers in nuclear physics, ethnology or biology, including better understanding of the functioning and economy of the societies neanderthal. "Our laboratories have become massively multidisciplinary. With the democratization of computers and the possibility of access to tools formerly reserved for other disciplines, new imaging devices, of dating, of isotopic analysis, of virtual reconstruction or mathematical modeling have allowed us to re-examine, reinterpret and ultimately better understanding of the phenotype, behavior, environments, and geographical distribution of Neandertals ", notes Bruno Maureille.
The oldest Norman ever discovered
09.10.2014, by Gautier Cariou
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Artist view of a Neanderthal.
S. PLAILLY/E. DAYNES/SPL/COSMOS
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The update in Normandy, france, of human bones older than 200 000 years allows you to better understand the history and lifestyle of the Neanderthals.
You have just described in the journal Plos One, the discovery of three bones older than 200 000 years from an individual belonging to the lineage of neanderthals in the archaeological site of Tourville-la-Rivičre, Normandy. Why this discovery is important in the history of the human lineage ?
Bruno Maureille1 : Well, for a start, the man of Tourville is the oldest Norman ever discovered ! More seriously, it is extremely rare to find such fossils in Northern Europe. In the space of a century, this fragment of the left arm is only the third fossil of pre-neandertalian identified for the whole of the North-West Europe. Previously, only two skulls had been found in France, Ble-Saint-Vaast, Nord-Pas-de-Calais. Otherwise, the major part of the fossils of the lineage of neanderthals dating to this period have been discovered in England and Germany. The rarity of these findings is that of Tourville an extremely important event. This is also the first long bone (23 cm for the humerus) that it unearths in this geographical area for this period, that is to say, there are 200 000 years. This specimen comes, therefore, enhance the data, extremely rare, that one has on these fossils in europe. In this title, the individual to Tourville represents a major discovery documenting the history of the lineage neanderthals.
Jean-Philippe Faivre2 : In fact, this discovery is extraordinary for its rarity. We already had some information on the morphology of the skull of this lineage in north european, but we knew nothing of the bodies of these men. Today, we can have a more precise idea of the morphology of these individuals. We had the chance, because the sedimentary context of the bottom of the valley was favourable to the conservation of the bones. A little in the way of Pompeii, the carcasses of animals and bones of the man of Tourville were " petrified ", covered quickly by sands river of the Seine. This process has helped to keep the bones in quite good conditions.
The bones of the man of Tourville, as they have been discovered on the site of excavation (A, B, C : humerus, D : radius, E : ulna).
J.-P. FAIVRE/PACEA/INRAP
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What can we learn from the study of these three bones on the man of Tourville ? B. M. : The analysis metric, paleanthropologicals and the morphology of the bones have determined that it was the left arm of an adult individual and delicate, the lines of which the follow in the lineage of neanderthals. We were also able to date the fossil and estimate the period of human occupation on the site of Tourville between 183 000 and 236 000 years. For this, we used conventional techniques of dating on the enamel surface of the teeth of horses and bovinés present in the same sedimentary layer.
In a century, this
fragment of arm
is only the
the third fossil
pre-neanderthal
identified for
the entire North-West Europe.
J.-P. F. : The arrangement of these three bones we are also convinced that they belong to one and the same individual. In fact, the humerus, has been exhumed to fifteen centimetres only of the radius and the ulna. As to how this arm got here, we don't know. Phenomena of oxidation and water runoff in the sediment have caused deep incisions and grooves in the bony parts. This deterioration prevents any detailed analysis that might explain the causes of the detachment of the arm from the body of its owner.
B. M. : one of the three bones discovered, the humerus was greatly intrigued. We observed a peak of about 4 centimeters at the level of the insertion of the muscle of the shoulder. In addition, at one of its ends, we found a tear of a ligament that is calcified. Various hypotheses are possible to explain the presence of the crest, including a solicitation of muscle repeated. One might as well think of as a specialized activity to be at the origin, and that it has promoted the trauma. However, we must be extremely careful in our conclusions, because the possible causes of this peak are varied and, in fine, poorly known.
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The three bones discovered in Tourville compared to the bones of a Neanderthal typical (from top to bottom : humerus, ulna, and radius). Scale : 5 cm.
J.-P. FAIVRE/PACEA/INRAP
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J.-P. F. : It can be tempting to imagine a repetition of gestures such as the throws. But this kind of assumption is highly speculative. In reality, we do not cease to accumulate new morphological data. If there is a day of bones with the same type of peak or trauma, then maybe will we be able to push a little further the interpretation and assumptions to be serious. Anyway, this anomaly raises interesting questions about the nature of the activities of the pre-neanderthals. All this opens perspectives to further investigations : it is still necessary to deepen the study of this humerus.
More generally, what information does your study provide on the way of life of the pre-neanderthal of the North-West Europe and their environment, there are 200 000 years ?
J.-P. F. : animal species discovered in the sedimentary layer where we found the human remains are typical of an interglacial period. The man of Tourville evolved in a landscape combining forest and areas covered with grass.
B. M. : The site has also produced cutting tools of flint : the most sparse, and other are grouped in a small area of only 9 m2 corresponding to an area of cutting where the men used to make splinters lying which are genuine knives. These were probably used to butcher the carcasses of animals carried by the Seine.
The site has also
delivered sharp tools
flint, without
doubt used
to dismember
the carcasses of animals.
J.-P. F. : Yes. However, we have not observed a trace of cutting on the remains of animals. The only witnesses evidence of human action on wildlife are impact points on some bones, caused by a fracturing of the carcasses by man. So we had to demonstrate indirectly that these carcasses had been the object of cutting by studying the tools of flint found on the site. We have thus examined, at low and high magnification, splinters, elongated, 8 to 15 cm long, in a very good state of conservation. However, the nature of the traces present on the cutting edge of the tools allows to infer on what they have been used. As in a police investigation, we have thus been able to determine that these tools had indeed been used to collect the meat.
All such information collected during the course of our study allow to advance a socio-economic scenario in which the banks of the Seine constituted a place of supply where the men were enjoying, good intelligence, resources carnées offered by the river. Any door to believe that the men spent regularly to Tourville and they have repeated this activity over a long period of time, during a phase interglacial. All of this with the same range of tools and the same know-how passed on from generation to generation.
Modernity, a notion that is open to debate
20.11.2018, by Leah Galanopoulo
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Artist's view of Neanderthals : a version state of the art in the face of a more "primitive" itself. It is recognized, today, some of the characteristics that we thought was reserved for Homo sapiens, the" modern man"
S. ESSTRANGLE, E. DAYNES/LOOKATSCIENCES; WIESLAW SMETEK
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The birth of Homo sapiens-is a sign of the modern man. The least schematically, as the emergence of modernity is far more complex...
And if the notion of the modern man was obsolete ? For decades, prehistorians have defined modern man as the sum of a series of criteria anatomical and cultural. A man in the skull developed and the jaw back, the forehead high, capable of language and use of complex tools. This Homo sapiens party in Africa there are 70 000 years to reach the european continent would become, suddenly, modern man as we know it today. However, as archaeological discoveries, genetic, and anatomical, the revolution modern is today in doubt.
"We got it wrong. The myth of the upper Paleolithic as the immediate emergence of modern humans in Europe, which has supplanted the Neanderthals, is called into question," confides Nicolas Teyssandier, in charge of research within the Laboratory work and archaeological research on cultures, spaces and societies1. This specialist of the upper Palaeolithic and the history of developments in human coordinates a colloquium on the topic, organized by the CNRS and the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, where will be gathered together anthropologists, philosophers, geneticists, archaeologists and palaeontologists at the end of November in Paris.
At the beginning of the XXe century, the definition of the modern man was largely based on a comparison of the morphology of Neanderthal and of ours. " The purpose was primarily to distinguish us from each other ", adds Nicolas Teyssandier, from the anatomical features, the most significant, that is to say, the most dependent on genetics and thus more stable from one individual to the other. " It is for this reason that we have concentrated primarily on the shape of the skull ", says Isabelle Crevecoeur, a paleoanthropologist, researcher at the laboratory Of prehistory in the present : culture, environment and anthropology (Pacea)2, at the University of Bordeaux.
Modern anatomy upside down
Today, what is considered an anatomy of modern lies mainly on the presence of a brain cell, with a swelling of the cerebellum and of the parietal areas, of a chin, mandibular, and a face hole in the skull. Attributes that develop early in the embryonic stage. However, Isabelle Crevecoeur explains to us that it is impossible to precisely date the birth of the modern anatomy. " It is a very hot topic. If you use this term “modern anatomy” it is above all because we can't give a precise definition of the ’ Homo sapiens. " These criteria anatomical are based on the discovery of the fossil of Omo Kibish from Ethiopia, dated to 200 000 years ago. "When we first found this fossil, we said : "Here, this is the modern man !" ", she says.
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Reconstitution of the man's face, Jebel Irhoud discovered in Morocco and dated to 300,000 years. This Homo sapiens has a modern face but a skull archaic.
J. BAVARO FINE ART/SPL/COSMOS
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Only, how do I know if this man of Omo Kibish has left descendants ? And if the prehistorians are not off to a bad model to define modernity ? All the more that if we apply this definition to certain fossils from the upper Palaeolithic, they would no longer be considered modern.
If you use this term “modern anatomy” it is above all because we can't give a precise definition of the Homo sapiens.
Another example : the man of Jebel Irhoud, discovered in Morocco and dated to 300,000 years old, has a modern face, but a skull archaic. Conversely, other fossils present a skull in modern, but in the face of archaic. " The more one accumulates the anatomical information, with the discovery of new fossils, and the less they come in the boxes of modernity that we had predetermined, points out Isabelle Crevecoeur. Many of us think that to be anatomically modern has no meaning. "
To draw the contours of the modern man, the anatomy has ceded its place to the concept of modernity cultural. A theory is born there is a little more than twenty years. "It was felt that modern man was born with the acquisition of language," says Francesco d'errico, prehistorian and director of research for CNRS at the laboratory Pacea, who is very interested in the developments in behavioral and cognitive of our ancestors. This definition of modernity has then integrated the use of ornaments, complex tools, or even of burials.
Culture symbolic !
If the culture and social interactions are the essence of man, one of the difficulties of the work on cultural evolution is the lack of clear criteria for interpreting the material found in the excavations. Whether the ornaments, engravings, or the pigments found, how do I know if this is symbolic or just a utility function ? " Thus, for the trimmings, we look to see if they are governed by strict codes, such as using always the same species of shell-in collar, cover and ochre to go to get away from the site -", "says Francesco d'errico. Another example : the use of pigments. If a population is down in a warm ochre yellow, so that it becomes red, " is that the red is symbolic and that the pigments serve not only to protect the skin ", he says. These indices allow you to speculate on the history of human groups, or even on the date of appearance of the first crop.
Old 73 000 years, these traits, found in South Africa, are the oldest abstract pattern done in pencil ochre.
C. s. HENSHILWOOD, F. D'ERRICO/NATURE
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Whether the use of pigments, tips for hunting, personal ornaments, or of graves, all define cultural modernity. And theoretically, theHomo sapiens. However, these behaviors "modern" are sometimes found in people much older, while being absent from many archaeological sites inhabited by the first modern men. Some prehistorians now believe that the Neanderthals also used pigments, used to produce mastics, and carved abstract motifs. Skeletons and neanderthals dating to around 120,000 years seem to correspond to burials. " Even chimpanzees seem to have mortuary practices, precise, Francesco d'errico. This means that our common ancestor would probably also have such practices. Where to place a caesura in the six million years of treatment of the deceased, of which we know, all in all, still a very little thing ? "
A concept archaic
These data relativize the very definition of modernity. " We realize that the concept of modernity, cultural has nothing more modern ! ", see Francesco d'errico. For 200 000 years of cultural innovations appear and disappear in different regions of the globe. And they would have ultimately little to do with the modern biology of man. "For a long time, we have assumed that the emergence of our species was the sole cause of the advent of cultures close to our own, but we find the behaviour modern in populations considered in the past as biologically and culturally archaic ! ", still insists Francesco d'errico.
We find the behaviour modern in populations considered in the past as biologically and culturally archaic !
If modernity's cultural and biological can be separated, the study of anatomy provides information on the changing lifestyles of our ancestors. Thus, examination of the morphology of the humerus and help to understand the daily activities of Homo sapiens. The old forms of the humerus are compared to the bones of our contemporary practicing regularly running, swimming or rowing. If bone remodeling is similar to, " we can assume they had the same kind of activity," says Isabelle Crevecoeur.
And the anatomy scans are sometimes some of the ideas received. While Neanderthal is perceived as a gross thick, the analysis of his fingers reveals that he had an ability superior to ours !
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Cast of the complete skeleton of the Neanderthal from la Chapelle-aux-Saints. It is unknown whether there is a real burial or the result of the accidental fall of a person...
MUSEUM OF The NEANDERTHAL MAN
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Born of diversity
Now, all agree on one point : these modern developments have worked in mosaic. A theory confirmed by the genetics. " If modern man was born of a sudden, we would find in the study of the genome, however, this is not the case. However, we see a gradual evolution, in mosaic ", explains Evelyne Heyer, a geneticist at the laboratory of Eco-anthropology and ethnobiology3. Going back generation by generation, the human genome, it is possible to observe breaks genetic. A kind of family tree, in genetics, based on DNA present, with the addition of ancient DNA, very difficult of access. " With these analyses, one can clearly see in the genome, the current output of Africa Sapiens there are 70 000 years old, and comparing them with the ancient DNA of Neanderthals is estimated to have a separation between these two branches at about 800 000-600 000 years ", illustrates Évelyne Heyer.
The genomic study also confirms our striking resemblance to the Neanderthals : 99.7% of our genome is common, " as between two modern men the resemblance is 99.9 % ", says the geneticist. Of course, genetics does not explain everything : " You will not find a gene encoding the ability to make cave paintings ! ", smiles Évelyne Heyer. But it helps to understand the local adaptations and environmental aspects of each population. The color of skin, appearance of blue eyes, the protection against certain pathogens such as the malaria... All these genetic data are signatures of selection at each moment of the story.
If the adaptation to the environment is evident in the genome, it can also be transferred through epigenetics. This discipline allows to study the expression changes of the genes,
If the modern man was born of a sudden, we would find in the study of the genome, however, this is not the case.
for example, the methylation of the DNA, which can result from various factors, such as environmental changes or the power supply. It is the subject of research by Lluis Quintana-Murci, a population geneticist and director of research at the laboratory for evolutionary genomics and modeling in health4. "The genetic changes of our genome and their implication in the adaptation of the process is rare and slow, but once the change is made, it is perennial. While epigenetics is much more rapid, but less stable ", he says.
By studying the genetic and epigenetic changes of different populations, it is possible to trace the living conditions of our ancestors and to understand what genetic factors have been shaped. " When we compare the genetic profile of two populations of farmers, the forest and the other rural, one sees that they do not have the same methylation profile. And the epigenetic changes mainly affect genes encoding for immunity, explains Lluis Quintana-Murci. The expression of the DNA has been modified according to the living environment. "
In terms of genetic mixing, anatomical or cultural diversity seems to be the key to modernity. " Every time we met other people, we are mixed, and we exchanged our genes and cultural traits ", recalls Francesco d'errico. Of course, Homo sapiens remains the sole and last representative of the lineage Homo but nothing indicates that it is the most modern... Its survival might be the result of chance. There is still a shortage of many items, including the birth of the Neanderthal, to trace a semblance of human history. And the period of 400,000 to 200,000 years remains opaque to the scientific community.
A vision eurocentred biased
Explore the modernity and prehistory makes it possible to rethink our conception of humanity. Because for years, the emphasis was on the uniqueness of the species and " the concept of modernity implies a gradual evolution towards a "better" ", regrets Isabelle Crevecoeur. However, there was no difference between two groups of chimpanzees than between all human populations. Now, the definition of the modern man should move towards more universalism, including the singularities and the local adaptation of each population. "The concept of modernity has been exceeded since the beginning, the revolution of the modern man has never taken place," slice Francesco d'errico. An opinion shared by Isabelle Crevecoeur : " It is a polarity to be annoying, I don't think that we're on top of the other fossil species. "
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The DNA analysis of a phalanx found in 2012 in the cave in Denisova, Siberia (Russia), has allowed to define a new line : the man of Denisova.
A. KRYAZHEV/SPUTNIK/AFP
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"Speaking of modernity has led to the launch of the debate ", recalls Nicolas Teyssandier. Because, for decades, the search for fossils has concentrated on Europe, inducing a vision eurocentred of the evolution of hominins.
The concept of modernity has been exceeded since the beginning, the revolution of modern man, has never happened.
"In Africa, there was a regional imbalance huge excavations : areas of colonial british East Africa were very studied, but not in other regions such as Angola. It has skewed our vision ", says Isabelle Crevecoeur. The concept of modernity and prehistory is shrouded in politics. Whether for essentialiser populations, differentiate or stigmatise them. It is only in the 1990s that excavations are open to the whole of Africa.
The first results have been revealed in the years 2000. These data have turned our vision of the man, confirming, inter alia, the output of Africa and the existence of morphology and culture organizations on the african continent. " Now, it is Asia that is in the process of discovering, certainly with the key discoveries of huge ", says Nicolas Teyssandier. ♦
© Photo from the distal part of the phalanx : Eva-Maria Geigl, Institut Jacques Monod, (CNRS/University of Paris). Scan µCT and virtual reconstruction: Bence Viola, Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto (Canada).
A new piece of phalanx closer to the Denisovians of modern Humans as Neanderthals
04 September 2019
Archaeology
Biology
A piece of phalanx from the cave of Denisova (Siberia) and containing DNA exceptionally preserved has allowed to obtain, in 2010, the sequence of its genome and has revealed a human population hitherto unknown, the Denisovians, close to Neanderthals1. However, its morphology is little known, due to lack of bones identified. A team from the Institut Jacques Monod (CNRS/University of Paris), was measured and photographed another fragment of phalanx, from him also the cave of Denisova. Thanks to genomics, they have shown that this fragment corresponded to the missing part of the famous phalanx that had helped decipher the genome Dénisovien. With colleagues in the laboratory PACEA (CNRS/University of Bordeaux/Ministry of culture) and the university of Toronto (Canada), they have compared this fragment with the phalanges of the Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans. Their analysis showed that the phalanx is very close to those of modern humans and more distant from those of the Neanderthals. This proximity contrasts with the molars and the mandible recently identified in Tibet2 that possess characters more antiquated. This mosaic of morphological features questioned the scientists, the research of new bones which will help better characterize this "third" of humanity. These results are published on September 4, 2019 in Science Advances.
The virtual Reconstruction of the fifth proximal phalanx distal of Denisova. © Photo from the distal part of the phalanx : Eva-Maria Geigl, Institut Jacques Monod, (CNRS/University of Paris). Scan µCT and virtual reconstruction: Bence Viola, Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto (Canada).
SWARTHY NEGROS CULTURAL MARXISTS SJW HOAXES SPREADER ANCESTER,NOT MINE AND NOT OF THE NATIVE FIRST EUROPEANS INHABITANTS AS THE FIRST INHABITANTS OF FENNOSCANDIA
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native europeans are "whites" since 200.000 years
Last edited by coolfrenchguy; 11-27-2021 at 03:35 AM.
“the right of peoples to self-determination”
http://sciencenordic.com/
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