Comparison of Genomelink and FTDNA (ancientOrigins Is Accurate)

[VikLevaPatel]

As is correctly pointed out here, "For this to even be valid you would need MASSIVE sample sizes from diverse communities, and census data based on caste proportion down to subcaste. I personally have never been a fan of the South Indian component coz it's so vague - lumps up AASI and ancient West and East Eurasian components."

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Nearly all of the Indian subcontinent's ethnic and linguistic groups are the product of three ancient Eurasian populations who met and mixed: local hunter-gatherers, Middle Eastern farmers, and Central Asian herders. Mix of ancient ancestries is surprisingly similar to Europe's. Three similar groups also mingled in ancient Europe, giving the two subcontinents surprisingly parallel histories.

According to the Genomelink report, the shared ancestry between Indians/South Asians and Europeans often results in Europeans registering "South Asian" ancestry and the inverse.

Your Ancient Admixture
Hunter-gatherers 1%
First Farmers 8%
Steppe pastoralists 23%
Indigenous Americans 3%
West African 4%
East Asian 9%
South Asian 52%

Steppe pastoralists

Steppe pastoralists were one of the agro-pastoralist people who developed a new way of life on the western Eurasian steppe 5,000 years ago, setting a precedent that would reverberate down through history.

Five thousand years ago on the edge of Eastern Europe, as the forest gave way to grassland on the south and east, a diverse array of related societies engaged on the Eurasian steppe. Descended from both ancient hunter-gatherer societies which flourished in Northeast Europe, and agriculturalists who moved up from the south in West Asia, these people pioneered a pastoralist form of life in the north.

Eventually, the pastoralists pushed west and ended the thousands of years of farmer domination, clearing the remaining forests for their pastures. The descendants of the steppe people were the ancestors of the various European societies which we know from ancient history, Celts, Germans, and Slavs in the north, Italians, Iberians, and Greeks in the south. The Indo-European language of the steppe now dominates all of Europe, and the gods of ancient myth, Zeus, Thor, and Jupiter, were their gods.

Physical Characteristics

Exploited the newly invented wheel and newly domesticated horse abandoning their villages and turning into a mobile culture that could better exploit the resources of the steppe. Wagons became very important to their culture and are found in their burials. The words for axle, harness, pole, and wheel are common across all Indo-European languages, indicating that these technical terms arose in the original population before it expanded.

The horse allowed them to travel with large herds of livestock (cattle and sheep), which they grazed on the steppe.

Focusing on animal husbandry rather than cereal cultivation, Steppe pastoralists were taller and more robust people than the early European farmers. The ability to digest milk sugar, lactose, seems to come from them, as their patriarchal societies were focused around cattle.

Due to the success of the new lifestyle, Steppe pastoralists expanded in all directions. In Europe, their expansion was associated with burial mounds or Kurgans, and the retreat of the old farming cultures. Their interactions with the native European peoples gave rise to successor cultures, such as the Battle Axe people, or the Bell Beaker societies. In Northern Europe, the descendants of Steppe pastoralists were more successful than the farmers had been in those frigid latitudes, as they absorbed the last of the hunter-gatherers.

The gods of myth, and the barbarian tribes of antiquity, are all ultimately the scions of the Yamnaya.

Out of the vast Eurasian steppe, Steppe pastoralists and their descendants pushed westward, searching for greener pastures. From the Urals to the Atlantic, Steppe pastoralists and their scions transformed the human geography of Europe.

- First emerged on the Russian steppe through the admixture with eastern European hunters and gatherers.
- Then, entered Europe around 4900-4300 years ago.
- Largely replaced the farmers of Europe, 90% in Britain and 30% in Iberia.

Migration history: https://archive.is/jcqWU/9f84f4c0f77...3502f9a9a5.png

South Asian

South Asians emerge from the mixing of the people of western and southeast Eurasia 5,000 years ago. While their paternal ancestors are often more related to peoples to the west, their maternal ancestors are more like peoples to the east. The diversity of South Asians, 25% of humanity, is the outcome of recent mixing, and prefigures our modern world.

South Asians exhibit massive physical, culture, and linguistic diversity. From the Indo-Aryan peoples of the north and west, some of whom are light-skinned and light-eyed, to the Dravidian peoples of the south, small and dark-skinned. All emerge out of the same process and mixture.

These connections mean that South Asian ancestry and heritage is found far outside of modern South Asia. From closely related to Iranians, to Roma groups in Europe which descend from South Asian nomads.

Going back thousands of years many of the ancestors of South Asians and Europeans are shared, speaking Indo-European languages, and expanding out of the steppe. This shared ancestry often results in Europeans registering “South Asian” ancestry and the inverse

https://genomelink.io/reports/ancestry/result/

[VikLevaPatel]

According to the Genomelink report, the shared ancestry between Indians/South Asians and Europeans often results in Europeans registering "South Asian" ancestry and the inverse.

Your Ancient Admixture
Hunter-gatherers 1%
First Farmers 8%
Steppe pastoralists 23%
Indigenous Americans 3%
West African 4%
East Asian 9%
South Asian 52%

These Hunter-gatherer and First Farmer percentage results are comparable to the results of FTDNA.

The following are the three ancient European groups: Metal Age Invader (Bronze Age); Farmer (Neolithic Era); Hunter-Gatherers (Mesolithic and Neolithic Eras). The Yamnaya were an admixed population. 50% of Yamnaya atDNA was Hunter Gatherer according to Haak et. al. and Jones et. al.

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FTDNA Autosomal DNA Results
ancientOrigins

67% Metal Age Invader
10% Farmer
0% Hunter-Gatherer
23% non-European

Notice the close similarity between the Farmer and Hunter-Gatherer percentage results of the FTDNA and Genomelink reports:

Hunter-Gatherer: 1% (Genomelink), 0% (FTDNA)
(First) Farmer: 8% (Genomelink), 10% (FTDNA)

Ancient European Origins

The European Continent has been witness to many episodes of human migration, some of which have spanned over thousands of years. The most up-to-date research into these ancient migrations on the European Continent suggests that there were three major groups of people that have had a lasting effect on present day peoples of European descent: Hunter-Gatherers, Early Farmers, and Metal Age Invaders. The graphics below display the percentages of autosomal DNA that you still carry from these ancient European groups. You can click on these graphics to display more information.

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non-European 23%

Most of the world is not of European descent and alternatively, have genetic contributions from influential and significant populations for which we currently do not have enough scientific data. For this reason, those whose ancestral makeup is of non-European descent cannot be grouped into these three particular ancient European categories. As more significant DNA evidence is found in other regions of the world, we will work to continue to connect the ancient with the present in our effort to further our understanding of the interconnectedness between us all. To explore your non-European origins, please see your myOrigins results.

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Showing all migration routes and all archaeology sites
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Hunter-Gatherer (red), Farmer (green), Metal Age Invader (blue)

Metal Age Invader 67%

Following the Neolithic Era (New Stone Age), the Bronze Age (3,000–1,000 BCE) is defined by a further iteration in tool making technology. Improving on the stone tools from the Paleolithic and Neolithic Eras, tool makers of the early Bronze Age relied heavily on the use of copper tools, incorporating other metals such as bronze and tin later in the era. The third major wave of migration into the European continent is comprised of peoples from this Bronze Age; specifically, Nomadic herding cultures from the Eurasian steppes found north of the Black Sea. These migrants were closely related to the people of the Black Sea region known as the Yamnaya.

This migration of Bronze Age nomads into the temperate regions further west changed culture and life on the European continent in a multitude of ways. Not only did the people of the Yamnaya culture bring their domesticated horses, wheeled vehicles, and metal tools; they are also credited for delivering changes to the social and genetic makeup of the region. By 2,800 BCE, evidence of new Bronze Age cultures, such as the Bell Beaker and Corded Ware, were emerging throughout much of Western and Central Europe. In the East around the Urals, a group referred to as the Sintashta emerged, expanding east of the Caspian Sea bringing with them chariots and trained horses around 4,000 years ago.

These new cultures formed through admixture between the local European farming cultures and the newly arrived Yamnaya peoples. Research into the influence the Yamnaya culture had on the European continent has also challenged previously held linguistic theories of the origins of Indo-European language. Previous paradigms argued that the Indo-European languages originated from populations from Anatolia; however, present research into the Yamnaya cultures has caused a paradigm shift and linguists now claim the Indo-European languages are rooted with the Yamnaya peoples.

By the Bronze Age, the Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b was quickly gaining dominance in Western Europe (as we see today) with high frequencies of individuals belonging to the M269 subclade. Ancient DNA evidence supports the hypothesis that the R1b was introduced into mainland Europe by the Bronze Age invaders coming from the Black Sea region. Further DNA evidence suggests that a lactose tolerance originated from the Yamnaya or another closely tied steppe group. Current day populations in Northern Europe typically show a higher frequency of relatedness to Yamnaya populations, as well as earlier populations of Western European Hunter-Gatherer societies.

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Farmer 10%

Roughly 8,000–7,000 years ago, after the last glaciation period (Ice Age), modern human farming populations began migrating into the European continent from the Near East. This migration marked the beginning of the Neolithic Era in Europe. The Neolithic Era, or New Stone Age, is aptly named as it followed the Paleolithic Era, or Old Stone Age. Tool makers during the Neolithic Era had improved on the rudimentary “standard” of tools found during the Paleolithic Era and were now creating specialized stone tools that even show evidence of having been polished and reworked. The Neolithic Era is unique in that it is the first era in which modern humans practiced a more sedentary lifestyle as their subsistence strategies relied more on stationary farming and pastoralism, further allowing for the emergence of artisan practices such as pottery making.

Farming communities are believed to have migrated into the European continent via routes along Anatolia, thereby following the temperate weather patterns of the Mediterranean. These farming groups are known to have populated areas that span from modern day Hungary, Germany, and west into Spain. Remains of the unique pottery styles and burial practices from these farming communities are found within these regions and can be attributed, in part, to artisans from the Funnel Beaker and Linear Pottery cultures. Ötzi (the Tyrolean Iceman), the well-preserved natural mummy that was found in the Alps on the Italian/Austrian border and who lived around 3,300 BCE, is even thought to have belonged to a farming culture similar to these. However, there was not enough evidence found with him to accurately suggest to which culture he may have belonged.

Although farming populations were dispersed across the European continent, they all show clear evidence of close genetic relatedness. Evidence suggests that these farming peoples did not yet carry a tolerance for lactose in high frequencies (as the Yamnaya peoples of the later Bronze Age did); however, they did carry a salivary amylase gene, which may have allowed them to break down starches more efficiently than their hunter-gatherer forebears. Further DNA analysis has found that the Y-chromosome haplogroup G2a and mitochondrial haplogroup N1a were frequently found within the European continent during the early Neolithic Era.

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