Table 3 reports the origin and measurement of the individuals in each sample used, and separate
city-born and rural-born individuals to enable a precise analysis of the effects of famine in this
historical setting.32 Regression coefficients reported indicate the magnitude of the famine effect
according to Formulas 1 and 2, the number of observations, and the coefficient of determination.33
In addition, we report famine-related mortality in the birth counties of the individuals in each
sample, and the total estimated change in height due to exposure to the Famine. These results
are shown on the bottom line of each table.
For males born in Dublin County, our results suggest a modest height decline throughout
the 30-year period under observation. Height declined by 0.3 cm during the Famine, and by an
additional 0.4 cm after the Famine (Model 1, Table 3A). We compare this Dublin-born, Dublinimprisoned group with another sample that consists of within-Ireland migrants. We run separate
tests for Leinster-born individuals and others born in more distant locations, to differentiate
between living conditions in urban and rural locations. For these groups, we do not find any
change in height between the pre-Famine cohort and the Famine-born cohort; regression
coefficients suggest hardly any difference from zero, and standard errors suggest these coefficients
are not statistically significant (Models 3, 6 and 7, Table 3A). These findings are inconsistent
with our working hypothesis in that the observed famine effect is relatively small and that
Leinster experienced a larger height decline than more heavily-affected rural locations. Instead,
our results are consistent with our alternative hypothesis: extreme selection, particularly due to
the selective mortality of the very young.
For the period after the Famine, we find that the height of those born in locations closer to
Dublin tended to decrease, while height in areas that were most heavily affected by the Famine
stagnated or even increased. Height in Leinster tends to stagnate, judging from the small
coefficients that are not statistically significant (Model 4, Table 3A). The height of individuals
born outside Dublin County stagnated during, and gained approximately 0.7 cm after, the
Famine (Model 6, Table 3A). When we use mortality in an individual’s county of birth to proxy
for famine severity, our results are generally confirmed (Models 3, 5 and 7, Table 3A). The
coefficients of the mortality variable are marginally insignificant; mortality has a negative effect
on height in Leinster and the Greater Dublin area, but a positive effect in rural Ireland (compare
Model 5 with 3 and 7).
We use another sample, inmates of Clonmel Gaol in County Tipperary, to gain insights into
height developments in rural Ireland (Table 3B). We separately assess the heights of those hailing
from the town of Clonmel and those born in the rest of the province of Munster, and those from
Ireland in general. As for Tipperary’s urban-born individuals, we find an increase of 0.7 cm for
the Famine-born cohort, and stagnation afterwards (Model 8, Table 3B). While mortality figures
imply a significant famine effect, there was no corresponding drop in height (Model 10, 12 and
14, Table 3B); indeed, combining the mortality and height coefficient implies a stagnation or
even an increase in height for the Famine-born generation. If the Famine left its mark on the
Irish population, we expect to find signs of stunting in this rural sample of Munster-born
prisoners. But here, results suggest a small increase of 0.5 to 0.6 cm in height during the Famine
(Models 11 and 12, Table 3B). Again, this finding is consistent with selection rather than
scarring.
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